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Carlos-Reyes A, Muñiz-Lino MA, Romero-Garcia S, López-Camarillo C, Hernández-de la Cruz ON. Biological Adaptations of Tumor Cells to Radiation Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:718636. [PMID: 34900673 PMCID: PMC8652287 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.718636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy has been used worldwide for many decades as a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of different types of cancer. Just over 50% of cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy alone or with other types of antitumor therapy. Radiation can induce different types of cell damage: directly, it can induce DNA single- and double-strand breaks; indirectly, it can induce the formation of free radicals, which can interact with different components of cells, including the genome, promoting structural alterations. During treatment, radiosensitive tumor cells decrease their rate of cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest stimulated by DNA damage. Then, DNA repair mechanisms are turned on to alleviate the damage, but cell death mechanisms are activated if damage persists and cannot be repaired. Interestingly, some cells can evade apoptosis because genome damage triggers the cellular overactivation of some DNA repair pathways. Additionally, some surviving cells exposed to radiation may have alterations in the expression of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, enhancing different hallmarks of cancer, such as migration, invasion, and metastasis. The activation of these genetic pathways and other epigenetic and structural cellular changes in the irradiated cells and extracellular factors, such as the tumor microenvironment, is crucial in developing tumor radioresistance. The tumor microenvironment is largely responsible for the poor efficacy of antitumor therapy, tumor relapse, and poor prognosis observed in some patients. In this review, we describe strategies that tumor cells use to respond to radiation stress, adapt, and proliferate after radiotherapy, promoting the appearance of tumor radioresistance. Also, we discuss the clinical impact of radioresistance in patient outcomes. Knowledge of such cellular strategies could help the development of new clinical interventions, increasing the radiosensitization of tumor cells, improving the effectiveness of these therapies, and increasing the survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Carlos-Reyes
- Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcos A. Muñiz-Lino
- Laboratorio de Patología y Medicina Bucal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Susana Romero-Garcia
- Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico City
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2
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Nin DS, Wujanto C, Tan TZ, Lim D, Damen JMA, Wu KY, Dai ZM, Lee ZW, Idres SB, Leong YH, Jha S, Ng JSY, Low JJH, Chang SC, Tan DSP, Wu W, Choo BA, Deng LW. GAGE mediates radio resistance in cervical cancers via the regulation of chromatin accessibility. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109621. [PMID: 34469741 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) resistance is a major cause of treatment failure in cancers that use definitive RT as their primary treatment modality. This study identifies the cancer/testis (CT) antigen G antigen (GAGE) as a mediator of radio resistance in cervical cancers. Elevated GAGE expression positively associates with de novo RT resistance in clinical samples. GAGE, specifically the GAGE12 protein variant, confers RT resistance through synemin-dependent chromatin localization, promoting the association of histone deacetylase 1/2 (HDAC1/2) to its inhibitor actin. This cumulates to elevated histone 3 lysine 56 acetylation (H3K56Ac) levels, increased chromatin accessibility, and improved DNA repair efficiency. Molecular or pharmacological disruption of the GAGE-associated complex restores radiosensitivity. Molecularly, this study demonstrates the role of GAGE in the regulation of chromatin dynamics. Clinically, this study puts forward the utility of GAGE as a pre-screening biomarker to identify poor responders at initial diagnosis and the therapeutic potential of agents that target GAGE and its associated complex in combination with radiotherapy to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Sijin Nin
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSOM), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117596, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research, YLLSOM, NUS, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| | - Caryn Wujanto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Hospital (NUH), Singapore 119074, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, Singapore National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, NUS, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Diana Lim
- Department of Pathology, NUH, Singapore 119074, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, Singapore National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - J Mirjam A Damen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Kuan-Yi Wu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ziyu Melvin Dai
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSOM), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Zheng-Wei Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSOM), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Shabana Binte Idres
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSOM), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Yiat Horng Leong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Hospital (NUH), Singapore 119074, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, Singapore National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSOM), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117596, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, NUS, Singapore 117599, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, Singapore National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore 119074, Singapore; Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA; NUS Center for Cancer Research, YLLSOM, NUS, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Joseph Soon-Yau Ng
