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Panda B, Tripathy A, Patra S, Kullu B, Tabrez S, Jena M. Imperative connotation of SODs in cancer: Emerging targets and multifactorial role of action. IUBMB Life 2024. [PMID: 38600696 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a crucial enzyme responsible for the redox homeostasis inside the cell. As a part of the antioxidant defense system, it plays a pivotal role in the dismutation of the superoxide radicals (O 2 - $$ {{\mathrm{O}}_2}^{-} $$ ) generated mainly by the oxidative phosphorylation, which would otherwise bring out the redox dysregulation, leading to higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and, ultimately, cell transformation, and malignancy. Several studies have shown the involvement of ROS in a wide range of human cancers. As SOD is the key enzyme in regulating ROS, any change, such as a transcriptional change, epigenetic remodeling, functional alteration, and so forth, either activates the proto-oncogenes or aberrant signaling cascades, which results in cancer. Interestingly, in some cases, SODs act as tumor promoters instead of suppressors. Furthermore, SODs have also been known to switch their role during tumor progression. In this review, we have tried to give a comprehensive account of SODs multifactorial role in various human cancers so that SODs-based therapeutic strategies could be made to thwart cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Panda
- Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ankita Tripathy
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Srimanta Patra
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Berhampur, India
| | - Bandana Kullu
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mrutyunjay Jena
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Berhampur, India
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Xu X, Zhang G, Chen Y, Xu W, Liu Y, Ji G, Xu H. Can proline dehydrogenase-a key enzyme involved in proline metabolism-be a novel target for cancer therapy? Front Oncol 2023; 13:1254439. [PMID: 38023181 PMCID: PMC10661406 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1254439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that proline metabolism is important for regulating the survival and death of different types of cancer cells. Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), an enzyme catalyzing proline catabolism, and the degradation products of proline by PRODH, such as ATP and ROS, are known to play critical roles in cancer progression. Notably, the role of PRODH in cancer is still complicated and unclear, and primarily depends on the cancer type and tumor microenvironment. For instance, PRODH induces apoptosis and senescence through ROS signaling in different types of cancers, while as a protumor factor, PRODH promotes malignant phenotypes of certain tumors under stresses such as hypoxia. In order to assess whether PRODH can serve as a novel target for cancer therapy, we will provide an overview of the biological functions of PRODH and its double-edged role in cancer in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijia Chen
- Department of Gynecology, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weina Xu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Zhoujiadu Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanchen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, Shanghai, China
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3
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Szoka L, Nazaruk J, Giegiel J, Isidorov V. Prolidase-proline oxidase axis is engaged in apoptosis induction by birch buds flavonol santin in endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1247536. [PMID: 37745688 PMCID: PMC10512030 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1247536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the corpus uteri and cervix uteri, collectively ranks second among new cancer cases in women after breast cancer. Therefore, investigation of new anticancer agents and identifying new molecular targets presents a challenge to improve effectiveness of chemotherapy. In this study, antiproliferative activity of flavonoids derived from the buds of silver birch and downy birch was evaluated in endometrial cancer Ishikawa cells and cervical cancer HeLa cells. It was found that flavanol santin reduced viability of both cell lines better than other flavonoids, including apigenin and luteolin. Moreover, this activity was slightly higher than that induced by the chemotherapy drug, cisplatin. Santin promoted intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways in cancer cells, but it had low toxicity in normal fibroblasts. The mechanisms of impairing cancer cell viability included induction of oxidative proline catabolism, however in different ways in the cell lines used. In HeLa cells, increase of proline oxidation was due to activation of p53 leading to proline oxidase upregulation. In contrast, in Ishikawa cells, having basal proline oxidase level significantly higher than HeLa cells, santin treatment decreased its expression. Nevertheless, proline oxidation was induced in these cells since santin increased expression and activity of prolidase, an enzyme providing proline from protein degradation. In both cell lines, proline oxidation was associated with generation of reactive oxygen species leading to reduction in cell viability. Our findings reveal the involvement of proline oxidase in induction of apoptosis by santin and identify a role of prolidase in proline oxidase-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Szoka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Jolanta Nazaruk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Giegiel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Valery Isidorov
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, Białystok, Poland
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4
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Feng R, Fan Y, Chen L, Ge Q, Xu J, Yang M, Chen K. Based on 16 S rRNA sequencing and metabonomics to reveal the new mechanism of aluminum potassium sulfate induced inflammation and abnormal lipid metabolism in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114214. [PMID: 36327783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
More and more discoveries have been made about the chronic toxic effects of aluminum, but the specific mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we explored the perturbation of aluminum on intestinal microflora and its effects on host and microbial metabolites through a more realistic nutrient absorption model. The microorganisms Turicibacter, Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacillus_reuteri and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum may be the main targets of the aluminum affecting microbiota. Lysine, proline, putrescine, serotonin and cholesterol may be important metabolites affected by aluminum ions after the interference of intestinal flora composition, leading to abnormal metabolism pathways of amino acids and lipids in the body, and thus promoting inflammation and lesion. The possible mechanisms of aluminum action on the body: (1) Affecting immune cell response, ROS generation and production of a series of pro-inflammatory factors to promote inflammation; (2) Through the disturbance of intestinal microbiota composition structure, change the abundance of metabolites, and then affect amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism pathways. The joint analysis of multiple omics showed significant difference in microbiome abundance and metabolomics expression between high dose group and the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yixuan Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Türkdoğan MK, Karapinar HS, Kilicel F. Serum trace element levels of gastrointestinal cancer patients in an endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 72:126978. [PMID: 35366527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are an important cause of the death rate in Turkey and in the world. Especially upper (esophageal and gastric) GI cancers are the leading types of cancer by 20-27% in Eastern Turkey. Trace elements are involved in many physiological and metabolic processes in the human body. Recent studies suggest that the increase or decrease of trace elements in the body may be related to the formation and development of many diseases such as cancers, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases etc. METHOD AND MATERIALS: In this study some trace elements; cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) concentrations were investigated in the blood serums of esophageal, gastric and colon cancer patients and healthy controls in Van city area, an endemic upper (esophageal and gastric) GI region of Eastern Turkey. The analysis of the elements was realized with a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). RESULTS: Mean serum levels of Cd and Ni in esophageal and gastric cancer patients were very significantly lower compared to controls (p < 0.001 and < 0.005). In addition, the mean serum Co level of esophageal cancer patients was very significantly lower than in controls and gastric cancer patients (p < 0.002). Also, the mean serum levels of Fe and Mn in all (esophageal, gastric and colon) cancer groups were very significantly lower than in controls (p < 0.001 and 0.002). Mean serum levels of Cu, Mg, Pb and Zn were not significantly different in all cancer patients compared to controls. CONCLUSION: We have detected the deficiency of five trace elements (Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, Co) in esophageal, gastric and colon cancer patients. The deficiencies of trace elements may be due to malign over consumption of the nutrients and to the malnutrition of the advanced cancer patients. Nutritional therapy rich in trace elements should be considered as one of the strategies to fight against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kürşat Türkdoğan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, 34662 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hacer Sibel Karapinar
- Scientific and Technological Research & Application Center, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, 70100 Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Fevzi Kilicel
- Department of Chemistry, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, 70100 Karaman, Turkey
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Extensive exploration of the conformational landscapes of neutral and terminally blocked prolines in the gas phase: A density functional theory study. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proline is an important amino acid that plays unique roles in the structures of peptides and proteins. The conformations of proline are searched by a thorough method, generating 3888 trial structures optimized at the B97D/6-311++G** level. A total of 23 conformations are found and their structural and energetic data are presented. All the proline conformers exhibit a coplanar feature for four of the five pyrrolidine ring atoms. The coplanar rule reduces the cost of the conformational search by a factor of 40. The theoretical composition-weighted infrared spectrum provides a good explanation of the experimental results. A conformational search of capped proline yields seven unique conformers, all with trans C-termini peptide planes. The trans C-termini rule further cuts by half the cost of the conformational search of proline-containing peptides. The theoretical composition of the cis N-termini peptide bonds at room temperature is 5.5%, agreeing with the experimental estimations of 3%–10%.
