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Guo B, Zheng Y, Fan Y, Yang Y, Wang Y, Qin L, An Y, Xu X, Zhang X, Sun G, Dou H, Shao C, Gong Y, Jiang B, Hu H. Enhanced Apc Min/+ adenoma formation after epithelial CUL4B deletion by recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Neoplasia 2024; 53:101005. [PMID: 38761506 PMCID: PMC11127156 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2024.101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as a prevalent malignancy globally. A pivotal event in CRC pathogenesis involves the loss-of-function mutation in the APC gene, leading to the formation of benign polyps. Despite the well-established role of APC, the contribution of CUL4B to CRC initiation in the pre-tumorous stage remains poorly understood. In this investigation, we generated a murine model by crossing ApcMin/+ mice with Cul4bΔIEC mice to achieve specific deletion of Cul4b in the gut epithelium against an ApcMin/+ background. By employing histological methods, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), and flow cytometry, we assessed alterations and characterized the immune microenvironment. Our results unveiled that CUL4B deficiency in gut epithelium expedited ApcMin/+ adenoma formation. Notably, CUL4B in adenomas restrained the accumulation of tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In vivo inhibition of MDSCs significantly delayed the growth of CUL4B deleted ApcMin/+ adenomas. Furthermore, the addition of MDSCs to in vitro cultured ApcMin/+; Cul4bΔIEC adenoma organoids mitigated their alterations. Mechanistically, CUL4B directly interacted with the promoter of Csf3, the gene encoding granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) by coordinating with PRC2. Inhibiting CUL4B epigenetically activated the expression of G-CSF, promoting the recruitment of MDSCs. These findings offer novel insights into the tumor suppressor-like roles of CUL4B in regulating ApcMin/+ adenomas, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for CRC initiation and progression in the context of activated Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China; The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yawen Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yujia Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China; The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China; The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liping Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yachun An
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China; The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoran Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China; The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gongping Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Histoembryology, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Dou
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baichun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Huili Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China; The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Márquez-González RM, Saucedo-Sariñana AM, de Jesús Tovar-Jacome C, Barros-Núñez P, Gallegos-Arreola MP, Orozco-Gutiérrez MH, Mariscal-Ramírez I, Pineda-Razo TD, Alcaraz-Wong AA, Marín-Contreras ME, Rosales-Reynoso MA. NME1 and DCC variants are associated with susceptibility and tumor characteristics in Mexican patients with colorectal cancer. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2024; 36:10. [PMID: 38556604 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-024-00213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks third in cancer incidence globally and is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 (NME1) and netrin 1 receptor (DCC) genes have been associated with resistance against tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis. This study investigates the potential association between NME1 (rs34214448 G > T and rs2302254 C > T) and DCC (rs2229080 G > C and rs714 A > G) variants and susceptibility to colorectal cancer development. METHODS Samples from 232 colorectal cancer patients and 232 healthy blood donors underwent analysis. Variants were identified using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methodology. Associations were assessed using odds ratios (OR), and the p values were adjusted with Bonferroni test. RESULTS Individuals carrying the G/T and T/T genotypes for the NME1 rs34214448 variant exhibited a higher susceptibility for develop colorectal cancer (OR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.76-4.09, P = 0.001 and OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.37-4.47, P = 0.001, respectively). These genotypes showed significant associations in patients over 50 years (OR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.81-4.54, P = 0.001 and OR = 2.99, 95% CI: 1.54-5.79, P = 0.001 respectively) and with early Tumor-Nodule-Metastasis (TNM) stage (P = 0.001), and tumor location in the rectum (P = 0.001). Furthermore, the DCC rs2229080 variant revealed that carriers of the G/C genotype had an increased risk for develop colorectal cancer (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.28-3.11, P = 0.002) and were associated with age over 50 years, sex, and advanced TNM stages (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the NME1 rs34214448 and DCC rs2229080 variants play a significant role in colorectal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Márquez-González
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Colonia Independencia Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 800, Jalisco, CP, 44340, México
| | - Anilú Margarita Saucedo-Sariñana
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Colonia Independencia Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 800, Jalisco, CP, 44340, México
| | - César de Jesús Tovar-Jacome
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Colonia Independencia Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 800, Jalisco, CP, 44340, México
| | - Patricio Barros-Núñez
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de La Salud. Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Mario Humberto Orozco-Gutiérrez
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Colonia Independencia Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 800, Jalisco, CP, 44340, México
| | - Ignacio Mariscal-Ramírez
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital de Especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Tomas Daniel Pineda-Razo
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital de Especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Aldo Antonio Alcaraz-Wong
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - María Eugenia Marín-Contreras
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Mónica Alejandra Rosales-Reynoso
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Colonia Independencia Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 800, Jalisco, CP, 44340, México.
