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Du H, Liang H, Peng B, Qi Z, Jin X. Age Reduction After Face-Lift Surgery in Chinese Population: An Outcome Study Using Artificial Intelligence and Objective Observer-Based Assessment. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04258-w. [PMID: 39085528 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature is replete with favorable face-lift results, yet the objective facial rejuvenation outcome measures in Chinese women have remained poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study is to objectively evaluate the apparent age (AA) reduction in Chinese women following face-lift by artificial intelligence (AI) and objective observers. METHODS Standardized pre- and postoperative (1-year) images of 48 patients undergoing face-lift procedures were analyzed by AI to estimate AA. Additionally, 10 blinded, naive observers viewed each patient's images and assessed AA. The accuracy of AA and reduction in AA were evaluated and compared between the two methods. FACE-Q surveys were employed to measure patient-reported facial esthetic outcomes. RESULTS The AI demonstrated higher precision than the observers in age estimation, with a mean absolute error of 3.34 years and 90% Pearson correlation. AA reduction generated by AI was significantly lower than that by observers, with a mean reduction of 3.75 ± 3.93 and 4.51 ± 1.20, respectively (p < 0.05). However, both methods showed less AA reduction than patient self-appraisal (- 7.3 years). Improvements in facial rejuvenation following face-lift surgery is relevant to the patient's preoperative aging status. Patients whose pre-AA was greater than chronological age (CA) became "back to normal," while those whose pre-AA was less than CA became "turning back the clock." CONCLUSION The utilization of AI could provide objective, evidence-based data in the field of face-lift surgery. As a simple, complete, and time-sparing method, AI is expected to be routinely used in clinical trials and practice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Du
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, #33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Haojun Liang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, #33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Baoyun Peng
- Academy of Military Sciences, #73 Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zuoliang Qi
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, #33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China.
| | - Xiaolei Jin
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, #33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China.
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DiDonna N, Shetty PN, Khan K, Damitz L. Unveiling the Potential of AI in Plastic Surgery Education: A Comparative Study of Leading AI Platforms' Performance on In-training Examinations. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e5929. [PMID: 38911577 PMCID: PMC11191997 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Background Within the last few years, artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots have sparked fascination for their potential as an educational tool. Although it has been documented that one such chatbot, ChatGPT, is capable of performing at a moderate level on plastic surgery examinations and has the capacity to become a beneficial educational tool, the potential of other chatbots remains unexplored. Methods To investigate the efficacy of AI chatbots in plastic surgery education, performance on the 2019-2023 Plastic Surgery In-service Training Examination (PSITE) was compared among seven popular AI platforms: ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4.0, Google Bard, Google PaLM, Microsoft Bing AI, Claude, and My AI by Snapchat. Answers were evaluated for accuracy and incorrect responses were characterized by question category and error type. Results ChatGPT-4.0 outperformed the other platforms, reaching accuracy rates up to 79%. On the 2023 PSITE, ChatGPT-4.0 ranked in the 95th percentile of first-year residents; however, relative performance worsened when compared with upper-level residents, with the platform ranking in the 12th percentile of sixth-year residents. The performance among other chatbots was comparable, with their average PSITE score (2019-2023) ranging from 48.6% to 57.0%. Conclusions Results of our study indicate that ChatGPT-4.0 has potential as an educational tool in the field of plastic surgery; however, given their poor performance on the PSITE, the use of other chatbots should be cautioned against at this time. To our knowledge, this is the first article comparing the performance of multiple AI chatbots within the realm of plastic surgery education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole DiDonna
- From the School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C
| | - Pragna N. Shetty
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C
| | - Kamran Khan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C
| | - Lynn Damitz
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C
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Karobari MI, Suryawanshi H, Patil SR. Revolutionizing oral and maxillofacial surgery: ChatGPT's impact on decision support, patient communication, and continuing education. Int J Surg 2024; 110:3143-3145. [PMID: 38446838 PMCID: PMC11175733 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Dental Research Unit, Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | - Hema Suryawanshi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute
| | - Santosh R. Patil
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, India
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Chan WW, Le QB, Naing MW, Choudhury D. Commercialization of skin substitutes for third-degree burn wounds. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:385-388. [PMID: 37949776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Technological advances have increasingly provided more and better treatment options for patients with severe burns. Here, we provide a bird's-eye view of the product development process for third-degree burn wounds with considerations of the critical interaction with regulatory bodies, existing technological gaps, and future directions for skin substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Wan Chan
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Quang Bach Le
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - May Win Naing
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Deepak Choudhury
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