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore 119074, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, YLLSOM, NUS, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey J H Low
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore 119074, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, YLLSOM, NUS, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Shih-Chung Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Shao Peng Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, NUS, Singapore 117599, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, Singapore National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore 119074, Singapore; Department of Hematology-Oncology, NUHS, Singapore 119228, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research, YLLSOM, NUS, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Wei Wu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Bok Ai Choo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Hospital (NUH), Singapore 119074, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, Singapore National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Lih-Wen Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSOM), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117596, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, Singapore National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore 119074, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research, YLLSOM, NUS, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Graduate School - Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, NUS, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
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3
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Klotz DM, Wimberger P. Overcoming PARP inhibitor resistance in ovarian cancer: what are the most promising strategies? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 302:1087-1102. [PMID: 32833070 PMCID: PMC7524817 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological malignancy. Despite the introduction of bevacizumab, standard chemotherapy has remained largely unchanged and the vast majority of patients will relapse within the first two years of diagnosis. However, results from recent clinical trials demonstrating clinical benefits of PARP inhibitor treatment are rapidly changing therapeutic options for many patients with ovarian cancer. Methods Given the introduction of new therapeutic options in the treatment of ovarian cancer, we critically review key clinical trials, areas of scientific research and its clinical relevance. Results Most notably, patients with BRCA1/2 mutant ovarian cancer benefit from maintenance treatment with PARP inhibitors after (complete or partial) response to platinum-based chemotherapy. Here, we discuss the mechanism of PARP inhibition, multiple drug resistance mechanisms, including BRCA reverse mutations, altered PARP expression, changes in DNA repair pathways, kinase activation and additional drug targets that may augment PARP inhibition. Conclusion Although the use of PARP inhibitors is a huge step forward, it is apparent that patients, both with and without BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer, will eventually become resistant to PARP inhibitors. Therefore, novel combination therapies may enhance PARP inhibitor efficacy and overcome resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martin Klotz
- Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Pauline Wimberger
- Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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4
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Sabol RA, Villela VA, Denys A, Freeman BT, Hartono AB, Wise RM, Harrison MAA, Sandler MB, Hossain F, Miele L, Bunnell BA. Obesity-Altered Adipose Stem Cells Promote Radiation Resistance of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer through Paracrine Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082722. [PMID: 32326381 PMCID: PMC7216284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with poorer responses to chemo- and radiation therapy for breast cancer, which leads to higher mortality rates for obese women who develop breast cancer. Adipose stem cells (ASCs) are an integral stromal component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, the effects of obesity-altered ASCs (obASCs) on estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell’s (ER+BCCs) response to radiotherapy (RT) were evaluated. We determined that BCCs had a decreased apoptotic index and increased surviving fraction following RT when co-cultured with obASCs compared to lnASCs or non-co-cultured cells. Further, obASCs reduced oxidative stress and induced IL-6 expression in co-cultured BCCs after radiation. obASCs produce increased levels of leptin relative to ASCs from normal-weight individuals (lnASCs). obASCs upregulate the expression of IL-6 compared to non-co-cultured BCCs, but BCCs co-cultured with leptin knockdown obASCs did not upregulate IL-6. The impact of shLeptin obASCs on radiation resistance of ER+BCCs demonstrate a decreased radioprotective ability compared to shControl obASCs. Key NOTCH signaling players were enhanced in ER+BBCs following co-culture with shCtrl obASCs but not shLep obASCs. This work demonstrates that obesity-altered ASCs, via enhanced secretion of leptin, promote IL-6 and NOTCH signaling pathways in ER+BCCs leading to radiation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Sabol
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Vidal A. Villela
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Alexandra Denys
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Benjamin T. Freeman
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Alifiani B. Hartono
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Rachel M. Wise
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Mark A. A. Harrison
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Maxwell B. Sandler
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Fokhrul Hossain
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC), Department of Genetics, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (F.H.); (L.M.)