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Yu T, Huang C, Lai C, He Q, Yuan W, Chen Z. Copine 7 promotes colorectal cancer proliferation through PKM2 interaction and MAPK signaling pathway. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1166444. [PMID: 37469397 PMCID: PMC10352775 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1166444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently the third most common cancer in the world, and its prevalence and mortality rate continue to increase. Methods Based on an analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, we explored the expression of CPNE7 in tumors. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis the expression of CPNE7 in colorectal cancer. Our study explored how CPNE7 promotes CRC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptome sequencing and Co-IP assay explored the underlying mechinaism of CPNE7 founction. Results We found the CPNE7 was overexpressed in CRC by database and IHC. CPNE7 promoted CRC cells proliferstion and migration in vitro and in vivo. Comparing and analyzing transcriptome sequencing between exogenous up-/downregulated CPNE7 CRC cells and the controls, we found that CPNE7 activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway stimulating cancer cell proliferation. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed an interaction between CPNE7 and pyruvate kinase muscle protein (PKM2). We also found the activity of MAPK signaling is regulated by exogenous CPNE7 expression. Discussion These results imply that CPNE7 may promote the progression of CRC by interacting with PKM2 and initiating the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Joint Research Center of Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Technology Equipment and Standardization, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changhao Huang
- The Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Organ Transplantation Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Lai
- The Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Joint Research Center of Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Technology Equipment and Standardization, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijie Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Joint Research Center of Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Technology Equipment and Standardization, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zihua Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Joint Research Center of Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Technology Equipment and Standardization, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Clapper ML, Chang WCL, Cooper HS. Dysplastic Aberrant Crypt Foci: Biomarkers of Early Colorectal Neoplasia and Response to Preventive Intervention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 13:229-240. [PMID: 32132117 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) more than three decades ago not only enhanced our understanding of how colorectal tumors form, but provided new opportunities to detect lesions prior to adenoma development and intervene in the colorectal carcinogenesis process even earlier. Because not all ACF progress to neoplasia, it is important to stratify these lesions based on the presence of dysplasia and establish early detection methods and interventions that specifically target dysplastic ACF (microadenomas). Significant progress has been made in characterizing the morphology and genetics of dysplastic ACF in both preclinical models and humans. Image-based methods have been established and new techniques that utilize bioactivatable probes and capture histologic abnormalities in vivo are emerging for lesion detection. Successful identification of agents that target dysplastic ACF holds great promise for intervening even earlier in the carcinogenesis process to maximize tumor inhibition. Future preclinical and clinical prevention studies should give significant attention to assessing the utility of dysplastic ACF as the earliest identifiable biomarker of colorectal neoplasia and response to therapy.See all articles in this Special Collection Honoring Paul F. Engstrom, MD, Champion of Cancer Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie L Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Wen-Chi L Chang
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harry S Cooper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Deschepper FM, Zoppi R, Pirro M, Hensbergen PJ, Dall’Olio F, Kotsias M, Gardner RA, Spencer DI, Videira PA. L1CAM as an E-selectin Ligand in Colon Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218286. [PMID: 33167483 PMCID: PMC7672641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of death among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. E-selectin and its carbohydrate ligands, including sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) antigen, are key players in the binding of circulating tumor cells to the endothelium, which is one of the major events leading to organ invasion. Nevertheless, the identity of the glycoprotein scaffolds presenting these glycans in CRC remains unclear. In this study, we firstly have characterized the glycoengineered cell line SW620 transfected with the fucosyltransferase 6 (FUT6) coding for the α1,3-fucosyltransferase 6 (FUT6), which is the main enzyme responsible for the synthesis of sLeX in CRC. The SW620FUT6 cell line expressed high levels of sLeX antigen and E-selectin ligands. Moreover, it displayed increased migration ability. E-selectin ligand glycoproteins were isolated from the SW620FUT6 cell line, identified by mass spectrometry, and validated by flow cytometry and Western blot (WB). The most prominent E-selectin ligand we identified was the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM). Previous studies have shown association of L1CAM with metastasis in cancer, thus the novel role as E-selectin counter-receptor contributes to understand the molecular mechanism involving L1CAM in metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny M. Deschepper
- Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas (UCIBIO), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (F.M.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Roberta Zoppi
- Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas (UCIBIO), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (F.M.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Martina Pirro
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.P.); (P.J.H.)
| | - Paul J. Hensbergen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.P.); (P.J.H.)
| | - Fabio Dall’Olio
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Maximillianos Kotsias
- Ludger Ltd., Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3EB, UK; (M.K.); (R.A.G.); (D.I.R.S.)
| | - Richard A. Gardner
- Ludger Ltd., Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3EB, UK; (M.K.); (R.A.G.); (D.I.R.S.)
| | - Daniel I.R. Spencer
- Ludger Ltd., Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3EB, UK; (M.K.); (R.A.G.); (D.I.R.S.)
| | - Paula A. Videira
- Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas (UCIBIO), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (F.M.D.); (R.Z.)
