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Jokipii Krueger CC, Moran E, Tessier KM, Tretyakova NY. Isotope Labeling Mass Spectrometry to Quantify Endogenous and Exogenous DNA Adducts and Metabolites of 1,3-Butadiene In Vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1409-1418. [PMID: 37477250 PMCID: PMC11009968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to known carcinogen 1,3-butadiene (BD) is common due to its high concentrations in automobile exhaust, cigarette smoke, and forest fires, as well as its widespread use in the polymer industry. The adverse health effects of BD are mediated by epoxide metabolites such as 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), which reacts with DNA to form 1-hydroxyl-3-buten-1-yl adducts on DNA nucleobases. EB-derived mercapturic acids (1- and 2-(N-acetyl-l-cysteine-S-yl)-1-hydroxybut-3-ene (MHBMA) and N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-l-cysteine (DHBMA)) and urinary N7-(1-hydroxyl-3-buten-1-yl) guanine DNA adducts (EB-GII) have been used as biomarkers of BD exposure and cancer risk in smokers and occupationally exposed workers. However, low but significant levels of MHBMA, DHBMA, and EB-GII have been reported in unexposed cultured cells, animals, and humans, suggesting that these metabolites and adducts may form endogenously and complicate risk assessment of butadiene exposure. In the present work, stable isotope labeling in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to accurately quantify endogenous and exogenous butadiene metabolites and DNA adducts in vivo. Laboratory rats were exposed to 0.3, 0.5, or 3 ppm of BD-d6 by inhalation, and the amounts of endogenous (d0) and exogenous (d6) DNA adducts and metabolites were quantified in tissues and urine by isotope dilution capillary liquid chromatography/high resolution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (capLC-ESI-HRMS/MS). Our results reveal that EB-GII adducts and MHBMA originate exclusively from exogenous exposure to BD, while substantial amounts of DHBMA are formed endogenously. Urinary EB-GII concentrations were associated with genomic EB-GII levels in tissues of the same animals. Our findings confirm that EB-GII and MHBMA are specific biomarkers of exposure to BD, while endogenous DHBMA predominates at sub-ppm exposures to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C. Jokipii Krueger
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Erik Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Katelyn M. Tessier
- Masonic Cancer Center, Biostatistics Core, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Natalia Y. Tretyakova
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
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Use of biomarker data and metabolite relative potencies to support derivation of noncancer reference values based on the reproductive and developmental toxicity effects of 1,3-butadiene. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 134:105239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kirman CR, Hays SM. Use of Biomarker Data and Relative Potencies of Mutagenic Metabolites to Support Derivation of Cancer Unit Risk Values for 1,3-Butadiene from Rodent Tumor Data. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070394. [PMID: 35878299 PMCID: PMC9316621 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Unit Risk (UR) values were derived for 1,3-butadiene (BD) based upon its ability to cause tumors in laboratory mice and rats. Metabolism has been established as the significant molecular initiating event of BD’s carcinogenicity. The large quantitative species differences in the metabolism of BD and potency of critical BD epoxide metabolites must be accounted for when rodent toxicity responses are extrapolated to humans. Previously published methods were extended and applied to cancer risk assessments to account for species differences in metabolism, as well as differences in mutagenic potency of BD metabolites within the context of data-derived adjustment factors (DDEFs). This approach made use of biomarker data (hemoglobin adducts) to quantify species differences in the internal doses of BD metabolites experienced in mice, rats, and humans. Using these methods, the dose–response relationships in mice and rats exhibit improved concordance, and result in upper bound UR values ranging from 2.1 × 10−5 to 1.2 × 10−3 ppm−1 for BD. Confidence in these UR values was considered high based on high confidence in the key studies, medium-to-high confidence in the toxicity database, high confidence in the estimates of internal dose, and high confidence in the dose–response modeling.