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Huynh TYL, Oscilowska I, Szoka L, Piktel E, Baszanowska W, Bielawska K, Bucki R, Miltyk W, Palka J. Metformin Induces PRODH/POX-Dependent Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:869413. [PMID: 35733940 PMCID: PMC9207455 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.869413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the antineoplastic activity of metformin (MET) is well established, the underlying mechanism of the activity is not understood. Since MET activates AMP kinase (AMPK) and proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) is stimulated by AMPK ligands (implicated in the regulation of cancer cell survival/apoptosis), the effect of MET on PRODH/POX-dependent apoptosis in wild-type MCF-7 cells (MCF-7WT) and POX knockdown MCF-7 cells (MCF-7crPOX cells) was studied. PRODH/POX catalyzes proline degradation generating ROS-induced apoptosis or autophagy. Availability of proline for PRODH/POX functions is regulated by the activity of prolidase (enzyme releasing proline from imidodipeptides), collagen biosynthesis (process consuming proline), and metabolism of proline, ornithine, and glutamic acid. We have found that MET is cytotoxic for MCF-7 cells (IC50∼17 mM), and to the lower extent for MCF-7crPOX cells (IC50∼28 mM). In MCF-7WT cells, the effect was accompanied by the inhibition of DNA biosynthesis, collagen biosynthesis, stimulation of ROS formation, AMPKα phosphorylation, and expression of prolidase, p53, caspase 8, caspase 9, and cleaved PARP. In MET-treated MCF-7crPOX cells, the processes were less affected than in MCF-7WT cells and the expression of caspase 9 was decreased, while cleaved caspase 8 and cleaved PARP were not detected. The effects were accompanied by an increase in the prolidase activity and proline concentration. The mechanism for MET-induced apoptosis involves the up-regulation of prolidase activity and a decrease in collagen biosynthesis contributing to an increase in the concentration of substrate (proline) for PRODH/POX-dependent ROS formation and activation of caspases −9 and −8. The data suggest that PRODH/POX participates in the MET-induced intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Yen Ly Huynh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ilona Oscilowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Lukasz Szoka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewelina Piktel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Weronika Baszanowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bielawska
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jerzy Palka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Jerzy Palka,
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Lemieux H, Blier PU. Exploring Thermal Sensitivities and Adaptations of Oxidative Phosphorylation Pathways. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040360. [PMID: 35448547 PMCID: PMC9025460 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature shifts are a major challenge to animals; they drive adaptations in organisms and species, and affect all physiological functions in ectothermic organisms. Understanding the origin and mechanisms of these adaptations is critical for determining whether ectothermic organisms will be able to survive when faced with global climate change. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is thought to be an important metabolic player in this regard, since the capacity of the mitochondria to produce energy greatly varies according to temperature. However, organism survival and fitness depend not only on how much energy is produced, but, more precisely, on how oxidative phosphorylation is affected and which step of the process dictates thermal sensitivity. These questions need to be addressed from a new perspective involving a complex view of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and its related pathways. In this review, we examine the effect of temperature on the commonly measured pathways, but mainly focus on the potential impact of lesser-studied pathways and related steps, including the electron-transferring flavoprotein pathway, glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, choline dehydrogenase, proline dehydrogenase, and sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase. Our objective is to reveal new avenues of research that can address the impact of temperature on oxidative phosphorylation in all its complexity to better portray the limitations and the potential adaptations of aerobic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Lemieux
- Faculty Saint-Jean, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6C 4G9, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (P.U.B.)
| | - Pierre U. Blier
- Department Biologie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (P.U.B.)
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NSAIDs Induce Proline Dehydrogenase/Proline Oxidase-Dependent and Independent Apoptosis in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073813. [PMID: 35409177 PMCID: PMC8998922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered in cancer therapy for their inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is overexpressed in most cancers. However, we found that NSAIDs as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)-induced apoptosis independent of the COX-2 inhibition, and the process was mediated through activation of proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX)-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This mitochondrial enzyme converts proline to ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) during which ATP or ROS is generated. To confirm the role of PRODH/POX in the mechanism of NSAID-induced apoptosis we obtained an MCF7 CRISPR/Cas9 PRODH/POX knockout breast cancer cell model (MCF7POK-KO). Interestingly, the studied NSAIDs (indomethacin and diclofenac) in MCF7POK-KO cells contributed to a more pronounced pro-apoptotic phenotype of the cells than in PRODH/POX-expressing MCF7 cells. The observed effect was independent of ROS generation, but it was related to the energetic disturbances in the cells as shown by an increase in the expression of AMPKα (sensor of cell energy status), GLUD1/2 (proline producing enzyme from glutamate), prolidase (proline releasing enzyme), PPARδ (growth supporting transcription factor) and a decrease in the expression of proline cycle enzymes (PYCR1, PYCRL), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and collagen biosynthesis (the main proline utilizing process). The data provide evidence that the studied NSAIDs induce PRODH/POX-dependent and independent apoptosis in MCF7 breast cancer cells.
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Kazberuk A, Chalecka M, Palka J, Surazynski A. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as PPARγ Agonists Can Induce PRODH/POX-Dependent Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells: New Alternative Pathway in NSAID-Induced Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031510. [PMID: 35163433 PMCID: PMC8835909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered to be therapeutics in cancer prevention because of their inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenases (COX), which are frequently overexpressed in many types of cancer. However, it was also demonstrated that NSAIDs provoked a proapoptotic effect in COX knocked-out cancer cells. Here, we suggest that this group of drugs may provoke antineoplastic activity through the activation of PPARγ, which induces proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX)-dependent apoptosis. PRODH/POX is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes proline degradation, during which ATP or reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. We have found that NSAIDs induced PRODH/POX and PPARγ expressions (as demonstrated by Western Blot or immunofluorescence analysis) and cytotoxicity (as demonstrated by MTT, cytometric assay, and DNA biosynthesis assay) in breast cancer MCF7 cells. Simultaneously, the NSAIDs inhibited collagen biosynthesis, supporting proline for PRODH/POX-induced ROS-dependent apoptosis (as demonstrated by an increase in the expression of apoptosis markers). The data suggest that targeting proline metabolism and the PRODH/POX–PPARγ axis can be considered a novel approach for breast cancer treatment.
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Metformin Treatment or PRODH/POX-Knock out Similarly Induces Apoptosis by Reprograming of Amino Acid Metabolism, TCA, Urea Cycle and Pentose Phosphate Pathway in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121888. [PMID: 34944532 PMCID: PMC8699520 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been considered that proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) is involved in antineoplastic activity of metformin (MET). The aim of this study is identification of key metabolites of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), tricarboxylic acids (TCA), urea cycles (UC) and some amino acids in MET-treated MCF-7 cells and PRODH/POX-knocked out MCF-7 (MCF-7crPOX) cells. MCF-7crPOX cells were generated by using CRISPR-Cas9. Targeted metabolomics was performed by LC-MS/MS/QqQ. Expression of pro-apoptotic proteins was evaluated by Western blot. In the absence of glutamine, MET treatment or PRODH/POX-knock out of MCF-7 cells contributed to similar inhibition of glycolysis (drastic increase in intracellular glucose and pyruvate) and increase in the utilization of phospho-enol-pyruvic acid, glucose-6-phosphate and some metabolites of TCA and UC, contributing to apoptosis. However, in the presence of glutamine, MET treatment or PRODH/POX-knock out of MCF-7 cells contributed to utilization of some studied metabolites (except glucose), facilitating pro-survival phenotype of MCF-7 cells in these conditions. It suggests that MET treatment or PRODH/POX-knock out induce similar metabolic effects (glucose starvation) and glycolysis is tightly linked to glutamine metabolism in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The data provide insight into mechanism of anticancer activity of MET as an approach to further studies on experimental breast cancer therapy.
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Lewoniewska S, Oscilowska I, Forlino A, Palka J. Understanding the Role of Estrogen Receptor Status in PRODH/POX-Dependent Apoptosis/Survival in Breast Cancer Cells. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121314. [PMID: 34943229 PMCID: PMC8698543 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that activation of estrogen receptor α (ER α) stimulates cell proliferation. In contrast, estrogen receptor β (ER β) has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity. Although the role of estrogens in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer progression has been well established, the mechanism of their effect on apoptosis is not fully understood. It has been considered that ER status of breast cancer cells and estrogen availability might determine proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX)-dependent apoptosis. PRODH/POX is a mitochondrial enzyme that converts proline into pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). During this process, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) or ROS (reactive oxygen species) are produced, facilitating cell survival or death, respectively. However, the critical factor in driving PRODH/POX-dependent functions is proline availability. The amount of this amino acid is regulated at the level of prolidase (proline releasing enzyme), collagen biosynthesis (proline utilizing process), and glutamine, glutamate, α-ketoglutarate, and ornithine metabolism. Estrogens were found to upregulate prolidase activity and collagen biosynthesis. It seems that in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells, prolidase supports proline for collagen biosynthesis, limiting its availability for PRODH/POX-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, lack of free proline (known to upregulate the transcriptional activity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1, HIF-1) contributes to downregulation of HIF-1-dependent pro-survival activity. The complex regulatory mechanism also involves PRODH/POX expression and activity. It is induced transcriptionally by p53 and post-transcriptionally by AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), which is regulated by ERs. The review also discusses the role of interconversion of proline/glutamate/ornithine in supporting proline to PRODH/POX-dependent functions. The data suggest that PRODH/POX-induced apoptosis is dependent on ER status in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Lewoniewska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Ilona Oscilowska
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Jerzy Palka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-748-5706
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Vettore LA, Westbrook RL, Tennant DA. Proline metabolism and redox; maintaining a balance in health and disease. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1779-1788. [PMID: 34291343 PMCID: PMC8651533 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proline is a non-essential amino acid with key roles in protein structure/function and maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. It is available from dietary sources, generated de novo within cells, and released from protein structures; a noteworthy source being collagen. Its catabolism within cells can generate ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent findings suggest that proline biosynthesis and catabolism are essential processes in disease; not only due to the role in new protein synthesis as part of pathogenic processes but also due to the impact of proline metabolism on the wider metabolic network through its significant role in redox homeostasis. This is particularly clear in cancer proliferation and metastatic outgrowth. Nevertheless, the precise identity of the drivers of cellular proline catabolism and biosynthesis, and the overall cost of maintaining appropriate balance is not currently known. In this review, we explore the major drivers of proline availability and consumption at a local and systemic level with a focus on cancer. Unraveling the main factors influencing proline metabolism in normal physiology and disease will shed light on new effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Vettore
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebecca L Westbrook
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel A Tennant
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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14
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Phang JM. Perspectives, past, present and future: the proline cycle/proline-collagen regulatory axis. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1967-1975. [PMID: 34825974 PMCID: PMC8651602 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the 35 years since the introduction of the "proline cycle", its relevance to human tumors has been widely established. These connections are based on a variety of mechanisms discovered by many laboratories and have stimulated the search for small molecule inhibitors to treat cancer or metastases. In addition, the multi-layered connections of the proline cycle and the role of proline and hydroxyproline in collagen provide an important regulatory link between the extracellular matrix and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Phang
- Scientist Emeritus, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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15
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P5C as an Interface of Proline Interconvertible Amino Acids and Its Role in Regulation of Cell Survival and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111763. [PMID: 34769188 PMCID: PMC8584052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of cancer metabolism have focused on the production of energy and the interconversion of carbons between cell cycles. More recently, amino acid metabolism, especially non-essential amino acids (NEAAs), has been investigated, underlining their regulatory role. One of the important mediators in energy production and interconversion of carbons in the cell is Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C)—the physiological intracellular intermediate of the interconversion of proline, ornithine, and glutamate. As a central component of these conversions, it links the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), urea cycle (UC), and proline cycle (PC). P5C has a cyclic structure containing a tertiary nitrogen atom (N) and is in tautomeric equilibrium with the open-chain form of L-glutamate-γ-semialdehyde (GSAL). P5C is produced by P5C synthase (P5CS) from glutamate, and ornithine via ornithine δ-amino acid transferase (δOAT). It can also be converted to glutamate by P5C dehydrogenase (P5CDH). P5C is both a direct precursor of proline and a product of its degradation. The conversion of P5C to proline is catalyzed by P5C reductase (PYCR), while proline to P5C by proline dehydrogenase/oxidase (PRODH/POX). P5C-proline-P5C interconversion forms a functional redox couple. Their transformations are accompanied by the transfer of a reducing-oxidizing potential, that affect the NADP+/NADPH ratio and a wide variety of processes, e.g., the synthesis of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), and purine ribonucleotides, which are crucial for DNA synthesis. This review focuses on the metabolism of P5C in the cell as an interconversion mediator of proline, glutamate, and ornithine and its role in the regulation of survival and death with particular emphasis on the metabolic context.