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Druliner BR, Ruan X, Sicotte H, O'Brien D, Liu H, Kocher JPA, Boardman L. Early genetic aberrations in patients with sporadic colorectal cancer. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:114-124. [PMID: 28926134 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is widely observed in both sporadic and hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC). Defects in APC and WNT signaling are primarily associated with CIN in hereditary CRC, but the genetic causes for CIN in sporadic CRC remain elusive. Using high-density SNP array and exome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we characterized loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and copy number variation (CNV) in the peripheral blood, normal colon, and corresponding tumor tissue in 15 CRC patients with proficient mismatch repair (MMR) and 24 CRC patients with deficient MMR. We found a high frequency of 18q LOH in tumors and arm-specific enrichment of genetic aberrations on 18q in the normal colon (primarily copy neutral LOH) and blood (primarily copy gain). These aberrations were specific to the sporadic, pMMR CRC. Though in tumor samples genetic aberrations were observed for genes commonly mutated in hereditary CRC (eg, APC, CTNNB1, SMAD4, BRAF), none of them showed LOH or CNV in the normal colon or blood. DCC located on 18q21.1 topped the list of genes with genetic aberrations in the tumor. In an independent cohort of 13 patients subjected to Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), we found LOH and CNV on 18q in adenomatous polyp and tumor tissues. Our data suggests that patients with sporadic CRC may have genetic aberrations preferentially enriched on 18q in their blood, normal colon epithelium, and non-malignant polyp lesions that may prove useful as a clinical marker for sporadic CRC detection and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke R Druliner
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiaoyang Ruan
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hugues Sicotte
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel O'Brien
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jean-Pierre A Kocher
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lisa Boardman
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Ghatak S, Chakraborty P, Sarkar SR, Chowdhury B, Bhaumik A, Kumar NS. Novel APC gene mutations associated with protein alteration in diffuse type gastric cancer. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:61. [PMID: 28576136 PMCID: PMC5457612 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene in mitosis might be critical for regulation of genomic stability and chromosome segregation. APC gene mutations have been associated to have a role in colon cancer and since gastric and colon tumors share some common genetic lesions, it is relevant to investigate the role of APC tumor suppressor gene in gastric cancer. METHODS We investigated for somatic mutations in the Exons 14 and 15 of APC gene from 40 diffuse type gastric cancersamples. Rabbit polyclonal anti-APC antibody was used, which detects the wild-type APC protein and was recommended for detection of the respective protein in human tissues. Cell cycle analysis was done from tumor and adjacent normal tissue. RESULTS APC immunoreactivity showed positive expression of the protein in stages I, II, III and negative expression in Stages III and IV. Two novel deleterious variations (g.127576C > A, g.127583C > T) in exon 14 sequence were found to generate stop codon (Y622* and Q625*)in the tumor samples. Due to the generation of stop codon, the APC protein might be truncated and all the regulatory features could be lost which has led to the down-regulation of protein expression. Our results indicate that aneuploidy might occurdue to the codon 622 and 625 APC-driven gastric tumorigenesis, in agreement with our cell cycle analysis. The APC gene function in mitosis and chromosomal stability might be lost and G1 might be arrested with high quantity of DNA in the S phase. Six missense somatic mutations in tumor samples were detected in exon 15 A-B, twoof which showed pathological and disease causing effects based on SIFT, Polyphen2 and SNPs & GO score and were not previously reported in the literature or the public mutation databases. CONCLUSION The two novel pathological somatic mutations (g.127576C > A, g.127583C > T) in exon 14 might be altering the protein expression leading to development of gastric cancer in the study population. Our study showed that mutations in the APC gene alter the protein expression and cell cycle regulation in diffuse type gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghatak
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004 Mizoram India
| | - Payel Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004 Mizoram India
| | - Sandeep Roy Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Agartala Government Medical College, Tripura, India
| | - Biswajit Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Agartala Government Medical College, Tripura, India
| | - Arup Bhaumik
- Department of Pathology, Agartala Government Medical College, Tripura, India
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Du Y, Grandis JR. Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases in cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 34:61-9. [PMID: 25322863 PMCID: PMC4360074 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play an important role in regulating cell signaling events in coordination with tyrosine kinases to control cell proliferation, apoptosis, survival, migration, and invasion. Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPRs) are a subgroup of PTPs that share a transmembrane domain with resulting similarities in function and target specificity. In this review, we summarize genetic and epigenetic alterations including mutation, deletion, amplification, and promoter methylation of PTPRs in cancer and consider the consequences of PTPR alterations in different types of cancers. We also summarize recent developments using PTPRs as prognostic or predictive biomarkers and/or direct targets. Increased understanding of the role of PTPRs in cancer may provide opportunities to improve therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Zhao S, Sedwick D, Wang Z. Genetic alterations of protein tyrosine phosphatases in human cancers. Oncogene 2014; 34:3885-94. [PMID: 25263441 PMCID: PMC4377308 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are enzymes that remove phosphate from tyrosine residues in proteins. Recent whole-exome sequencing of human cancer genomes reveals that many PTPs are frequently mutated in a variety of cancers. Among these mutated PTPs, protein tyrosine phosphatase T (PTPRT) appears to be the most frequently mutated PTP in human cancers. Beside PTPN11 which functions as an oncogene in leukemia, genetic and functional studies indicate that most of mutant PTPs are tumor suppressor genes. Identification of the substrates and corresponding kinases of the mutant PTPs may provide novel therapeutic targets for cancers harboring these mutant PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhao
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Shanghai Institution of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China [2] Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [3] Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D Sedwick
- 1] Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Z Wang
- 1] Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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McHale PT, Lander AD. The protective role of symmetric stem cell division on the accumulation of heritable damage. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003802. [PMID: 25121484 PMCID: PMC4133021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell divisions are either asymmetric—in which one daughter cell remains a stem cell and one does not—or symmetric, in which both daughter cells adopt the same fate, either stem or non-stem. Recent studies show that in many tissues operating under homeostatic conditions stem cell division patterns are strongly biased toward the symmetric outcome, raising the question of whether symmetry confers some benefit. Here, we show that symmetry, via extinction of damaged stem-cell clones, reduces the lifetime risk of accumulating phenotypically silent heritable damage (mutations or aberrant epigenetic changes) in individual stem cells. This effect is greatest in rapidly cycling tissues subject to accelerating rates of damage accumulation over time, a scenario that describes the progression of many cancers. A decrease in the rate of cellular damage accumulation may be an important factor favoring symmetric patterns of stem cell division. Recently, highly symmetric patterns of stem cell division have been observed in a variety of adult mammalian somatic tissues. Here we identify conditions under which this behavior serves as a strategy to protect the organism against mutation accumulation. First, we find that a sufficient number of lifetime stem cell divisions must occur, potentially explaining why stem cell pools with the most symmetric divisions are rapidly cycling. Second, we find that late-occurring mutations must occur rapidly, a scenario known in cancer biology as genetic instability. These findings provide a potential explanation for the observation that cancer risks among large, long-lived organisms fail to rise as expected with lifespan and body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. McHale
- Center for Complex Biological Systems & Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PTM); (ADL)
| | - Arthur D. Lander
- Center for Complex Biological Systems & Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PTM); (ADL)
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11
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Goldberg M, Alberts DS, Buckmeier JA, Prasad AR, Krouse RS, Diamond AM. Loss of heterozygosity at the glutathione peroxidase 1 locus is not an early event in colon carcinogenesis. Genes Cancer 2012; 2:910-3. [PMID: 22593803 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911431840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been previously shown that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1) locus is a common event in the development of several cancer types, including colorectal cancer. GPx-1 is an antioxidant selenium-containing protein, and polymorphisms within this gene have been shown to be associated with the increased risk of cancer. In order to assess whether this genetic change was an early or late event in colon cancer development, we investigated whether LOH at this site was occurring in colorectal adenomas, a premalignant lesion. Twenty-four pairs of DNA samples, obtained from both whole-blood and adenoma tissue from the same individuals, were genotyped at 2 positions in the GPx-1 gene: a codon 198 variation resulting in either a leucine or proline at the corresponding position in the peptide, or a variable number of alanine repeat codons corresponding to the amino terminus of the GPx-1 protein. No evidence of GPx-1 LOH was observed in the examined sample sets. These data indicate that the genetic loss at the GPx-1 locus may be a late event in colon carcinogenesis.