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Chen WQ, Zhang XY. 1,3-Butadiene: a ubiquitous environmental mutagen and its associations with diseases. Genes Environ 2022; 44:3. [PMID: 35012685 PMCID: PMC8744311 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a petrochemical manufactured in high volumes. It is a human carcinogen and can induce lymphohematopoietic cancers, particularly leukemia, in occupationally-exposed workers. BD is an air pollutant with the major environmental sources being automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke. It is one of the major constituents and is considered the most carcinogenic compound in cigarette smoke. The BD concentrations in urban areas usually vary between 0.01 and 3.3 μg/m3 but can be significantly higher in some microenvironments. For BD exposure of the general population, microenvironments, particularly indoor microenvironments, are the primary determinant and environmental tobacco smoke is the main contributor. BD has high cancer risk and has been ranked the second or the third in the environmental pollutants monitored in most urban areas, with the cancer risks exceeding 10-5. Mutagenicity/carcinogenicity of BD is mediated by its genotoxic metabolites but the specific metabolite(s) responsible for the effects in humans have not been determined. BD can be bioactivated to yield three mutagenic epoxide metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes, or potentially be biotransformed into a mutagenic chlorohydrin by myeloperoxidase, a peroxidase almost specifically present in neutrophils and monocytes. Several urinary BD biomarkers have been developed, among which N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine is the most sensitive and is suitable for biomonitoring BD exposure in the general population. Exposure to BD has been associated with leukemia, cardiovascular disease, and possibly reproductive effects, and may be associated with several cancers, autism, and asthma in children. Collectively, BD is a ubiquitous pollutant that has been associated with a range of adverse health effects and diseases with children being a subpopulation with potentially greater susceptibility. Its adverse effects on human health may have been underestimated and more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qi Chen
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Erber L, Goodman S, Wright FA, Chiu WA, Tretyakova NY, Rusyn I. Intra- and Inter-Species Variability in Urinary N7-(1-Hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)guanine Adducts Following Inhalation Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2375-2383. [PMID: 34726909 PMCID: PMC8715497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene is a known carcinogen primarily targeting lymphoid tissues, lung, and liver. Cytochrome P450 activates butadiene to epoxides which form covalent DNA adducts that are thought to be a key mechanistic event in cancer. Previous studies suggested that inter-species, -tissue, and -individual susceptibility to adverse health effects of butadiene exposure may be due to differences in metabolism and other mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to examine the extent of inter-individual and inter-species variability in the urinary N7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)guanine (EB-GII) DNA adduct, a well-known biomarker of exposure to butadiene. For a population variability study in mice, we used the collaborative cross model. Female and male mice from five strains were exposed to filtered air or butadiene (590 ppm, 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks) by inhalation. Urine samples were collected, and the metabolic activation of butadiene by DNA-reactive species was quantified as urinary EB-GII adducts. We quantified the degree of EB-GII variation across mouse strains and sexes; then, we compared this variation with the data from rats (exposed to 62.5 or 200 ppm butadiene) and humans (0.004-2.2 ppm butadiene). We show that sex and strain are significant contributors to the variability in urinary EB-GII levels in mice. In addition, we find that the degree of variability in urinary EB-GII in collaborative cross mice, when expressed as an uncertainty factor for the inter-individual variability (UFH), is relatively modest (≤threefold) possibly due to metabolic saturation. By contrast, the variability in urinary EB-GII (adjusted for exposure) observed in humans, while larger than the default value of 10-fold, is largely consistent with UFH estimates for other chemicals based on human data for non-cancer endpoints. Overall, these data demonstrate that urinary EB-GII levels, particularly from human studies, may be useful for quantitative characterization of human variability in cancer risks to butadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Erber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samantha Goodman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fred A. Wright
- Bioinformatics Research Center and Departments of Biological Sciences and Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Natalia Y. Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Corresponding authors: Natalia Tretyakova, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, 2-147 CCRB, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; phone: (612) 626-3432; ; Ivan Rusyn, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA; phone: (979) 458-9866;
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA,Corresponding authors: Natalia Tretyakova, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, 2-147 CCRB, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; phone: (612) 626-3432; ; Ivan Rusyn, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA; phone: (979) 458-9866;
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Erber L, Goodman S, Jokipii Krueger CC, Rusyn I, Tretyakova N. Quantitative NanoLC/NSI +-HRMS Method for 1,3-Butadiene Induced bis-N7-guanine DNA-DNA Cross-Links in Urine. TOXICS 2021; 9:247. [PMID: 34678943 PMCID: PMC8540193 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a common environmental and industrial chemical widely used in plastic and rubber manufacturing and also present in cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust. BD is classified as a known human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in laboratory animals treated with BD by inhalation and epidemiological studies revealing an increased risk of leukemia and lymphohematopoietic cancers in workers occupationally exposed to BD. Upon exposure via inhalation, BD is bioactivated to several toxic epoxides including 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol (EBD), and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB); these are conjugated with glutathione and excreted as 2-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1-hydroxybut-3-ene/1-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-2-hydroxybut-3-ene (MHBMA), 4-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1,2-dihydroxybutane (DHBMA), and 1,4-bis-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)butane-2,3-diol (bis-BDMA). Exposure to DEB generates monoalkylated DNA adducts, DNA-DNA crosslinks, and DNA-protein crosslinks, which can cause base substitutions, genomic rearrangements, and large genomic deletions. In this study, we developed a quantitative nanoLC/NSI+-HRMS methodology for 1,4-bis-(gua-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (bis-N7G-BD) adducts in urine (LOD: 0.1 fmol/mL urine, LOQ: 1.0 fmol/mL urine). This novel method was used to quantify bis-N7G-BD in urine of mice treated with 590 ± 150 ppm BD for 2 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week). Bis-N7G-BD was detected in urine of male and female BD-exposed mice (574.6 ± 206.0 and 571.1 ± 163.4 pg/mg of creatinine, respectively). In addition, major urinary metabolites of BD, bis-BDMA, MHBMA and DHBMA, were measured in the same samples. Urinary bis-N7G-BD adduct levels correlated with DEB-derived metabolite bis-BDMA (r = 0.80, Pearson correlation), but not with the EB-derived DNA adducts (EB-GII) or EB-derived metabolites MHBMA and DHBMA (r = 0.24, r = 0.14, r = 0.18, respectively, Pearson correlations). Urinary bis-N7G-BD could be employed as a novel non-invasive biomarker of exposure to BD and bioactivation to its most mutagenic metabolite, DEB. This method will be useful for future studies of 1,3-butadiene exposure and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Erber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (C.C.J.K.)
| | - Samantha Goodman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Caitlin C. Jokipii Krueger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (C.C.J.K.)
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (C.C.J.K.)
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