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Wilson RH, Rowland R, Kennedy GT, Campbell C, Joe VC, Chin TL, Burmeister DM, Christy RJ, Durkin AJ. Review of machine learning for optical imaging of burn wound severity assessment. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:020901. [PMID: 38361506 PMCID: PMC10869118 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.2.020901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Significance Over the past decade, machine learning (ML) algorithms have rapidly become much more widespread for numerous biomedical applications, including the diagnosis and categorization of disease and injury. Aim Here, we seek to characterize the recent growth of ML techniques that use imaging data to classify burn wound severity and report on the accuracies of different approaches. Approach To this end, we present a comprehensive literature review of preclinical and clinical studies using ML techniques to classify the severity of burn wounds. Results The majority of these reports used digital color photographs as input data to the classification algorithms, but recently there has been an increasing prevalence of the use of ML approaches using input data from more advanced optical imaging modalities (e.g., multispectral and hyperspectral imaging, optical coherence tomography), in addition to multimodal techniques. The classification accuracy of the different methods is reported; it typically ranges from ∼ 70 % to 90% relative to the current gold standard of clinical judgment. Conclusions The field would benefit from systematic analysis of the effects of different input data modalities, training/testing sets, and ML classifiers on the reported accuracy. Despite this current limitation, ML-based algorithms show significant promise for assisting in objectively classifying burn wound severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Wilson
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Medicine, Orange, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Health Policy Research Institute, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Rebecca Rowland
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Gordon T. Kennedy
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Chris Campbell
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Victor C. Joe
- UC Irvine Health Regional Burn Center, Orange, California, United States
| | | | - David M. Burmeister
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert J. Christy
- UT Health San Antonio, Military Health Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
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Farid Y, Fernando Botero Gutierrez L, Ortiz S, Gallego S, Zambrano JC, Morrelli HU, Patron A. Artificial Intelligence in Plastic Surgery: Insights from Plastic Surgeons, Education Integration, ChatGPT's Survey Predictions, and the Path Forward. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e5515. [PMID: 38204870 PMCID: PMC10781127 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a transformative technology with potential applications in various plastic surgery procedures and plastic surgery education. This article examines the views of plastic surgeons and residents on the role of AI in the field of plastic surgery. Methods A 34-question survey on AI's role in plastic surgery was distributed to 564 plastic surgeons worldwide, and we received responses from 153 (26.77%) with the majority from Latin America. The survey explored various aspects such as current AI experience, attitudes toward AI, data sources, ethical considerations, and future prospects of AI in plastic surgery and education. Predictions from AI using ChatGPT for each question were compared with the actual survey responses. Results The study found that most participants had little or no prior AI experience. Although some believed AI could enhance accuracy and visualization, opinions on its impact on surgical time, patient recovery, and satisfaction were mixed. Concerns included patient privacy, data security, costs, and informed consent. Valuable AI training data sources were identified, and there was agreement on the importance of standards and transparency. Respondents expected AI's increasing role in reconstructive and aesthetic surgery, suggesting its integration into residency programs, addressing administrative challenges, and patient complications. Confidence in the enduring importance of human professionals was expressed, with interest in further AI research. Conclusion The survey's findings underscore the need to harness AI's potential while preserving human professionals' roles through informed consent, standardization, and AI education in plastic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Farid
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brugmann Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Socorro Ortiz
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brugmann Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Gallego
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Zambrano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pontificia Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Alfredo Patron
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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Kolasa K, Admassu B, Hołownia-Voloskova M, Kędzior KJ, Poirrier JE, Perni S. Systematic reviews of machine learning in healthcare: a literature review. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2024; 24:63-115. [PMID: 37955147 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2023.2279107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing availability of data and computing power has made machine learning (ML) a viable approach to faster, more efficient healthcare delivery. METHODS A systematic literature review (SLR) of published SLRs evaluating ML applications in healthcare settings published between1 January 2010 and 27 March 2023 was conducted. RESULTS In total 220 SLRs covering 10,462 ML algorithms were reviewed. The main application of AI in medicine related to the clinical prediction and disease prognosis in oncology and neurology with the use of imaging data. Accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity were provided in 56%, 28%, and 25% SLRs respectively. Internal and external validation was reported in 53% and less than 1% of the cases respectively. The most common modeling approach was neural networks (2,454 ML algorithms), followed by support vector machine and random forest/decision trees (1,578 and 1,522 ML algorithms, respectively). EXPERT OPINION The review indicated considerable reporting gaps in terms of the ML's performance, both internal and external validation. Greater accessibility to healthcare data for developers can ensure the faster adoption of ML algorithms into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kolasa
- Division of Health Economics and Healthcare Management, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bisrat Admassu
- Division of Health Economics and Healthcare Management, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland