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Zhang W, Wang FJ, Qian JZ, Xu HM, Liu PF, Xu J. Overexpression of FAS and Ki-67 in aberrant crypt foci from patients with adenoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:1371-1375. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i15.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and Ki-67 in colonic adenoma and aberrant crypt foci to explore their significance in the formation of precancerous lesions.
METHODS: Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the rectum of 34 patients with adenoma were identified by magnification chromoendoscopy (MCE) after staining with 0.2% methylene blue solution. Specimens with ACF were biopsied to detect the expression of FAS and Ki-67 by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: A total of 166 ACF were found in 31 patients, of which 14 had atypical hyperplasia and 152 had no atypical hyperplasia. The expression of FAS and Ki-67 in colonic adenoma and ACF were significantly higher than that in normal tissue (all P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the expression of FAS and Ki-67 between ACF with and without dysplasia.
CONCLUSION: The expression of FAS and Ki-67 is higher in colorectal precancerous lesions. FAS may be used as a target for preventing and treating colorectal cancer.
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Abstract
AIM Aberrant crypt foci (ACFs) are clusters of colonic crypts that can be identified after staining and that have a different behaviour than the surrounding crypts. They have been hypothesized to be the potential precursors of colonic neoplastic lesions. Since they are detectable in vivo with endoscopic stains, they have been proposed as early biomarkers for colonic carcinogenesis. Our aim was to examine the literature regarding the role of ACFs in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHOD An intensive PubMed search was performed with the following terms: aberrant crypt foci, colorectal cancer, biomarker, carcinogenesis. RESULTS Aberrant crypt foci have a variable prevalence and little is known about their natural history. They can be classified as hyperplastic or dysplastic. There is evidence that supports their role as preneoplastic lesions and features detectable by chromoendoscopy have been related to CRC risk. Moreover, ACFs have been shown to harbour genetic and epigenetic alterations common in adenomas and CRC. However, contradictory results have been obtained and difficulties in endoscopic detection and characterization have been described in large-scale studies. CONCLUSION Despite the inconsistencies in ACF detection and characterization, several genetic and epigenetic changes common in both ACFs and CRC have been verified throughout the studies. This evidence is increasingly strong and it grows along with progress in the knowledge of carcinogenesis molecular pathways. Clinical application of ACFs as an intermediate endpoint for colorectal carcinogenesis is under development and a deeper knowledge of cancer mechanisms is needed before it can be applied or discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lopez-Ceron
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Yan DW, Fan JW, Yu ZH, Li MX, Wen YG, Li DW, Zhou CZ, Wang XL, Wang Q, Tang HM, Peng ZH. Downregulation of metallothionein 1F, a putative oncosuppressor, by loss of heterozygosity in colon cancer tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:918-26. [PMID: 22426038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Downregulation of metallothionein (MT) genes has been reported in several tumors with discrepant results. This study is to investigate molecular mechanism of MT gene regulation in colon cancer which is characterized by tumor suppressor gene alterations. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Integral analysis of microarray data with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) information was employed. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to validate MT isoform expression in colon cancer tissues and cell lines. The effects of MT1F expression on RKO cell survival and tumorigenesis was analyzed. Bisulphite sequencing PCR (BSP) and methylation-specific PCR were employed to detect the methylation status of the MT1F gene in colon cancer tissues and cell lines. DNA sequencing was used to examine the LOH at the MT1F locus. RESULTS MT1F, MT1G, MT1X, and MT2A gene expression was significantly downregulated in colon cancer tissue (p<0.05). Exogenous MT1F expression increased RKO cell apoptosis and inhibited RKO cell migration, invasion and adhesion as well as in vivo tumorigenicity. Downregulation of MT1F gene in majority of human colon tumor tissues is mainly through mechanism by loss of heterozygosity (p=0.001) while CpG island methylation of MT1F gene promoter region was only observed in poorly differentiated, MSI-positive RKO and LoVo colon cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS MT1F is a putative tumor suppressor gene in colon carcinogenesis that is downregulated mainly by LOH in colon cancer tissue. Further studies are required to elucidate a possible role for MT1F downregulation in colon cancer initiation and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wang Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, 85 Wujin Road, People's Republic of China
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15
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Venkatachalam R, Verwiel ETP, Kamping EJ, Hoenselaar E, Görgens H, Schackert HK, van Krieken JHJM, Ligtenberg MJL, Hoogerbrugge N, van Kessel AG, Kuiper RP. Identification of candidate predisposing copy number variants in familial and early-onset colorectal cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1635-42. [PMID: 21128281 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of colorectal cancers (CRCs) under clinical suspicion for a hereditary cause, the disease-causing genetic factors are still to be discovered. To identify such genetic factors we stringently selected a discovery cohort of 41 CRC index patients with microsatellite-stable tumors. All patients were below 40 years of age at diagnosis and/or exhibited an overt family history. We employed genome-wide copy number profiling using high-resolution SNP arrays on germline DNA, which resulted in the identification of novel copy number variants (CNVs) in six patients (15%) encompassing, among others, the cadherin gene CDH18, the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist family gene GREM1, and the breakpoint cluster region gene BCR. In addition, two genomic deletions were encountered encompassing two microRNA genes, hsa-mir-491/KIAA1797 and hsa-mir-646/AK309218. None of these CNVs has previously been reported in relation to CRC predisposition in humans, nor were they encountered in large control cohorts (>1,600 unaffected individuals). Since several of these newly identified candidate genes may be functionally linked to CRC development, our results illustrate the potential of this approach for the identification of novel candidate genes involved in CRC predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramprasath Venkatachalam