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16
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Jakoube P, Cutano V, González-Morena JM, Keckesova Z. Mitochondrial Tumor Suppressors-The Energetic Enemies of Tumor Progression. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4652-4667. [PMID: 34183354 PMCID: PMC9397617 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor suppressors represent a critical line of defense against tumorigenesis. Their mechanisms of action and the pathways they are involved in provide important insights into cancer progression, vulnerabilities, and treatment options. Although nuclear and cytosolic tumor suppressors have been extensively investigated, relatively little is known about tumor suppressors localized within the mitochondria. However, recent research has begun to uncover the roles of these important proteins in suppressing tumorigenesis. Here, we review this newly developing field and summarize available information on mitochondrial tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jakoube
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valentina Cutano
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juan M. González-Morena
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Keckesova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Corresponding Author: Zuzana Keckesova, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 2, Prague 16000, Czech Republic. Phone: 420-2201-83584; E-mail:
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17
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Misiura M, Ościłowska I, Bielawska K, Pałka J, Miltyk W. PRODH/POX-Dependent Celecoxib-Induced Apoptosis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090874. [PMID: 34577574 PMCID: PMC8471327 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Celecoxib (Cx), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2, induces apoptosis of cancer cells. However, the mechanism of the chemopreventive effect remains not fully understood. We aimed to investigate the role of PRODH/POX that is involved in the regulation of apoptosis induced by celecoxib. MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and the corresponding MCF-7 cell line with silenced PRODH/POX (MCF-7shPRODH/POX) were used. The effects of Cx on cell viability, proliferation, and cell cycle were evaluated. The expressions of protein markers for apoptosis (Bax, caspase 9, and PARP) and autophagy (Atg5, Beclin 1, and LC3A/B) were investigated by Western immunoblotting. To analyze the proline metabolism, collagen biosynthesis, prolidase activity, proline concentration, and the expression of proline-related proteins were evaluated. The generation of ATP, ROS, and the ratio of NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH were determined to test the effect of Cx on energetic metabolism in breast cancer cells. It has been found that Cx attenuated MCF-7 cell proliferation via arresting the cell cycle. Cx induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, while in MCF-7shPRODH/POX, autophagy occurred more predominantly. In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, Cx affected proline metabolism through upregulation of proline biosynthesis, PRODH/POX and PYCRs expressions, PEPD activity, and downregulation of collagen biosynthesis. In MCF-7shPRODH/POX clones, these processes, as well as energetic metabolism, were remarkably suppressed. The data for the first time suggest that celecoxib induces apoptosis through upregulation of PRODH/POX in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Misiura
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilińskiego1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (M.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Ilona Ościłowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilińskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (I.O.); (J.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Bielawska
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilińskiego1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (M.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Jerzy Pałka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilińskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (I.O.); (J.P.)
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilińskiego1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (M.M.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-748-5845
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18
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Liu Y, Mao C, Liu S, Xiao D, Shi Y, Tao Y. Proline dehydrogenase in cancer: apoptosis, autophagy, nutrient dependency and cancer therapy. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1891-1902. [PMID: 34283310 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
L-proline catabolism is emerging as a key pathway that is critical to cellular metabolism, growth, survival, and death. Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) enzyme, which catalyzes the first step of proline catabolism, has diverse functional roles in regulating many pathophysiological processes, including apoptosis, autophagy, cell senescence, and cancer metastasis. Notably, accumulated evidence demonstrated that PRODH plays complex role in many types of cancers. In this review, we briefly introduce the function of PRODH, then its expression in different types of cancer. We next discuss the regulation of PRODH in cancer, the downstream pathways of PRODH and the therapies that are under investigation. Finally, we propose novel insights for future perspectives on the modulation of PRODH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Liu
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Clinical Medicine & Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, Central South University, the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Mao
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Center for Geriatric Disorders, National Clinical Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Desheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy in Lung Cancer, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
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19
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Palka J, Oscilowska I, Szoka L. Collagen metabolism as a regulator of proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase-dependent apoptosis/autophagy. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1917-1925. [PMID: 33818628 PMCID: PMC8651534 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on the regulatory role of amino acids in cell metabolism have focused on the functional significance of proline degradation. The process is catalysed by proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX), a mitochondrial flavin-dependent enzyme converting proline into ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). During this process, electrons are transferred to electron transport chain producing ATP for survival or they directly reduce oxygen, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducing apoptosis/autophagy. However, the mechanism for switching survival/apoptosis mode is unknown. Although PRODH/POX activity and energetic metabolism were suggested as an underlying mechanism for the survival/apoptosis switch, proline availability for this enzyme is also important. Proline availability is regulated by prolidase (proline supporting enzyme), collagen biosynthesis (proline utilizing process) and proline synthesis from glutamine, glutamate, α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and ornithine. Proline availability is dependent on the rate of glycolysis, TCA and urea cycles, proline metabolism, collagen biosynthesis and its degradation. It is well established that proline synthesis enzymes, P5C synthetase and P5C reductase as well as collagen prolyl hydroxylases are up-regulated in most of cancer types and control rates of collagen biosynthesis. Up-regulation of collagen prolyl hydroxylase and its exhaustion of ascorbate and α-KG may compete with DNA and histone demethylases (that require the same cofactors) to influence metabolic epigenetics. This knowledge led us to hypothesize that up-regulation of prolidase and PRODH/POX with inhibition of collagen biosynthesis may represent potential pharmacotherapeutic approach to induce apoptosis or autophagic death in cancer cells. These aspects of proline metabolism are discussed in the review as an approach to understand complex regulatory mechanisms driving PRODH/POX-dependent apoptosis/survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Palka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ilona Oscilowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Lukasz Szoka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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20
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Ding Z, Ericksen RE, Lee QY, Han W. Reprogramming of mitochondrial proline metabolism promotes liver tumorigenesis. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1807-1815. [PMID: 33646427 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated cellular energetics has recently been recognized as a hallmark of cancer and garnered attention as a potential targeting strategy for cancer therapeutics. Cancer cells reprogram metabolic activities to meet bio-energetic, biosynthetic and redox requirements needed to sustain indefinite proliferation. In many cases, metabolic reprogramming is the result of complex interactions between genetic alterations in well-known oncogenes and tumor suppressors and epigenetic changes. While the metabolism of the two most abundant nutrients, glucose and glutamine, is reprogrammed in a wide range of cancers, accumulating evidence demonstrates that additional metabolic pathways are also critical for cell survival and growth. Proline metabolism is one such metabolic pathway that promotes tumorigenesis in multiple cancer types, including liver cancer, which is the fourth main cause of cancer mortality in the world. Despite the recent spate of approved treatments, including targeted therapy and combined immunotherapies, there has been no significant gain in clinical benefits in the majority of liver cancer patients. Thus, exploring novel therapeutic strategies and identifying new molecular targets remains a top priority for liver cancer. Two of the enzymes in the proline biosynthetic pathway, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (PYCR1) and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 18 Family Member A1 (ALDH18A1), are upregulated in liver cancer of both human and animal models, while proline catabolic enzymes, such as proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) are downregulated. Here we review the latest evidence linking proline metabolism to liver and other cancers and potential mechanisms of action for the proline pathway in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobing Ding
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), #02-02 Helios, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Russell E Ericksen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), #02-02 Helios, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Qian Yi Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), #02-02 Helios, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), #02-02 Helios, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore.