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Yang SY, Huang CJ, Yen CI, Kao YC, Hsiao YC, Yang JY, Chang SY, Chuang SS, Chen HC. Machine learning approach for predicting inhalation injury in patients with burns. Burns 2023; 49:1592-1601. [PMID: 37055284 PMCID: PMC10032063 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease pandemic has had a tangible impact on bronchoscopy for burn inpatients due to isolation and triage measures. We utilised the machine-learning approach to identify risk factors for predicting mild and severe inhalation injury and whether patients with burns experienced inhalation injury. We also examined the ability of two dichotomous models to predict clinical outcomes including mortality, pneumonia, and duration of hospitalisation. METHODS A retrospective 14-year single-centre dataset of 341 intubated patients with burns with suspected inhalation injury was established. The medical data on day one of admission and bronchoscopy-diagnosed inhalation injury grade were compiled using a gradient boosting-based machine-learning algorithm to create two prediction models: model 1, mild vs. severe inhalation injury; and model 2, no inhalation injury vs. inhalation injury. RESULTS The area under the curve (AUC) for model 1 was 0·883, indicating excellent discrimination. The AUC for model 2 was 0·862, indicating acceptable discrimination. In model 1, the incidence of pneumonia (P < 0·001) and mortality rate (P < 0·001), but not duration of hospitalisation (P = 0·1052), were significantly higher in patients with severe inhalation injury. In model 2, the incidence of pneumonia (P < 0·001), mortality (P < 0·001), and duration of hospitalisation (P = 0·021) were significantly higher in patients with inhalation injury. CONCLUSIONS We developed the first machine-learning tool for differentiating between mild and severe inhalation injury, and the absence/presence of inhalation injury in patients with burns, which is helpful when bronchoscopy is not available immediately. The dichotomous classification predicted by both models was associated with the clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yi Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Jung Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-I Yen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Ching Kao
- Muen Biomedical and Optoelectronic Technologies Inc, China
| | - Yen-Chang Hsiao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jui-Yung Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yin Chang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shiow-Shuh Chuang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Chang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
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Li Z, Huang J, Tong X, Zhang C, Lu J, Zhang W, Song A, Ji S. GL-FusionNet: Fusing global and local features to classify deep and superficial partial thickness burn. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:10153-10173. [PMID: 37322927 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Burns constitute one of the most common injuries in the world, and they can be very painful for the patient. Especially in the judgment of superficial partial thickness burns and deep partial thickness burns, many inexperienced clinicians are easily confused. Therefore, in order to make burn depth classification automated as well as accurate, we have introduced the deep learning method. This methodology uses a U-Net to segment burn wounds. On this basis, a new thickness burn classification model that fuses global and local features (GL-FusionNet) is proposed. For the thickness burn classification model, we use a ResNet50 to extract local features, use a ResNet101 to extract global features, and finally implement the add method to perform feature fusion and obtain the deep partial or superficial partial thickness burn classification results. Burns images are collected clinically, and they are segmented and labeled by professional physicians. Among the segmentation methods, the U-Net used achieved a Dice score of 85.352 and IoU score of 83.916, which are the best results among all of the comparative experiments. In the classification model, different existing classification networks are mainly used, as well as a fusion strategy and feature extraction method that are adjusted to conduct experiments; the proposed fusion network model also achieved the best results. Our method yielded the following: accuracy of 93.523, recall of 93.67, precision of 93.51, and F1-score of 93.513. In addition, the proposed method can quickly complete the auxiliary diagnosis of the wound in the clinic, which can greatly improve the efficiency of the initial diagnosis of burns and the nursing care of clinical medical staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Burn Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xirui Tong
- Department of Burn Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chenbei Zhang
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jianyu Lu
- Department of Burn Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Anping Song
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shizhao Ji
- Department of Burn Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Peng HT, Siddiqui MM, Rhind SG, Zhang J, da Luz LT, Beckett A. Artificial intelligence and machine learning for hemorrhagic trauma care. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:6. [PMID: 36793066 PMCID: PMC9933281 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI), a branch of machine learning (ML) has been increasingly employed in the research of trauma in various aspects. Hemorrhage is the most common cause of trauma-related death. To better elucidate the current role of AI and contribute to future development of ML in trauma care, we conducted a review focused on the use of ML in the diagnosis or treatment strategy of traumatic hemorrhage. A literature search was carried out on PubMed and Google scholar. Titles and abstracts were screened and, if deemed appropriate, the full articles were reviewed. We included 89 studies in the review. These studies could be grouped into five areas: (1) prediction of outcomes; (2) risk assessment and injury severity for triage; (3) prediction of transfusions; (4) detection of hemorrhage; and (5) prediction of coagulopathy. Performance analysis of ML in comparison with current standards for trauma care showed that most studies demonstrated the benefits of ML models. However, most studies were retrospective, focused on prediction of mortality, and development of patient outcome scoring systems. Few studies performed model assessment via test datasets obtained from different sources. Prediction models for transfusions and coagulopathy have been developed, but none is in widespread use. AI-enabled ML-driven technology is becoming integral part of the whole course of trauma care. Comparison and application of ML algorithms using different datasets from initial training, testing and validation in prospective and randomized controlled trials are warranted for provision of decision support for individualized patient care as far forward as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Peng
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, M3K 2C9, Canada.
| | - M Musaab Siddiqui
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, M3K 2C9, Canada
| | - Shawn G Rhind
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, M3K 2C9, Canada
| | - Jing Zhang
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, M3K 2C9, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Beckett
- St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Royal Canadian Medical Services, Ottawa, K1A 0K2, Canada
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