- Louisiana Cancer Research Center (LCRC), Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSUSHC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lucio Miele
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC), Department of Genetics, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (F.H.); (L.M.)
- Louisiana Cancer Research Center (LCRC), Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSUSHC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Bruce A. Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-504-988-7071
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5
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Hodel KP, de Borja R, Henninger EE, Campbell BB, Ungerleider N, Light N, Wu T, LeCompte KG, Goksenin AY, Bunnell BA, Tabori U, Shlien A, Pursell ZF. Explosive mutation accumulation triggered by heterozygous human Pol ε proofreading-deficiency is driven by suppression of mismatch repair. eLife 2018; 7:32692. [PMID: 29488881 PMCID: PMC5829921 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors defective for DNA polymerase (Pol) ε proofreading have the highest tumor mutation burden identified. A major unanswered question is whether loss of Pol ε proofreading by itself is sufficient to drive this mutagenesis, or whether additional factors are necessary. To address this, we used a combination of next generation sequencing and in vitro biochemistry on human cell lines engineered to have defects in Pol ε proofreading and mismatch repair. Absent mismatch repair, monoallelic Pol ε proofreading deficiency caused a rapid increase in a unique mutation signature, similar to that observed in tumors from patients with biallelic mismatch repair deficiency and heterozygous Pol ε mutations. Restoring mismatch repair was sufficient to suppress the explosive mutation accumulation. These results strongly suggest that concomitant suppression of mismatch repair, a hallmark of colorectal and other aggressive cancers, is a critical force for driving the explosive mutagenesis seen in tumors expressing exonuclease-deficient Pol ε.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl P Hodel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Richard de Borja
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erin E Henninger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Brittany B Campbell
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nathan Ungerleider
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Nicholas Light
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Kimberly G LeCompte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - A Yasemin Goksenin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States.,Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Uri Tabori
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adam Shlien
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zachary F Pursell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States.,Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
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6
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Abstract
Life as we know it, simply would not exist without DNA replication. All living organisms utilize a complex machinery to duplicate their genomes and the central role in this machinery belongs to replicative DNA polymerases, enzymes that are specifically designed to copy DNA. "Hassle-free" DNA duplication exists only in an ideal world, while in real life, it is constantly threatened by a myriad of diverse challenges. Among the most pressing obstacles that replicative polymerases often cannot overcome by themselves are lesions that distort the structure of DNA. Despite elaborate systems that cells utilize to cleanse their genomes of damaged DNA, repair is often incomplete. The persistence of DNA lesions obstructing the cellular replicases can have deleterious consequences. One of the mechanisms allowing cells to complete replication is "Translesion DNA Synthesis (TLS)". TLS is intrinsically error-prone, but apparently, the potential downside of increased mutagenesis is a healthier outcome for the cell than incomplete replication. Although most of the currently identified eukaryotic DNA polymerases have been implicated in TLS, the best characterized are those belonging to the "Y-family" of DNA polymerases (pols η, ι, κ and Rev1), which are thought to play major roles in the TLS of persisting DNA lesions in coordination with the B-family polymerase, pol ζ. In this review, we summarize the unique features of these DNA polymerases by mainly focusing on their biochemical and structural characteristics, as well as potential protein-protein interactions with other critical factors affecting TLS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Vaisman
- a Laboratory of Genomic Integrity , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Roger Woodgate
- a Laboratory of Genomic Integrity , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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7
