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TRK-fused gene (TFG) regulates ULK1 stability via TRAF3-mediated ubiquitination and protects macrophages from LPS-induced pyroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:93. [PMID: 35091545 PMCID: PMC8795729 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TRK-fused gene (TFG) is known to be involved in protein secretion and plays essential roles in an antiviral innate immune response. However, its function in LPS-induced inflammation and pyroptotic cell death is still unknown. Here, we reported that TFG promotes the stabilization of Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase (ULK1) and participates in LPS plus nigericin (Ng) induced pyroptotic cell death. Our results showed that TFG-deficient THP-1 macrophages exhibit higher mitochondrial ROS production. LPS/Ng stimulation triggers a much higher level of ROS and induces pyroptotic cell death. ULK1 undergoes a rapid turnover in TFG-deficient THP-1 cells. TFG forms complex with an E3 ligase, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), and stabilizes ULK1 via disturbing ULK1-TRAF3 interaction. Knockdown of TFG facilitates the interaction of ULK1 with TRAF3 and subsequent K48-linked ULK1 ubiquitination and proteasome degradation. Rescue of ULK1 expression blocks LPS/Ng-induced cell death in TFG-deficient THP-1 macrophages. Taken together, TFG plays an essential role in LPS/Ng-induced pyroptotic cell death via regulating K48-linked ULK1 ubiquitination in macrophages.
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2
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Goto K, Pissaloux D, Tirode F, de la Fouchardière A. Spitz nevus with a novel TFG-NTRK2 fusion: The first case report of NTRK2-rearranged Spitz/Reed nevus. J Cutan Pathol 2021; 48:1193-1196. [PMID: 33979462 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fusions of ALK, ROS1, NTRK1, NTRK3, RET, MET, MERTK, FGFR1, ERBB4, LCK, BRAF, MAP3K8, MAP3K3, and PRKDC and mutation of HRAS have so far been discovered as the genetic alterations associated with the pathogenesis of Spitz neoplasms. This report presents the first case of NTRK2-rearranged Spitz/Reed nevus. The patient was a 39-year-old male with a pigmented macule rapidly growing on his shoulder. Histopathologically, the lesion was a junctional melanocytic nevus composed of large nests of spindled melanocytes with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm associated with a hyperplastic epidermis. These findings fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of a pigmented spindle cell nevus of Reed (variant of Spitz nevus). Immunohistochemistry for pan-Trk revealed diffuse cytoplasmic positivity in the tumor cells, but immunoexpression of ALK, ROS1, and BRAF V600E was not seen. A novel, in-frame, TFG-NTRK2 fusion was identified by RNA sequencing. This case report expands the list of genetic alterations in Spitz neoplasms and the spectrum of NTRK2-rearranged tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Goto
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Disease Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Itabashi Central Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Sunto, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Cytology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | - Daniel Pissaloux
- Department of Biopathology, Center Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Franck Tirode
- Department of Biopathology, Center Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud de la Fouchardière
- Department of Biopathology, Center Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Lyon, France
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Kannan S, Lock I, Ozenberger BB, Jones KB. Genetic drivers and cells of origin in sarcomagenesis. J Pathol 2021; 254:474-493. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarmishta Kannan
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Ian Lock
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Benjamin B Ozenberger
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Kevin B Jones
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
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4
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Kim J, Kim HS, Shim JJ, Lee J, Kim AY, Kim J. Critical role of the fibroblast growth factor signalling pathway in Ewing's sarcoma octamer-binding transcription factor 4-mediated cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. FEBS J 2019; 286:4443-4472. [PMID: 31155838 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Certain bone and soft tissue (BST) tumours harbour a chromosomal translocation [t(6;22)(p21;q12)], which fuses the Ewing's sarcoma (EWS) gene at 22q12 with the octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4) gene at 6p21, resulting in the chimeric EWS-Oct-4 protein that possesses high transactivation ability. Although abnormal activation of signalling pathways can lead to human cancer development, the pathways underlying these processes in human BST tumours remain poorly explored. Here, we investigated the functional significance of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling in human BST tumours. To identify the gene(s) involved in the FGF signalling pathway and potentially regulated by EWS-Oct-4 (also called EWS-POU5F1), we performed RNA-Seq analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and xenograft assays. Treating GBS6 or ZHBTc4 cells-expressing EWS-Oct-4 with the small molecule FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibitors PD173074, NVPBGJ398, ponatinib, and dovitinib suppressed cellular proliferation. Gene expression analysis revealed that, among 22 Fgf and four Fgfr family members, Fgf-4 showed the highest upregulation (by 145-fold) in ZHBTc4 cells-expressing EWS-Oct-4. Computer-assisted analysis identified a putative EWS-Oct-4-binding site at +3017/+3024, suggesting that EWS-Oct-4 regulates Fgf-4 expression in human BST tumours. Fgf-4 enhancer constructs showed that EWS-Oct-4 transactivated the Fgf-4 gene reporter in vitro, and that overexpression of EWS-Oct-4 stimulated endogenous Fgf-4 gene expression in vivo. Finally, PD173074 significantly decreased tumour volume in mice. Taken together, these data suggest that FGF-4 signalling is involved in EWS-Oct-4-mediated tumorigenesis, and that its inhibition impairs tumour growth in vivo significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghoon Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Jae Shim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungwoon Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