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21
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Shao W, Hao ZY, Chen YF, Du J, He Q, Ren LL, Gao Y, Song N, Song Y, He H, Wang YZ. OIP5-AS1 specifies p53-driven POX transcription regulated by TRPC6 in glioma. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:409-421. [PMID: 33508123 PMCID: PMC8436707 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) control an array of expressed genes. However, the specifics of how a gene is expressed in time and space as controlled by a TF remain largely unknown. Here, in TRPC6-regulated proline oxidase 1 (POX) transcription in human glioma, we report that OIP5-AS1, a long noncoding RNA, determines the specificity of p53-driven POX expression. The OIP5-AS1/p53 complex via its 24 nucleotides binds to the POX promoter and is necessary for POX expression but not for p21 transcription. An O-site in the POX promoter to which OIP5-AS1 binds was identified that is required for OIP5-AS1/p53 binding and POX transcription. Blocking OIP5-AS1 binding to the O-site inhibits POX transcription and promotes glioma development. Thus, the OIP5-AS1/O-site module decides p53-controlled POX expression as regulated by TRPC6 and affects glioma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shao
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Hao
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yi-Fei Chen
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jun Du
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qian He
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Liang-Liang Ren
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Gao
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Nan Song
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Song
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hua He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yi-Zheng Wang
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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22
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Manganese superoxide dismutase induced by lipoteichoic acid isolated from Staphylococcus aureus regulates cytokine production in THP-1 cells. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2021; 55:36-43. [PMID: 33558048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid isolated from Staphylococcus aureus (aLTA) is known to regulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines through TLR2-mediated signaling pathways. In our previous study, we found that aLTA significantly increased manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the THP-1 human monocyte-like cell line, but the role of MnSOD in the regulation of cytokine production was not elucidated. In the current study, we found that MnSOD was involved in aLTA-mediated cytokine production. The signaling pathways associated with aLTA-mediated MnSOD induction in THP-1 cells included TLR2-MyD88-IRAK2, JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases)1/2 and nuclear factor- κB (NF-κB). We also found MnSOD was involved in the regulation of IL-1β and TNF-α, which were induced by early signaling pathways, including JNK1/2, p38, and NF-κB p65. In addition, MnSOD was also involved in the production of IL-6 and CCL2 in aLTA-stimulated THP-1 cells through activation of late signaling pathways such as JAK2-STAT3. Taken together, our data suggest that aLTA-mediated MnSOD production involved in the regulation of cytokine production and it may be the cause of one of the excessive inflammatory reactions caused by S. aureus.
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Trypanosoma cruzi synthesizes proline via a Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase whose activity is fine-tuned by NADPH cytosolic pools. Biochem J 2020; 477:1827-1845. [PMID: 32315030 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, the amino acid proline participates in processes related to T. cruzi survival and infection, such as ATP production, cell differentiation, host-cell invasion, and in protection against osmotic, nutritional, and thermal stresses and oxidative imbalance. However, little is known about proline biosynthesis in this parasite. Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR, EC 1.5.1.2) catalyzes the biosynthesis of proline from Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) with concomitant NADPH oxidation. Herein, we show that unlike other eukaryotes, T. cruzi biosynthesizes proline from P5C, which is produced exclusively from glutamate. We found that TcP5CR is an NADPH-dependent cytosolic enzyme with a Kmapp for P5C of 27.7 μM and with a higher expression in the insect-resident form of the parasite. High concentrations of the co-substrate NADPH partially inhibited TcP5CR activity, prompting us to analyze multiple kinetic inhibition models. The model that best explained the obtained data included a non-competitive substrate inhibition mechanism (Kiapp=45±0.7μM). Therefore, TcP5CR is a candidate as a regulatory factor of this pathway. Finally, we show that P5C can exit trypanosomatid mitochondria in conditions that do not compromise organelle integrity. These observations, together with previously reported results, lead us to propose that in T. cruzi TcP5CR participates in a redox shuttle between the mitochondria and the cytoplasm. In this model, cytoplasmic redox equivalents from NADPH pools are transferred to the mitochondria using proline as a reduced metabolite, and shuttling to fuel electrons to the respiratory chain through proline oxidation by its cognate dehydrogenase.
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Lee YR, An KY, Jeon J, Kim NK, Lee JW, Hong J, Chung BC. Untargeted Metabolomics and Polyamine Profiling in Serum before and after Surgery in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120487. [PMID: 33260822 PMCID: PMC7760053 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in Korea and globally. In this study, we aimed to characterize the differential serum metabolomic profiles between pre-operative and post-operative patients with colorectal cancer. To investigate the significant metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with colorectal cancer, we analyzed serum samples from 68 patients (aged 20–71, mean 57.57 years). Untargeted and targeted metabolomics profiling in patients with colorectal cancer were performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Untargeted analysis identified differences in sphingolipid metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, and arginine and proline metabolism in pre- and post-operative patients with colorectal cancer. We then performed quantitative target profiling of polyamines, synthesized from arginine and proline metabolism, to identify potential polyamines that may serve as effective biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Results indicate a significantly reduced serum concentration of putrescine in post-operative patients compared to pre-operative patients. Our metabolomics approach provided insights into the physiological alterations in patients with colorectal cancer after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ra Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea;
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Ki-Yong An
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Justin Jeon
- Department of Sport Industry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Exercise Medicine Center for Diabetes and Cancer Patients, ICONS, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Ji Won Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
| | - Jongki Hong
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (B.C.C.); Tel.: +82-2-961-9255 (J.H.); +82-2-958-5067 (B.C.C.)
| | - Bong Chul Chung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea;
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (B.C.C.); Tel.: +82-2-961-9255 (J.H.); +82-2-958-5067 (B.C.C.)
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Ferreira AGK, Biasibetti-Brendler H, Sidegum DSV, Loureiro SO, Figueiró F, Wyse ATS. Effect of Proline on Cell Death, Cell Cycle, and Oxidative Stress in C6 Glioma Cell Line. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:327-334. [PMID: 33196952 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since proline metabolism has been implicated to play an underlying role in apoptotic signaling and cancer, and hyperprolinemic patients present susceptibility to tumors development, this study investigated the effect of proline on cell death, cell cycle, antioxidant enzymes activities, and immunocontent/activity of proteins involved in cell death/survival signaling pathways in C6 glioma cells. C6 cells were incubated with proline (0-5 mM) for 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, or 7 days. Proline in high concentrations slightly decreased LDH release, and no cytotoxic effect was seen by Annexin-PI staining. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were increased by proline (1 mM) after 72 h, suggesting an increase in reactive species levels. Acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited by proline at 1, 3, and 5 mM. The cell cycle progression was not altered. Results from Western blot analyses showed that proline at 1 mM after 72 h increased p-NF-ĸB and decreased acetylcholinesterase immunocontent but did not altered AKT, p-AKT, GSK3β, and p-GSK3β. Taken together, the data suggest that high proline levels seems to favor the signaling pathways towards cell proliferation, since acetylcholinesterase, which may act as tumor suppressor, is inhibited by proline. Also, p-NF-κB is increased by proline treatment and its activation is related to tumor cell proliferation and cellular response to oxidants. Proline also induced oxidative stress, but it appears to be insufficient to induce a significant change in cell cycle progression. These data may be related, at least in part, to the increased susceptibility to tumor development in hyperprolinemic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Gisiane Kurek Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Helena Biasibetti-Brendler
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Daniele Susana Volkart Sidegum
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Samanta Oliveira Loureiro
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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The Janus-like role of proline metabolism in cancer. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:104. [PMID: 33083024 PMCID: PMC7560826 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of the non-essential amino acid L-proline is emerging as a key pathway in the metabolic rewiring that sustains cancer cells proliferation, survival and metastatic spread. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (PYCR) and proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) enzymes, which catalyze the last step in proline biosynthesis and the first step of its catabolism, respectively, have been extensively associated with the progression of several malignancies, and have been exposed as potential targets for anticancer drug development. As investigations into the links between proline metabolism and cancer accumulate, the complexity, and sometimes contradictory nature of this interaction emerge. It is clear that the role of proline metabolism enzymes in cancer depends on tumor type, with different cancers and cancer-related phenotypes displaying different dependencies on these enzymes. Unexpectedly, the outcome of rewiring proline metabolism also differs between conditions of nutrient and oxygen limitation. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of proline metabolism in cancer; we collate the experimental evidence that links proline metabolism with the different aspects of cancer progression and critically discuss the potential mechanisms involved.