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Detection of APC gene deletions in colorectal malignancies using quantitative PCR in a Chinese population. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 17:657-61. [PMID: 21359685 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene has been shown to be involved in genetic instability and to be downregluated in several human carcinomas. The chromosome locus of APC, 5q21-22, is frequently deleted in colorectal cancers (CRCs). The functional impact of such regions needs to be extensively investigated in large amount of clinical samples. Case-matched tissues of CRC and adjacent normal epithelium (n = 134) were included in this study. Quantitative PCR was carried out to examine the copy number as well as mRNA expression of APC gene in colorectal malignancies. Our results showed that copy number deletions of APC were present in a relatively high percentage of colorectal cancer samples (26.1%, 35 out of 134). There was a positive correlation between copy number decrease of APC and tumor progression in CRCs. Furthermore, copy number loss of APC was correlated with decreased mRNA expression. However, mRNA levels of APC were also impaired in CRC samples with unaltered copy numbers, indicating that sporadic CRCs exhibit different mechanisms of APC regulation.
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17
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Iuliano R, Palmieri D, He H, Iervolino A, Borbone E, Pallante P, Cianflone A, Nagy R, Alder H, Calin GA, Trapasso F, Giordano C, Croce CM, de la Chapelle A, Fusco A. Role of PTPRJ genotype in papillary thyroid carcinoma risk. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17:1001-6. [PMID: 20823296 PMCID: PMC3915780 DOI: 10.1677/erc-10-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The strong genetic predisposition to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) might be due to a combination of low-penetrance susceptibility variants. Thus, the research into gene variants involved in the increase of susceptibility to PTC is a relevant field of investigation. The gene coding for the receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ has been proposed as a cancer susceptibility gene, and its role as a tumor suppressor gene is well established in thyroid carcinogenesis. In this study, we want to ascertain the role of PTPRJ genotype in the risk for PTC. We performed a case-control study in which we determined the PTPRJ genotype for the non-synonymous Gln276Pro and Asp872Glu polymorphisms by PCR amplification and sequencing. We calculated allele and genotype frequencies for the considered polymorphisms of PTPRJ in a total sample of 299 cases (PTC patients) and 339 controls (healthy subjects) selected from Caucasian populations. We observed a significantly higher frequency of homozygotes for the Asp872 allele in the group of PTC patients than in the control group (odds ratio=1.61, 95% confidence interval 1.15-2.25, P=0.0053). We observed a non-significant increased frequency of homozygotes for Gln276Pro polymorphism in PTC cases in two distinct Caucasian populations. Therefore, the results reported here show that the homozygous genotype for Asp872 of PTPRJ is associated with an increased risk to develop PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Iuliano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Corresponding Authors Rodolfo Iuliano, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta” Viale Europa, località Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy. Tel. +39-0961-3695182 Fax: +39-0961-3694090 Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare c/o, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”,80131 Napoli, Italy. Tel. +39-081-3737857 Fax: +39-081-3737808
| | - Dario Palmieri
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare c/o, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”,80131 Napoli, Italy
- NOGEC (Naples Oncogenomic Center) – CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Comunale Margherita, 482, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Huiling He
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Angela Iervolino
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare c/o, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”,80131 Napoli, Italy
- NOGEC (Naples Oncogenomic Center) – CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Comunale Margherita, 482, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Borbone
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare c/o, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”,80131 Napoli, Italy
- NOGEC (Naples Oncogenomic Center) – CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Comunale Margherita, 482, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pierlorenzo Pallante
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare c/o, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”,80131 Napoli, Italy
- NOGEC (Naples Oncogenomic Center) – CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Comunale Margherita, 482, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cianflone
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare c/o, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”,80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rebecca Nagy
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Hansjuerg Alder
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - George A. Calin
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Francesco Trapasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Sezione di Endocrinologia, DOSAC (Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale ed Applicazioni Cliniche), Università di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carlo M. Croce
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare c/o, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”,80131 Napoli, Italy
- NOGEC (Naples Oncogenomic Center) – CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Comunale Margherita, 482, 80145 Napoli, Italy
- Corresponding Authors Rodolfo Iuliano, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta” Viale Europa, località Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy. Tel. +39-0961-3695182 Fax: +39-0961-3694090 Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare c/o, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”,80131 Napoli, Italy. Tel. +39-081-3737857 Fax: +39-081-3737808
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Wargovich MJ, Brown VR, Morris J. Aberrant crypt foci: the case for inclusion as a biomarker for colon cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1705-16. [PMID: 24281183 PMCID: PMC3837333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2031705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are one of the earliest histopathological manifestations of colon cancer. In this review, we critically present the molecular, cellular, histopathological, and chemopreventive evidence that ACF are relevant biomarkers for colon cancer. The laboratory and clinical evidence are highly suggestive that ACF are in the pathway leading to colon cancer, but not all ACF will do so. The possible fate and outcome of ACF in the progression toward colon cancer may be dependent on a number of features that define their predictive power for the prevention or progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wargovich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425 USA.