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Nguyen KT, Kim JM, Park SE, Hwang CS. N-terminal methionine excision of proteins creates tertiary destabilizing N-degrons of the Arg/N-end rule pathway. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4464-4476. [PMID: 30674553 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
All organisms begin protein synthesis with methionine (Met). The resulting initiator Met of nascent proteins is irreversibly processed by Met aminopeptidases (MetAPs). N-terminal (Nt) Met excision (NME) is an evolutionarily conserved and essential process operating on up to two-thirds of proteins. However, the universal function of NME remains largely unknown. MetAPs have a well-known processing preference for Nt-Met with Ala, Ser, Gly, Thr, Cys, Pro, or Val at position 2, but using CHX-chase assays to assess protein degradation in yeast cells, as well as protein-binding and RT-qPCR assays, we demonstrate here that NME also occurs on nascent proteins bearing Met-Asn or Met-Gln at their N termini. We found that the NME at these termini exposes the tertiary destabilizing Nt residues (Asn or Gln) of the Arg/N-end rule pathway, which degrades proteins according to the composition of their Nt residues. We also identified a yeast DNA repair protein, MQ-Rad16, bearing a Met-Gln N terminus, as well as a human tropomyosin-receptor kinase-fused gene (TFG) protein, MN-TFG, bearing a Met-Asn N terminus as physiological, MetAP-processed Arg/N-end rule substrates. Furthermore, we show that the loss of the components of the Arg/N-end rule pathway substantially suppresses the growth defects of naa20Δ yeast cells lacking the catalytic subunit of NatB Nt acetylase at 37 °C. Collectively, the results of our study reveal that NME is a key upstream step for the creation of the Arg/N-end rule substrates bearing tertiary destabilizing residues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kha The Nguyen
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Mok Kim
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Park
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Sang Hwang
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
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Whole exome sequencing of rare aggressive breast cancer histologies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 156:21-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kim AY, Lim B, Choi J, Kim J. The TFG-TEC oncoprotein induces transcriptional activation of the human β-enolase gene via chromatin modification of the promoter region. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1411-23. [PMID: 26310886 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent chromosome translocations are the hallmark of many human cancers. A proportion of human extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas (EMCs) are associated with the characteristic chromosomal translocation t(3;9)(q11-12;q22), which results in the formation of a chimeric protein in which the N-terminal domain of the TRK-fused gene (TFG) is fused to the translocated in extraskeletal chondrosarcoma (TEC; also called CHN, CSMF, MINOR, NOR1, and NR4A3) gene. The oncogenic effect of this translocation may be due to the higher transactivation ability of the TFG-TEC chimeric protein; however, downstream target genes of TFG-TEC have not yet been identified. The results presented here, demonstrate that TFG-TEC activates the human β-enolase promoter. EMSAs, ChIP assays, and luciferase reporter assays revealed that TFG-TEC upregulates β-enolase transcription by binding to two NGFI-B response element motifs located upstream of the putative transcription start site. In addition, northern blot, quantitative real-time PCR, and Western blot analyses showed that overexpression of TFG-TEC up-regulated β-enolase mRNA and protein expression in cultured cell lines. Finally, ChIP analyses revealed that TFG-TEC controls the activity of the endogenous β-enolase promoter by promoting histone H3 acetylation. Overall, the results presented here indicate that TFG-TEC triggers a regulatory gene hierarchy implicated in cancer cell metabolism. This finding may aid the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human EMCs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bobae Lim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - JeeHyun Choi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea.
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Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma with a t(9;16)(q22;p11.2) resulting in a NR4A3-FUS fusion. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:276-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cerrone M, Cantile M, Collina F, Marra L, Liguori G, Franco R, De Chiara A, Botti G. Molecular strategies for detecting chromosomal translocations in soft tissue tumors (review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1379-91. [PMID: 24714847 PMCID: PMC4055444 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately one third of soft tissue tumors are characterized by chromosomal aberrations, in particular, translocations and amplifications, which appear to be highly specific. The identification of fusion transcripts not only supports the diagnosis, but provides the basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking the aberrant activity of chimeric proteins. Molecular biology, and in particular, cytogenetic and qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction technologies, allow with high efficiency and specificity, the determination of specific fusion transcripts resulting from chromosomal translocations, as well as the analysis of gene amplifications. In this review, various molecular techniques that allow the identification of translocations and consequent fusion transcripts generated are discussed in the broad spectrum of soft tissue tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, INT Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Laura Marra
- Pathology Unit, INT Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, INT Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, INT Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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A TFG–TEC nuclear localization mutant forms complexes with the wild-type TFG–TEC oncoprotein and suppresses its activity. Biochem J 2013; 456:361-72. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of human EMCs was found to harbour a characteristic translocation, t(3;9)(q11-12;q22), involving the TFG at 3q11-12 and the TEC gene at 9q22. The biological activity of TFG–TEC can be modulated by the NLS mutant TFG–TEC (AAAA) protein.
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