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Liu H, Gu J, Jin Y, Yuan Q, Ma G, Du M, Ge Y, Qin C, Lv Q, Fu G, Wang M, Chu H, Yuan L, Zhang Z. Genetic variants in N6-methyladenosine are associated with bladder cancer risk in the Chinese population. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:299-309. [PMID: 32964246 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02911-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) has been identified to guide the interaction of RNA-binding protein hnRNP C and their target RNAs, which is termed as m6A-switches. We systematically investigated the association between genetic variants in m6A-switches and bladder cancer risk. A two-stage case-control study was performed to systematically calculate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2798 m6A-switches with bladder cancer risk in 3,997 subjects. A logistic regression model was used to assess the effects of SNPs on bladder cancer risk. A series of experiments were adopted to explore the role of genetic variants of m6A-switches. We identified that rs5746136 (G > A) of SOD2 in m6A-switches was significantly associated with the reduced risk of bladder cancer (additive model in discovery stage: OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.93, P = 3.6 × 10-3; validation stage: adjusted OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.79-0.99, P = 3.0 × 10-2; combined analysis: adjusted OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.78-0.93, P = 4.0 × 10-4). The mRNA level of SOD2 was remarkably lower in bladder cancer tissues than the paired adjacent samples. SNP rs5746136 may affect m6A modification and regulate SOD2 expression by guiding the binding of hnRNP C to SOD2, which played a critical tumor suppressor role in bladder cancer cells by promoting cell apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation, migration and invasion. In conclusion, our findings suggest the important role of genetic variants in m6A modification. SOD2 polymorphisms may influence the expression of SOD2 via an m6A-hnRNP C-dependent mechanism and be promising predictors of bladder cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanting Liu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jingjing Gu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Gaoxiang Ma
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,The Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mulong Du
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuqiu Ge
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangbo Fu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Huai'an First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Juloski JT, Rakic A, Ćuk VV, Ćuk VM, Stefanović S, Nikolić D, Janković S, Trbovich AM, De Luka SR. Colorectal cancer and trace elements alteration. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 59:126451. [PMID: 31954212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trace elements have important influence on body function primarily because of the vital role they have in many physiological processes. Their alterations have been found in many disorders, including cancer. It has been well known for decades that disturbances in elemental concentration may lead to cell damaging, DNA injuries and imbalance in oxidative burden. Our study tried to determine the difference of trace elements concentrations between colorectal adenocarcinoma and adjacent healthy intestinal tissue. METHODS 59 subjects participated in this study. Healthy colon mucosa samples and colon tumor tissue samples were obtained from patients previously diagnosed with colon carcinoma by standard diagnostic procedures. Analysis of the elements was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS The results showed that Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, Cd, Cr and Hg significantly differ between malignant tissue of colorectal cancer (CRC) and adjacent healthy bowel tissue. We have, also, found that Cu/Zn tissue ratio was significantly higher in CRC compared to a healthy tissue and that patients with higher CRC stages had also significantly higher ratio. CONCLUSIONS Since this is the first such study in Balkan region, we assume that results of our study could be a good indicator of elemental alterations in colorectal cancer of Balkan population, due to similarity in lifestyle, dietary intake, pollution and exposure to toxic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan T Juloski
- Zvezdara Medical University Center, Surgery Clinic "Nikola Spasić", Dimitrija Tucovica 161, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandar Rakic
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladica V Ćuk
- Zvezdara Medical University Center, Surgery Clinic "Nikola Spasić", Dimitrija Tucovica 161, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladimir M Ćuk
- Zvezdara Medical University Center, Surgery Clinic "Nikola Spasić", Dimitrija Tucovica 161, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Srđan Stefanović
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kaćanskog 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dragica Nikolić
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kaćanskog 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Saša Janković
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kaćanskog 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Alexander M Trbovich
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Silvio R De Luka
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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29
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Understanding the role of key amino acids in regulation of proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (prodh/pox)-dependent apoptosis/autophagy as an approach to targeted cancer therapy. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 466:35-44. [PMID: 31933109 PMCID: PMC7028810 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In stress conditions, as neoplastic transformation, amino acids serve not only as nutrients to maintain the cell survival but also as mediators of several regulatory pathways which are involved in apoptosis and autophagy. Especially, under glucose deprivation, in order to maintain the cell survival, proline and glutamine together with other glutamine-derived products such as glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and ornithine serve as alternative sources of energy. They are substrates for production of pyrroline-5-carboxylate which is the product of conversion of proline by proline dehydrogenase/ proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) to produce ATP for protective autophagy or reactive oxygen species for apoptosis. Interconversion of proline, ornithine, and glutamate may therefore regulate PRODH/POX-dependent apoptosis/autophagy. The key amino acid is proline, circulating between mitochondria and cytoplasm in the proline cycle. This shuttle is known as proline cycle. It is coupled to pentose phosphate pathway producing nucleotides for DNA biosynthesis. PRODH/POX is also linked to p53 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent pathways. Proline availability for PRODH/POX-dependent apoptosis/autophagy is regulated at the level of collagen biosynthesis (proline utilizing process) and prolidase activity (proline supporting process). In this review, we suggest that amino acid metabolism linking TCA and Urea cycles affect PRODH/POX-dependent apoptosis/autophagy and the knowledge might be useful to targeted cancer therapy.
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30
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Fang H, Du G, Wu Q, Liu R, Chen C, Feng J. HDAC inhibitors induce proline dehydrogenase (POX) transcription and anti-apoptotic autophagy in triple negative breast cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:1064-1070. [PMID: 31559416 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer with poor clinical outcomes and without effective targeted therapies. Numerous studies have suggested that HDAC inhibitors (TSA/SAHA) may be effective in TNBCs. Proline oxidase, also known as proline dehydrogenase (POX/PRODH), is a key enzyme in the proline metabolism pathway and plays a vital role in tumorigenesis. In this study, we found that HDAC inhibitors (TSA/SAHA) significantly increased POX expression and autophagy through activating AMPK. Depletion of POX decreased autophagy and increased apoptosis induced by HDAC inhibitors in TNBC cells. These results suggest that POX contributes to cell survival under chemotherapeutic stresses and might serve as a potential target for treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Fang
- Medical College, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
- Anhui University of Science and Technology Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming , China
| | - Guangshi Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming , China
| | - Qiuju Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming , China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming , China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming , China
| | - Jing Feng
- Anhui University of Science and Technology Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, China
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31
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She Y, Mao A, Li F, Wei X. P5CR1 protein expression and the effect of gene-silencing on lung adenocarcinoma. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6934. [PMID: 31143549 PMCID: PMC6524628 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the expression of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (P5CR1) protein in lung adenocarcinoma and paracancerous tissues and to explore the effect of silencing the encoding gene PYCR1 on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and cisplatin sensitivity in lung adenocarcinoma cells, thereby providing a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of the disease. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect the P5CR1 protein expression in lung adenocarcinoma and paracancerous tissues, and statistical analysis evaluated the correlation between P5CR1 protein expression and gender, age, tissue part, or pathological grade. The CCK8 assay was performed to detect the proliferation and cisplatin sensitivity, while the effect of PYCR1 on the migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells was detected by scratch test and transwell chamber assay. The findings demonstrated that the P5CR1 protein expression was significantly elevated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and correlated with the pathological grade, whereas no significant correlation was established between the protein expression and gender, age, or tissue part. Furthermore, after PYCR1 gene silencing, the proliferation and invasion were significantly suppressed, while the sensitivity to cisplatin was significantly enhanced. Therefore, it can be speculated that the PYCR1 gene affects the biological behavior of lung adenocarcinoma and cisplatin resistance, serving as a potential therapeutic target for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang She
- Clinical Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Aiyou Mao
- Clinical Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Feng Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xiaobin Wei
- Clinical Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE It is increasingly clear that proline metabolism plays an important role in metabolic reprogramming, not only in cancer but also in related fields such as aging, senescence, and development. Although first focused on proline catabolism, recent studies from a number of laboratories have emphasized the regulatory effects of proline synthesis and proline cycling. Recent Advances: Although proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) has been known as a tumor protein 53 (P53)-activated source of redox signaling for initiating apoptosis and autophagy, senescence has been added to the responses. On the biosynthetic side, two well-recognized oncogenes, c-MYC and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), markedly upregulate enzymes of proline synthesis; mechanisms affected include augmented redox cycling and maintenance of pyridine nucleotides. The reprogramming has been shown to shift in clonogenesis and/or metastasis. CRITICAL ISSUES Although PRODH/POX generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) for signaling, the cellular endpoint is variable and dependent on metabolic context; the switches for these responses remain unknown. On the synthetic side, the enzymes require more complete characterization in various cancers, and demonstration of coupling of proline metabolites to other pathways may require studies of protein-protein interactions, membrane transporters, and shuttles. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The proline metabolic axis can serve as a scaffold on which a variety of regulatory mechanisms are integrated. Once understood as a central mechanism in cancer metabolism, proline metabolism may be a good target for adjunctive cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Phang
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, NIH , Frederick, Maryland
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33
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Abstract