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19
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Sugimoto T, Ohta M, Ikenoue T, Yamada A, Tada M, Fujishiro M, Ogura K, Yamaji Y, Okamoto M, Kanai F, Kawabe T, Omata M. Macroscopic morphologic subtypes of laterally spreading colorectal tumors showing distinct molecular alterations. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1562-9. [PMID: 20091866 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in colonoscopic techniques have resulted in more frequent detection of superficial-type colorectal tumors, that is, laterally spreading tumors (LSTs), although little is known about the characteristic clinical features and genetic alterations of LSTs. To elucidate the molecular characteristics of LSTs, genetic alterations in the KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA genes and abnormal expression of the p53, beta-catenin and MYC proteins were analyzed using direct DNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry for 50 protruded-type tumors (Protruded), 35 granular-type LSTs (LST-G) and 19 nongranular-type LSTs (LST-NG). In addition, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) close to the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene (5q21) was examined in these tumors. In univariate analyses, significant differences were noted in the percentages with KRAS mutations (Protruded, LST-G, LST-NG = 30.0%, 54.3%, 21.1%, respectively, p = 0.0156), nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin (Protruded, LST-G, LST-NG = 50.0%, 37.1%, 68.4%, respectively, p = 0.0267), expression of MYC (Protruded, LST-G, LST-NG = 26.0%, 17.1%, 42.1%, respectively, p = 0.0456) and LOH at the APC gene locus (Protruded, LST-G, LST-NG = 22.0%, 20.0%, 47.4%, respectively, p = 0.0302). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the macroscopic subtype of LST was significantly associated with KRAS mutation (for LST-NG: odds ratio [OR] 0.23, 95% CI 0.06-0.90) and nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin (for LST-NG: OR 4.05, 95% CI 1.11-14.8). Our data revealed that the 2 subtypes of LST have different molecular characteristics, suggesting that 2 or more different molecular mechanisms result in colorectal tumors with a similar growth pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Tada M, Kanai F, Tanaka Y, Sanada M, Nannya Y, Tateishi K, Ohta M, Asaoka Y, Seto M, Imazeki F, Yoshida H, Ogawa S, Yokosuka O, Omata M. Prognostic significance of genetic alterations detected by high-density single nucleotide polymorphism array in gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1261-9. [PMID: 20331625 PMCID: PMC11159782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to identify genomic changes that could be useful for clinical application, focusing on chromosomal instability and using a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. We analyzed 34 gastric cancer cell lines for areas of DNA that exhibited copy number changes using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 50 K Arrays. The results obtained with the cell lines were verified in 42 gastric cancer tissues using genomic PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analyses. Twenty-six local homozygous deletion regions, including 13 novel loci, and 31 recurrent high-grade gain regions, encompassing 14 novel loci, were found in the gastric cancer cell lines. Among the genes detected for high-grade gain in the cell lines, MYC, PAK1, and ITGB4BP showed copy number gain in more than 40% of gastric cancer tissues. LOH of AB051467, PTPRD, A2BP1, and C20orf133 was detected in more than 35% of gastric cancer tissues. The number of LOH was significantly greater in tumors with lymph node metastasis. In the early stage, the prognosis of patients with LOH of less than two genes was significantly better than that of those with LOH of two genes or more. Using high-density SNP arrays, we identified several novel and minute genomic alterations. LOH of four genes could be useful for prediction of lymph node metastasis and prognosis in early stage gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohisa Tada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Søreide K, Nedrebø BS, Knapp JC, Glomsaker TB, Søreide JA, Kørner H. Evolving molecular classification by genomic and proteomic biomarkers in colorectal cancer: Potential implications for the surgical oncologist. Surg Oncol 2009; 18:31-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Colonic carcinogenesis is characterized by progressive accumulations of genetic and epigenetic derangements. These molecular events are accompanied by histological changes that progress from mild cryptal architectural abnormalities in small adenomas to eventual invasive cancers. The transition steps from normal colonic epithelium to small adenomas are little understood. In experimental models of colonic carcinogenesis aberrant crypt foci (ACF), collections of abnormal appearing colonic crypts, are the earliest detectable abnormality and precede adenomas. Whether in fact ACF are precursors of colon cancer, however, remains controversial. Recent advances in magnification chromoendoscopy now allow these lesions to be identified in vivo and their natural history ascertained. While increasing lines of evidence suggest that dysplastic ACF harbor a malignant potential, there are few prospective studies to confirm causal relationships and supporting epidemiological studies are scarce. It would be very useful, for example, to clarify the relationship of ACF incidence to established risks for colon cancer, including age, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and Western diets. In experimental animal models, carcinogens dose-dependently increase ACF, whereas most chemopreventive agents reduce ACF incidence or growth. In humans, however, few agents have been validated to be chemopreventive of colon cancer. It remains unproven, therefore, whether human ACF could be used as reliable surrogate markers of efficacy of chemopreventive agents. If these lesions could be used as reliable biomarkers of colon cancer risk and their reductions as predictors of effective chemopreventive agents, metrics to quantify ACF could greatly facilitate the study of colonic carcinogenesis and chemoprevention.