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McVey M, Khodaverdian VY, Meyer D, Cerqueira PG, Heyer WD. Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases in Homologous Recombination. Annu Rev Genet 2017; 50:393-421. [PMID: 27893960 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a central process to ensure genomic stability in somatic cells and during meiosis. HR-associated DNA synthesis determines in large part the fidelity of the process. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that DNA synthesis during HR is conservative, less processive, and more mutagenic than replicative DNA synthesis. In this review, we describe mechanistic features of DNA synthesis during different types of HR-mediated DNA repair, including synthesis-dependent strand annealing, break-induced replication, and meiotic recombination. We highlight recent findings from diverse eukaryotic organisms, including humans, that suggest both replicative and translesion DNA polymerases are involved in HR-associated DNA synthesis. Our focus is to integrate the emerging literature about DNA polymerase involvement during HR with the unique aspects of these repair mechanisms, including mutagenesis and template switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch McVey
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155;
| | | | - Damon Meyer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616; .,College of Health Sciences, California Northstate University, Rancho Cordova, California 95670
| | - Paula Gonçalves Cerqueira
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Heyer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616; .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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8
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Da C, Wu L, Liu Y, Wang R, Li R. Effects of irradiation on radioresistance, HOTAIR and epithelial-mesenchymal transition/cancer stem cell marker expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2751-2757. [PMID: 28454462 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a common therapeutic strategy used to treat esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, tumor cells often develop radioresistance, thereby reducing treatment efficacy. Here, we aimed to identify the mechanisms through which ESCC cells develop radioresistance and identify associated biomarkers. Eca109 cells were exposed to repeated radiation at 2 Gy/fraction for a total dose of 60 Gy (Eca109R60/2Gy cells). MTT and colony formation assays were performed to measure cell proliferation and compare the radiation biology parameters of Eca109 and Eca109R60/2Gy cells. Cell cycle distributions and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were employed to analyze the expression of HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), in addition to biomarkers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Eca109R60/2Gy cells exhibited increased cell proliferation and clone formation, with significantly higher radiobiological parameters compared with the parental Eca109 cells. The Eca109R60/2Gy cells also exhibited significantly decreased accumulation in G2 phase and increased accumulation in S phase. Additionally, the apoptosis rate was significantly lower in Eca109R60/2Gy cells than in parental Eca109 cells. Finally, HOTAIR expression levels and SNAI1 and β-catenin mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly higher, whereas E-cadherin levels were significantly lower in Eca109R60/2Gy cells than in Eca109 cells. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that radioresistance was affected by the expression of HOTAIR and biomarkers of the EMT and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Da
- Radiotherapy Center, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Li Wu
- Radiotherapy Center, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Ruozheng Wang
- Radiotherapy Center, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Ruiguang Li
- Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
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9
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A founder large deletion mutation in Xeroderma pigmentosum-Variant form in Tunisia: implication for molecular diagnosis and therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:256245. [PMID: 24877075 PMCID: PMC4024419 DOI: 10.1155/2014/256245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum Variant (XP-V) form is characterized by a late onset of skin symptoms. Our aim is the clinical and genetic investigations of XP-V Tunisian patients in order to develop a simple tool for early diagnosis. We investigated 16 suspected XP patients belonging to ten consanguineous families. Analysis of the POLH gene was performed by linkage analysis, long range PCR, and sequencing. Genetic analysis showed linkage to the POLH gene with a founder haplotype in all affected patients. Long range PCR of exon 9 to exon 11 showed a 3926 bp deletion compared to control individuals. Sequence analysis demonstrates that this deletion has occurred between two Alu-Sq2 repetitive sequences in the same orientation, respectively, in introns 9 and 10. We suggest that this mutation POLH NG_009252.1: g.36847_40771del3925 is caused by an equal crossover event that occurred between two homologous chromosomes at meiosis. These results allowed us to develop a simple test based on a simple PCR in order to screen suspected XP-V patients. In Tunisia, the prevalence of XP-V group seems to be underestimated and clinical diagnosis is usually later. Cascade screening of this founder mutation by PCR in regions with high frequency of XP provides a rapid and cost-effective tool for early diagnosis of XP-V in Tunisia and North Africa.
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10
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Li J, Yang CX, Mei ZJ, Chen J, Zhang SM, Sun SX, Zhou FX, Zhou YF, Xie CH. Involvement of Cdc25c in Cell Cycle Alteration of a Radioresistant Lung Cancer Cell Line Established with Fractionated Ionizing Radiation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:5725-30. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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