Interest in how proline contributes to cancer biology is expanding because of the emerging role of a novel proline metabolic cycle in cancer cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis. Proline biosynthesis and degradation involve the shared intermediate Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), which forms l-glutamate-γ-semialdehyde (GSAL) in a reversible non-enzymatic reaction. Proline is synthesized from glutamate or ornithine through GSAL/P5C, which is reduced to proline by P5C reductase (PYCR) in a NAD(P)H-dependent reaction. The degradation of proline occurs in the mitochondrion and involves two oxidative steps catalyzed by proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and GSAL dehydrogenase (GSALDH). PRODH is a flavin-dependent enzyme that couples proline oxidation with reduction of membrane-bound quinone, while GSALDH catalyzes the NAD+-dependent oxidation of GSAL to glutamate. PRODH and PYCR form a metabolic relationship known as the proline-P5C cycle, a novel pathway that impacts cellular growth and death pathways. The proline-P5C cycle has been implicated in supporting ATP production, protein and nucleotide synthesis, anaplerosis, and redox homeostasis in cancer cells. This Perspective details the structures and reaction mechanisms of PRODH and PYCR and the role of the proline-P5C cycle in cancer metabolism. A major challenge in the field is to discover inhibitors that specifically target PRODH and PYCR isoforms for use as tools for studying proline metabolism and the functions of the proline-P5C cycle in cancer. These molecular probes could also serve as lead compounds in cancer drug discovery targeting the proline-P5C cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Donald F. Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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Simabuco FM, Morale MG, Pavan IC, Morelli AP, Silva FR, Tamura RE. p53 and metabolism: from mechanism to therapeutics. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23780-23823. [PMID: 29805774 PMCID: PMC5955117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor cell changes itself and its microenvironment to adapt to different situations, including action of drugs and other agents targeting tumor control. Therefore, metabolism plays an important role in the activation of survival mechanisms to keep the cell proliferative potential. The Warburg effect directs the cellular metabolism towards an aerobic glycolytic pathway, despite the fact that it generates less adenosine triphosphate than oxidative phosphorylation; because it creates the building blocks necessary for cell proliferation. The transcription factor p53 is the master tumor suppressor; it binds to more than 4,000 sites in the genome and regulates the expression of more than 500 genes. Among these genes are important regulators of metabolism, affecting glucose, lipids and amino acids metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and growth factors signaling. Wild-type and mutant p53 may have opposing effects in the expression of these metabolic genes. Therefore, depending on the p53 status of the cell, drugs that target metabolism may have different outcomes and metabolism may modulate drug resistance. Conversely, induction of p53 expression may regulate differently the tumor cell metabolism, inducing senescence, autophagy and apoptosis, which are dependent on the regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and/or ROS induction. The interplay between p53 and metabolism is essential in the decision of cell fate and for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M. Simabuco
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian G. Morale
- Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isadora C.B. Pavan
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P. Morelli
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando R. Silva
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo E. Tamura
- Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Proline oxidase silencing induces proline-dependent pro-survival pathways in MCF-7 cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13748-13757. [PMID: 29568391 PMCID: PMC5862612 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline degradation by proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) contributes to apoptosis or autophagy. The identification of specific pathway of apoptosis/survival regulation is the aim of this study. We generated knocked-down PRODH/POX MCF-7 breast cancer cells (MCF-7shPRODH/POX). PRODH/POX silencing did not affect cell viability. However, it contributed to decrease in DNA and collagen biosynthesis, increase in prolidase activity and intracellular proline concentration as well as increase in the expression of iNOS, NF-κB, mTOR, HIF-1α, COX-2, AMPK, Atg7 and Beclin-1 in MCF-7shPRODH/POX cells. In these cells, glycyl-proline (GlyPro, substrate for prolidase) further inhibited DNA and collagen biosynthesis, maintained high prolidase activity, intracellular concentration of proline and up-regulated HIF-1α, AMPK, Atg7 and Beclin-1, compared to GlyPro-treated MCF-7 cells. In MCF-7 cells, GlyPro increased collagen biosynthesis, concentration of proline and expression of caspase-3, cleaved caspases -3 and -9, iNOS, NF-κB, COX-2 and AMPKβ. PRODH/POX knock-down contributed to pro-survival autophagy pathways in MCF-7 cells and GlyPro-derived proline augmented this process. However, GlyPro induced apoptosis in PRODH/POX-expressing MCF-7 cells as detected by up-regulation of active caspases -3 and -9. The data suggest that PRODH/POX silencing induces autophagy in MCF-7 cells and GlyPro-derived proline supports this process.
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Jiang WD, Tang RJ, Liu Y, Wu P, Kuang SY, Jiang J, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ, Feng L. Impairment of gill structural integrity by manganese deficiency or excess related to induction of oxidative damage, apoptosis and dysfunction of the physical barrier as regulated by NF-κB, caspase and Nrf2 signaling in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:280-292. [PMID: 28887111 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study is for the first time to explore the possible effects of dietary manganese (Mn) on structural integrity and the related signaling in the gills of fish. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were fed with six diets containing graded levels of Mn [3.65-27.86 mg Mn/kg diet] for 8 weeks. The results firstly demonstrated that Mn deficiency aggravated inflammation indicated by up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin 8, and interleukin 1β mRNA levels) and down-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10, transforming growth factor-β1) mRNA levels, which might be partially related to the up-regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB p65) and down-regulation of nuclear inhibitor factor κBα (iκBα) mRNA levels in the gills of fish. Meanwhile, Mn deficiency caused DNA fragmentation, which might be partially associated with the up-regulation of the apoptosis signaling (caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9) in the gills of fish. Furthermore, Mn deficiency-caused apoptosis might be partly related to the increases of oxidative damage that indicated by increases of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, and decreases of antioxidant enzyme activities [included Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)]. However, Mn deficiency only down-regulated MnSOD and GST mRNA levels, which might be partially related to the up-regulation of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) inhibitor (Keap1), and only down-regulated the gene expression of claudin-b and claudin-15 to disrupt the TJ in the gills of fish. Excessive Mn led to negative effects on partial parameters studied in the gills of fish. The optimal levels of Mn based on protecting against ROS, MDA and PC in the gills of grass carp were 17.04, 16.86 and 21.20 mg/kg diet, respectively. Collectively, Mn deficiency or excess could cause inflammation, apoptosis, antioxidant system disruption and change tight junction protein (claudin-b and claudin-15) transcription abundances, which might be partially related to the NF-κB p65, caspase-(3,8,9) and Nrf2 signaling, in the gills of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ren-Jun Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Wu-Neng Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Park YH, Seo JH, Park JH, Lee HS, Kim KW. Hsp70 acetylation prevents caspase-dependent/independent apoptosis and autophagic cell death in cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28627586 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are continuously challenged by adverse environmental factors including hypoxia, metabolite restriction, and immune reactions, and must adopt diverse strategies to survive. Heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 plays a central role in protection against stress-induced cell death by maintaining protein homeostasis and interfering with the process of programmed cell death. Recent findings have suggested that Hsp70 acetylation is a key regulatory modification required for its chaperone activity, but its relevance in the process of programmed cell death and the underlying mechanisms involved are not well understood. In this study, we sought to investigate mechanisms mediated by Hsp70 acetylation in relation to apoptotic and autophagic programmed cell death. Upon stress-induced apoptosis, Hsp70 acetylation inhibits apoptotic cell death, mediated by Hsp70 association with apoptotic protease-activating factor (Apaf)-1 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), key modulators of caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways, respectively. Hsp70 acetylation also attenuated autophagic cell death associated with upregulation of autophagy-related genes and autophagosome induction. Collectively, these results suggest that the acetylation of Hsp70 plays key regulatory roles in cell death pathways as well as in its function as a chaperone, together enabling cellular protection in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Hoi Park
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Park
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Shin Lee
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Elia I, Broekaert D, Christen S, Boon R, Radaelli E, Orth MF, Verfaillie C, Grünewald TGP, Fendt SM. Proline metabolism supports metastasis formation and could be inhibited to selectively target metastasizing cancer cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15267. [PMID: 28492237 PMCID: PMC5437289 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases are the leading cause of mortality in patients with cancer. Metastasis formation requires cancer cells to adapt their cellular phenotype. However, how metabolism supports this adaptation of cancer cells is poorly defined. We use 2D versus 3D cultivation to induce a shift in the cellular phenotype of breast cancer cells. We discover that proline catabolism via proline dehydrogenase (Prodh) supports growth of breast cancer cells in 3D culture. Subsequently, we link proline catabolism to in vivo metastasis formation. In particular, we find that PRODH expression and proline catabolism is increased in metastases compared to primary breast cancers of patients and mice. Moreover, inhibiting Prodh is sufficient to impair formation of lung metastases in the orthotopic 4T1 and EMT6.5 mouse models, without adverse effects on healthy tissue and organ function. In conclusion, we discover that Prodh is a potential drug target for inhibiting metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Elia
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Dorien Broekaert
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Stefan Christen
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ruben Boon
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB Leuven and Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Martin F. Orth
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, Munich 80337, Germany
| | | | - Thomas G. P. Grünewald
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Ding J, Kuo ML, Su L, Xue L, Luh F, Zhang H, Wang J, Lin TG, Zhang K, Chu P, Zheng S, Liu X, Yen Y. Human mitochondrial pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 promotes invasiveness and impacts survival in breast cancers. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:519-531. [PMID: 28379297 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mitochondrial pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (PYCR) is a house-keeping enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to proline. This enzymatic cycle plays pivotal roles in amino acid metabolism, intracellular redox potential and mitochondrial integrity. Here, we hypothesize that PYCR1 might be a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. In this study, breast cancer tissue samples were obtained from Zhejiang University (ZJU set). Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to detect the protein level of PYCR1, and Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional analyses were employed in this outcome study. The prognostic significance and performance of PYCR1 mRNA were validated on 13 worldwide independent microarray data sets, composed of 2500 assessable breast cancer cases. Our findings revealed that both PYCR1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly associated with tumor size, grade and invasive molecular subtypes of breast cancers. Independent and pooled analyses verified that higher PYCR1 mRNA levels were significantly associated with poor survival of breast cancer patients, regardless of estrogen receptor (ER) status. For in vitro studies, inhibition of PYCR1 by small-hairpin RNA significantly reduced the growth and invasion capabilities of the cells, while enhancing the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (ER positive) and MDA-MB-231 (ER negative). Further population study also validated that chemotherapy significantly improved survival in early-stage breast cancer patients with low PYCR1 expression levels. Therefore, PYCR1 might serve as a prognostic biomaker for either ER-positive or ER-negative breast cancer subtypes and can also be a potential target for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Ding