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Payne CM, Bernstein C, Dvorak K, Bernstein H. Hydrophobic bile acids, genomic instability, Darwinian selection, and colon carcinogenesis. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2008; 1:19-47. [PMID: 21677822 PMCID: PMC3108627 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic colon cancer is caused predominantly by dietary factors. We have selected bile acids as a focus of this review since high levels of hydrophobic bile acids accompany a Western-style diet, and play a key role in colon carcinogenesis. We describe how bile acid-induced stresses cause cell death in susceptible cells, contribute to genomic instability in surviving cells, impose Darwinian selection on survivors and enhance initiation and progression to colon cancer. The most likely major mechanisms by which hydrophobic bile acids induce stresses on cells (DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial damage) are described. Persistent exposure of colon epithelial cells to hydrophobic bile acids can result in the activation of pro-survival stress-response pathways, and the modulation of numerous genes/proteins associated with chromosome maintenance and mitosis. The multiple mechanisms by which hydrophobic bile acids contribute to genomic instability are discussed, and include oxidative DNA damage, p53 and other mutations, micronuclei formation and aneuploidy. Since bile acids and oxidative stress decrease DNA repair proteins, an increase in DNA damage and increased genomic instability through this mechanism is also described. This review provides a mechanistic explanation for the important link between a Western-style diet and associated increased levels of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Payne
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Toland AE, Rozek LS, Presswala S, Rennert G, Gruber SB. PTPRJ haplotypes and colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2782-5. [PMID: 18843023 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies from mouse mapping studies for cancer susceptibility have successfully led to the identification of a handful of susceptibility genes. Ptprj was identified as a strong candidate gene for mouse locus susceptibility to colorectal cancer 1, and one variant, rs1566734, showed evidence of preferential allelic imbalance in human colorectal tumors. Haplotypes in human PTPRJ have also been associated with protective effects for breast cancer risk. To determine if variants or haplotype in PTPRJ confer protective or risk effects for colorectal cancer (CRC), we genotyped rs1566734 and six additional PTPRJ haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in CRC cases and controls from the Molecular Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer study. There was no evidence for cancer risk with rs1566734 in 1,897 cases and 1,954 controls with a homozygote odds ratio of 1.09 and 95% confidence interval of 0.85 to 1.39. The 6 tagging SNPs resulted in 6 main haplotypes (frequencies, >1%). None of the six tagSNPs individually showed significant evidence for risk; however, rs1503185 showed a nonsignificant protective effect. One haplotype was overrepresented in cases compared with controls, corresponding to a 34% increase in risk CRC, but there was no significant difference overall in haplotype frequencies between cases and controls (global test P statistic=0.19). From this study, we observe no significant increase in risk for human CRC with variants or haplotypes in PTPRJ. Additional studies are warranted to study possible PTPRJ-interacting loci, which are observed with Scc1 in the mouse models for CRC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Toland
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Tada M, Kanai F, Tanaka Y, Tateishi K, Ohta M, Asaoka Y, Seto M, Muroyama R, Fukai K, Imazeki F, Kawabe T, Yokosuka O, Omata M. Down-regulation of hedgehog-interacting protein through genetic and epigenetic alterations in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3768-76. [PMID: 18559595 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is activated in several cancers. However, the mechanisms of Hh signaling activation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been fully elucidated. We analyzed the involvement of Hh-interacting protein (HHIP) gene, a negative regulator of Hh signaling, in HCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Glioma-associated oncogene homologue (Gli) reporter assay, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay, and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR for the target genes of the Hh signals were performed in HHIP stably expressing hepatoma cells. Quantitative real-time PCR for HHIP was performed in hepatoma cells and 36 HCC tissues. The methylation status of hepatoma cells and HCC tissues was also analyzed by sodium bisulfite sequencing, demethylation assay, and quantitative real-time methylation-specific PCR. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis was also performed in HCC tissues. RESULTS HHIP overexpression induced significant reductions of Gli reporter activity, cell viability, and transcription of the target genes of the Hh signals. HHIP was hypermethylated and transcriptionally down-regulated in a subset of hepatoma cells. Treatment with a demethylating agent led to the HHIP DNA demethylation and restoration of HHIP transcription. HHIP transcription was also down-regulated in the majority of HCC tissues, and more than half of HCC tissues exhibited HHIP hypermethylation. The HHIP transcription level in HHIP-methylated HCC tissues was significantly lower than in HHIP-unmethylated HCC tissues. More than 30% of HCC tissues showed LOH at the HHIP locus. CONCLUSIONS The down-regulation of HHIP transcription is due to DNA hypermethylation and/or LOH, and Hh signal activation through the inactivation of HHIP may be implicated in the pathogenesis of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohisa Tada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abberant crypt foci -- importance in colorectal carcinogenesis and expression of p53 and mdm2: a changing concept. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:2183-8. [PMID: 18080767 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) represents an important preneoplastic condition of the large intestine. The ACF are used extensively as the biological end point to study the effects of diet, biological agents and chemotherapeutic agents as they undergo distinct morphological and genetic changes in response to these factors. Till date, in human ACF, K-ras, beta-catenin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein expression have been investigated, but the expression of late markers of colon carcinogenesis have not been studied in great detail. AIMS To study the significance of ACF in carcinogenesis, the incidence of ACF in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients and the expression profiles of the tumor repressor protein p53 and the murine double minute (mdm2) protein in ACF. METHODS AND MATERIALS The pattern of expression, histology and immunohistochemistry of the p53 and mdm2 proteins were studied in 32 colectomy specimens. Careful scoring was carried out using standard criteria. The prevalence of ACF, types of ACF, surrounding mucosal changes and the relation of ACF with tumor morphology and aggressiveness were determined, as was any difference in the staining pattern between hyperplastic and dysplastic ACF. RESULT Aberrant crypt foci were present in a large number of cases (84.4%), of which 65% were hyperplastic. All hyperplastic and dysplastic ACF tested positive for p53 in the nucleus. Both the nucleus and cytoplasm tested positive for mdm2 irrespective of the degree of dysplasia. No correlation was noted between ACF and tumor histology. CONCLUSION The p53 and mdm2 proteins are expressed during the very early stages of mucosal changes in ACF, irrespective of histological changes, but the pattern of expression can differ depending on geographical barriers, genetic factors, diet and environmental conditions. This results suggests that the conventional adenoma-carcinoma sequence is not completely correct. The detection of ACF and p53 and mdm2 expression can help to curtail the disease in its early stage by targeted therapy.