- Shaoxing Women and Children's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mei-Ling Kuo
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Leila Su
- Ph.D. Program of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lijun Xue
- Pathology Department, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Frank Luh
- General Medicine Division, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
- Sino-American Cancer Foundation, 4978 Santa Anita Ave, Suite #104, Temple City, CA 91780, USA
| | - Hang Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China and
| | - Jianghai Wang
- Sino-American Cancer Foundation, 4978 Santa Anita Ave, Suite #104, Temple City, CA 91780, USA
| | - Tiffany G Lin
- Sino-American Cancer Foundation, 4978 Santa Anita Ave, Suite #104, Temple City, CA 91780, USA
| | - Keqiang Zhang
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Peiguo Chu
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Shu Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China and
| | - Xiyong Liu
- Ph.D. Program of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
- Sino-American Cancer Foundation, 4978 Santa Anita Ave, Suite #104, Temple City, CA 91780, USA
- California Cancer Institute, Temple City, CA 91007, USA
| | - Yun Yen
- Ph.D. Program of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
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40
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Sehgal SA. Pharmacoinformatics and molecular docking studies reveal potential novel Proline Dehydrogenase (PRODH) compounds for Schizophrenia inhibition. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Zareba I, Palka J. Prolidase-proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase-collagen biosynthesis axis as a potential interface of apoptosis/autophagy. Biofactors 2016; 42:341-8. [PMID: 27040799 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prolidase is a cytosolic imidodipeptidase that specifically splits imidodipeptides with C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline. The enzyme plays an important role in the recycling of proline from imidodipeptides for resynthesis of collagen and other proline-containing proteins. The mechanism of prolidase-dependent regulation of collagen biosynthesis was found at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. The increase in the enzyme activity is due to its phosphorylation on serine/threonine residues. Prolidase-dependent transcriptional regulation of collagen biosynthesis was found at the level of NF-κB, known inhibitor of type I collagen gene expression. Proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) is flavin-dependent enzyme associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The enzyme catalyzes conversion of proline into Δ(1) -pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), during which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced, inducing intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Alternatively, under low glucose stress, PRODH/POX activation produces ATP for energy supply and survival. Of special interest is that PRODH/POX gene is induced by P53 and peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma receptor (PPARγ). Among down-regulators of PRODH/POX is an oncogenic transcription factor c-MYC and miR-23b*. On the other hand, PRODH/POX suppresses HIF-1α transcriptional activity, the MAPK pathway, cyclooxygenase-2, epidermal growth factor receptor and Wnt/b-catenin signaling. PRODH/POX expression is often down-regulated in various tumors, limiting mitochondrial proline utilization to P5C. It is accompanied by increased cytoplasmic level of proline. Proline availability for PRODH/POX-dependent ATP or ROS generation depends on activity of prolidase and utilization of proline in process of collagen biosynthesis. Therefore, Prolidase-PRODH/POX-Collagen Biosynthesis axis may represent potential interface that regulate apoptosis and survival. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(4):341-348, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Zareba
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jerzy Palka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Hancock CN, Liu W, Alvord WG, Phang JM. Co-regulation of mitochondrial respiration by proline dehydrogenase/oxidase and succinate. Amino Acids 2015; 48:859-872. [PMID: 26660760 PMCID: PMC4752965 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Proline dehydrogenase/oxidase (PRODH/POX) is a mitochondrial protein critical to multiple stress pathways. Because of the roles of PRODH/POX in signaling, and its shared localization to the mitochondrial inner membrane with the electron transport chain (ETC), we investigated whether there was a direct relationship between PRODH/POX and regulation of the ETC. We found that PRODH/POX binds directly to CoQ1 and that CoQ1-dependent PRODH/POX activity required functional Complex III and Complex IV. PRODH/POX supported respiration in living cells during nutrient stress; however, expression of PRODH/POX resulted in an overall decrease in respiratory fitness. Effects on respiratory fitness were inhibited by DHP and NAC, indicating that these effects were mediated by PRODH/POX-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. PRODH/POX expression resulted in a dose-dependent down-regulation of Complexes I–IV of the ETC, and this effect was also mitigated by the addition of DHP and NAC. We found that succinate was an uncompetitive inhibitor of PRODH/POX activity, inhibited ROS generation by PRODH/POX, and alleviated PRODH/POX effects on respiratory fitness. The findings demonstrate novel cross-talk between proline and succinate respiration in vivo and provide mechanistic insights into observations from previous animal studies. Our results suggest a potential regulatory loop between PRODH/POX and succinate in regulation of mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad N Hancock
- Metabolism and Cancer Susceptibility Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 538, Rm. 144, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Wei Liu
- Metabolism and Cancer Susceptibility Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 538, Rm. 144, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - W Gregory Alvord
- Data Management Services, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - James M Phang
- Metabolism and Cancer Susceptibility Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 538, Rm. 144, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
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Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Inhibitors Involved in ROS Production Induced by Acute High Concentrations of Iodide and the Effects of SOD as a Protective Factor. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:217670. [PMID: 26294939 PMCID: PMC4532905 DOI: 10.1155/2015/217670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is the mitochondria. By using flow cytometry of the mitochondrial fluorescent probe, MitoSOX Red, western blot of mitochondrial ROS scavenger Peroxiredoxin (Prx) 3 and fluorescence immunostaining, ELISA of cleaved caspases 3 and 9, and TUNEL staining, we demonstrated that exposure to 100 μM KI for 2 hours significantly increased mitochondrial superoxide production and Prx 3 protein expression with increased expressions of cleaved caspases 3 and 9. Besides, we indicated that superoxide dismutase (SOD) at 1000 unit/mL attenuated the increase in mitochondrial superoxide production, Prx 3 protein expression, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and improved the relative cell viability at 100 μM KI exposure. However, SOD inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DETC) (2 mM), Rotenone (0.5 μM), a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, and Antimycin A (10 μM), a complex III inhibitor, caused an increase in mitochondrial superoxide production, Prx 3 protein expression, and LDH release and decreased the relative cell viability. We conclude that the inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I or III may be involved in oxidative stress caused by elevated concentrations of iodide, and SOD demonstrates its protective effect on the Fischer rat thyroid cell line (FRTL) cells.
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Su B, Shi B, Tang Y, Guo Z, Yu X, He X, Li X, Gao X, Zhou L. HMGN5 knockdown sensitizes prostate cancer cells to ionizing radiation. Prostate 2015; 75:33-44. [PMID: 25307178 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High Mobility Group N (HMGN) proteins are a family of chromatin structural proteins that specifically bind to nucleosome core particles. HMGN5 is a novel and characteristic member of the HMGN protein family. We have previously found that HMGN5 is upregulated in prostate cancer and its downregulation had been demonstrated to induce apoptosis and G2-M cell cycle arrest. METHODS The radiosensitization effect of HMGN5 knockdown on PC3 and DU145 cells was assessed using clonogenic assay, flow cytometry, and comet assay. The DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair kinetics of HMGN5 knockdown and control cells after radiation exposure was evaluated using immunocytofluorescence. The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were estimated using Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) probes. Expression of mitochondrial antioxidant MnSOD was measured by real-time PCR and Western blot. The expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL as well as cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP were also measured using Western blot. RESULTS HMGN5 knockdown cells exhibit decreased clonogenic survival and increased apoptosis rate in response to 2-8 Gy ionizing radiation (IR). Loss of HMGN5 does not affect the DSB repair kinetics after radiation exposure. HMGN5 knockdown cells demonstrated increased mitochondrial ROS level and suppressed induction of MnSOD upon radiation compared with control cells upon radiation. Further, MnSOD knockdown resulted in inhibited cell viability as well as increased mitochondrial ROS level and apoptosis upon radiation in PC3 and DU145 cells. Finally, HMGN5 knockdown cells showed significantly decreased levels of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL as well as increased cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP compared with control cells after radiation. CONCLUSIONS HMGN5 knockdown sensitizes prostate cancer cells to ionizing radiation, and the radiosensitization effect may be partially mediated through suppressed induction of MnSOD and enhanced activation of apoptosis pathway in response to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxing Su
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and the Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
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Goncalves RLS, Rothschild DE, Quinlan CL, Scott GK, Benz CC, Brand MD. Sources of superoxide/H2O2 during mitochondrial proline oxidation. Redox Biol 2014; 2:901-9. [PMID: 25184115 PMCID: PMC4143814 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 Inducible gene 6 (PIG6) encodes mitochondrial proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and is up-regulated several fold upon p53 activation. Proline dehydrogenase is proposed to generate radicals that contribute to cancer cell apoptosis. However, there are at least 10 mitochondrial sites that can produce superoxide and/or H2O2, and it is unclear whether proline dehydrogenase generates these species directly, or instead drives production by other sites. Amongst six cancer cell lines, ZR75-30 human breast cancer cells had the highest basal proline dehydrogenase levels, and mitochondria isolated from ZR75-30 cells consumed oxygen and produced H2O2 with proline as sole substrate. Insects use proline oxidation to fuel flight, and mitochondria isolated from Drosophila melanogaster were even more active with proline as sole substrate than ZR75-30 mitochondria. Using mitochondria from these two models we identified the sites involved in formation of superoxide/H2O2 during proline oxidation. In mitochondria from Drosophila the main sites were respiratory complexes I and II. In mitochondria from ZR75-30 breast cancer cells the main sites were complex I and the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Even with combinations of substrates and respiratory chain inhibitors designed to minimize the contributions of other sites and maximize any superoxide/H2O2 production from proline dehydrogenase itself, there was no significant direct contribution of proline dehydrogenase to the observed H2O2 production. Thus proline oxidation by proline dehydrogenase drives superoxide/H2O2 production, but it does so mainly or exclusively by providing anaplerotic carbon for other mitochondrial dehydrogenases and not by producing superoxide/H2O2 directly. Proline dehydrogenase is thought to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells and to promote apoptosis. Isolated mitochondria from Drosophila melanogaster and from a human breast cancer cell line oxidize proline producing superoxide/H2O2 at measurable rates. Proline oxidation drives superoxide/H2O2 production indirectly at other sites and it is unlikely that proline dehydrogenase produces superoxide/H2O2 itself. In Drosophila, superoxide/H2O2 arises from sites IF and IIF (the flavin sites from complexes I and II, respectively). In the breast cancer cell line the main sites are IF and OF (from the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex).