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Lance P, Hamilton SR. Sporadic aberrant crypt foci are not a surrogate endpoint for colorectal adenoma prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2008; 1:4-8. [PMID: 19138929 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lance
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Hendriks WJAJ, Elson A, Harroch S, Stoker AW. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: functional inferences from mouse models and human diseases. FEBS J 2008; 275:816-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Stevens RG, Swede H, Rosenberg DW. Epidemiology of colonic aberrant crypt foci: review and analysis of existing studies. Cancer Lett 2007; 252:171-83. [PMID: 17182176 PMCID: PMC2017093 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since first described in a rodent model in 1987, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the colon have been shown to exhibit many of the molecular features of the more advanced colonic neoplasms including cancer. Therefore, they may be early lesions with potential for progression, and be valuable biomarkers for reduction of risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). For this review, we searched PubMed, and reference lists of recent publications, for studies which reported on associations of features of ACF in humans, such as number or size, with subject characteristics, such as age or family history of CRC. Over 150 papers have reported on ACF in humans. However, the vast majority of these publications are concerned with molecular and morphological features of biopsied lesions, and not their epidemiology. None of the epidemiological studies were of optimum design, primarily due to their absence of a well-defined subject sampling frame or method. Given their 'first-generation' nature, consistent findings were of increased ACF number with age and with synchronous advanced colonic neoplasia. One study reported a higher mean number of ACF in subjects with a family history of CRC than in those without. The strongest evidence on the ability of ACF to predict a diagnosis of CRC will be from prospective studies with baseline ACF assessment in a large sample of disease-free persons (many thousands) who are followed carefully for many years. In the interim, because ACF are asymptomatic, well-designed cross-sectional studies are feasible and will yield valuable information on the relation of ACF to the known risk factors for CRC. This information can then be used to improve the design of prospective studies, and of clinical intervention trials that use ACF as an intermediate endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Stevens
- Colon Cancer Prevention Program (CCPP), Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center (UCHC), 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6325, United States.
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De Miglio MR, Virdis P, Calvisi DF, Mele D, Muroni MR, Frau M, Pinna F, Tomasi ML, Simile MM, Pascale RM, Feo F. Identification and chromosome mapping of loci predisposing to colorectal cancer that control Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and progression of early lesions in the rat. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:2367-74. [PMID: 17510081 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health concern worldwide. Epidemiologic evidence suggests a polygenic predisposition to CRC, but the genes responsible remain unknown. Here, we performed genome-wide scanning of male (ACI/SegHsd x Wistar-Furth)F2 (AWF2) rats to map susceptibility genes influencing the evolution of early colorectal lesions to adenocarcinoma following 1,2-dimethylhydrazine administration. Phenotypic analysis revealed higher incidence/multiplicity and lower size of adenomas in ACI/SegHsd (ACI) and (ACI/SegHsd x Wistar-Furth)F1 (AWF1) than Wistar-Furth (WF) rats and higher incidence/multiplicity of poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas in WF than ACI rats, with intermediate values in AWF1 rats. Linkage analysis of 138 AWF2 rats identified three loci on chromosomes 4, 15 and 18 in significant linkage with lesion multiplicity that were identified as rat Colon cancer resistance (rCcr) 1, rCcr2 and rCcr3, respectively. Seven other loci on chromosomes 5, 6, 15, 17, 18 and 20 were in suggestive linkage with adenoma/adenocarcinoma multiplicity/surface area. Six of them were identified as rCcr4-9 and a locus on chromosome 5 was identified as a susceptibility locus, rCcs1. Significant interactions between rCcr3 and rCcr6, rCcr6 and rCcr8 and rCcr5 and rCcr9, and four novel epistatic loci controlling multiplicity/size of colorectal lesions were discovered. Apc, located at rCcr3, did not show functional promoter polymorphisms. However, influence of susceptibility/resistance genes on Wnt/beta-catenin pathway was shown by defective beta-catenin inactivation in WF but not in ACI and AWF1 rat adenocarcinomas. These data indicate that inheritance of predisposition to CRC depends on interplays of several genetic factors, and suggest a possible mechanism of polygenic control of CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R De Miglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Abstract
Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) have emerged as a putative precursor to colorectal adenomas and are a potential biomarker for colorectal carcinoma. In this review, we describe the histologic and endoscopic characteristics of human ACF, summarize the identified genetic abnormalities, and examine the evidence for using ACF as a biomarker for colorectal carcinoma. The published literature on aberrant crypt foci was identified using a MEDLINE/PubMed search with a secondary review of cited publications. Epidemiologic studies support a role for ACF in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Genetic abnormalities that occur in and are characteristic of colorectal carcinoma have been described in ACF. Although chromoendoscopy with magnification colonoscopy can identify human ACF in vivo, standardization of the definition and of the technique for endoscopic identification and classification is needed. Studies of reproducibility, interobserver variability, and continuity over time to validate ACF as a clinical end point are required. ACF hold promise as a biomarker for colorectal carcinoma, but additional study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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