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Key Words
- A5, atpenin A5
- AT, aminotransferase
- Asp, asparate
- Cancer cell mitochondria
- Drosophila
- Electron transport chain
- GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase
- GSA, glutamic semi-aldehyde
- Hydrogen peroxide
- IF, flavin of complex I
- IIF, flavin of complex II
- IIIQo, quinone binding site on the outer/cytosolic face of complex III
- OF, Flavin of the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
- OGDH, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
- Oxa, oxaloacetate
- P5C, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
- PIG6, proline dehydrogenase inducible gene 6
- PRODH, proline dehydrogenase
- Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH)
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- SCS, succinyl-CoA synthase
- Superoxide
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- oAB, o-aminobenzaldehyde
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gary K Scott
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | | | - Martin D Brand
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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Kardeh S, Ashkani-Esfahani S, Alizadeh AM. Paradoxical action of reactive oxygen species in creation and therapy of cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 735:150-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ma RL, Shen LY, Chen KN. Coexpression of ANXA2, SOD2 and HOXA13 predicts poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2157-64. [PMID: 24626613 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the main type of esophageal cancer, and is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related mortality among all types of cancers. Previously, we found that the homeobox A13 gene (HOXA13) plays a crucial role in the carcinogenesis of ESCC and both Annexin A2 (ANXA2) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) were its potential targets. Samples from 258 patients from two independent cohorts were collected. RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect the expression levels of HOXA13, ANXA2 and SOD2. Kaplan‑Meier survival curve analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression model were employed to determine their prognostic significance. Results showed that ESCC tissues had higher ANXA2 and SOD2 mRNA and protein levels than the non-cancerous tissues. ANXA2 and SOD2 were found to be positively correlated with HOXA13 expression not only at the mRNA level but also at the protein level. In both the study cohort and the validation cohort, the median overall survival time of patients with high expression of HOXA13, ANXA2 and SOD2 was shorter than the survival time of the patients with low expression. The Cox proportional hazards model revealed that both TNM stage and coexpression of HOXA13/ANXA2/SOD2 are independent predictors of overall survival of ESCC patients. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that ANXA2 and SOD2 are potential target genes of HOXA13 and their coexpression predicts the poor prognosis of ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery I, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Yan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery I, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Neng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery I, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
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48
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Monteoliva MI, Rizzi YS, Cecchini NM, Hajirezaei MR, Alvarez ME. Context of action of proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) in the Hypersensitive Response of Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:21. [PMID: 24410747 PMCID: PMC3902764 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proline (Pro) dehydrogenase (ProDH) potentiates the oxidative burst and cell death of the plant Hypersensitive Response (HR) by mechanisms not yet elucidated. ProDH converts Pro into ∆1 pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) and can act together with P5C dehydrogenase (P5CDH) to produce Glu, or with P5C reductase (P5CR) to regenerate Pro and thus stimulate the Pro/P5C cycle. To better understand the effects of ProDH in HR, we studied the enzyme at three stages of the defense response differing in their ROS and cell death levels. In addition, we tested if ProDH requires P5CDH to potentiate HR. RESULTS Control and infected leaves of wild type and p5cdh plants were used to monitor ProDH activity, in vivo Pro catabolism, amino acid content, and gene expression. Wild type plants activated ProDH at all HR stages. They did not consume Pro during maximal ROS accumulation, and maintained almost basal P5C levels at all conditions. p5cdh mutants activated ProDH as wild type plants. They achieved maximum oxidative burst and cell death levels producing normal HR lesions, but evidenced premature defense activation. CONCLUSION ProDH activation has different effects on HR. Before the oxidative burst it leads to Pro consumption involving the action of P5CDH. During the oxidative burst, ProDH becomes functionally uncoupled to P5CDH and apparently works with P5CR. The absence of P5CDH does not reduce ROS, cell death, or pathogen resistance, indicating this enzyme is not accompanying ProDH in the potentiation of these defense responses. In contrast, p5cdh infected plants displayed increased ROS burst and earlier initiation of HR cell death. In turn, our results suggest that ProDH may sustain HR by participating in the Pro/P5C cycle, whose action on HR must be formally evaluated in a future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Inés Monteoliva
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Yanina Soledad Rizzi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Miguel Cecchini
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Molecular Plant Nutrition, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - María Elena Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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49
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Wang DB, Kinoshita C, Kinoshita Y, Morrison RS. p53 and mitochondrial function in neurons. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1186-97. [PMID: 24412988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor plays a central role in dictating cell survival and death as a cellular sensor for a myriad of stresses including DNA damage, oxidative and nutritional stress, ischemia and disruption of nucleolar function. Activation of p53-dependent apoptosis leads to mitochondrial apoptotic changes via the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways triggering cell death execution most notably by release of cytochrome c and activation of the caspase cascade. Although it was previously believed that p53 induces apoptotic mitochondrial changes exclusively through transcription-dependent mechanisms, recent studies suggest that p53 also regulates apoptosis via a transcription-independent action at the mitochondria. Recent evidence further suggests that p53 can regulate necrotic cell death and autophagic activity including mitophagy. An increasing number of cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism and respiration are regulated by p53, which influences mitochondrial ROS production as well. Cellular redox homeostasis is also directly regulated by p53 through modified expression of pro- and anti-oxidant proteins. Proper regulation of mitochondrial size and shape through fission and fusion assures optimal mitochondrial bioenergetic function while enabling adequate mitochondrial transport to accommodate local energy demands unique to neuronal architecture. Abnormal regulation of mitochondrial dynamics has been increasingly implicated in neurodegeneration, where elevated levels of p53 may have a direct contribution as the expression of some fission/fusion proteins are directly regulated by p53. Thus, p53 may have a much wider influence on mitochondrial integrity and function than one would expect from its well-established ability to transcriptionally induce mitochondrial apoptosis. However, much of the evidence demonstrating that p53 can influence mitochondria through nuclear, cytosolic or intra-mitochondrial sites of action has yet to be confirmed in neurons. Nonetheless, as mitochondria are essential for supporting normal neuronal functions and in initiating/propagating cell death signaling, it appears certain that the mitochondria-related functions of p53 will have broader implications than previously thought in acute and progressive neurological conditions, providing new therapeutic targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA
| | - Yoshito Kinoshita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA
| | - Richard S Morrison
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA.
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50
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Yasuda T, Kaji Y, Agatsuma T, Niki T, Arisawa M, Shuto S, Ariga H, Iguchi-Ariga SMM. DJ-1 cooperates with PYCR1 in cell protection against oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:289-94. [PMID: 23743200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
DJ-1, a product of the DJ-1/PARK7 gene, has been suggested to play various functions involved in transcriptional regulation, protease activity, anti-oxidative stress activity, and regulation of mitochondrial complex I. Such a variety of functions of DJ-1 are supposed to be realized through interactions with different partner proteins. Among the candidates for DJ-1-partner proteins detected in TOF-MAS analyses of the cellular proteins co-immunoprecipitated with DJ-1, we focused here pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1, PYCR1, a final key enzyme for proline biosynthesis. DJ-1 directly bound to PYCR1 in vivo and in vitro. DJ-1 and PYCR1 colocalized in mitochondria, and both were suggested to be involved in regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential, but differently. DJ-1 enhanced the enzymatic activity of PYCR1 in vitro. The cells knocked down for DJ-1 and PYCR1 showed lower viability under oxidative stress conditions. No additive nor synergistic results were obtained for the cells that had been knocked down for both DJ-1 and PYCR1, suggesting that DJ-1 and PYCR1 are on the same pathway of anti-oxidative stress protection of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Yasuda
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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