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Kazanietz MG, Cooke M. Protein kinase C signaling "in" and "to" the nucleus: Master kinases in transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105692. [PMID: 38301892 PMCID: PMC10907189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PKC is a multifunctional family of Ser-Thr kinases widely implicated in the regulation of fundamental cellular functions, including proliferation, polarity, motility, and differentiation. Notwithstanding their primary cytoplasmic localization and stringent activation by cell surface receptors, PKC isozymes impel prominent nuclear signaling ultimately impacting gene expression. While transcriptional regulation may be wielded by nuclear PKCs, it most often relies on cytoplasmic phosphorylation events that result in nuclear shuttling of PKC downstream effectors, including transcription factors. As expected from the unique coupling of PKC isozymes to signaling effector pathways, glaring disparities in gene activation/repression are observed upon targeting individual PKC family members. Notably, specific PKCs control the expression and activation of transcription factors implicated in cell cycle/mitogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and immune function. Additionally, PKCs isozymes tightly regulate transcription factors involved in stepwise differentiation of pluripotent stem cells toward specific epithelial, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic cell lineages. Aberrant PKC expression and/or activation in pathological conditions, such as in cancer, leads to profound alterations in gene expression, leading to an extensive rewiring of transcriptional networks associated with mitogenesis, invasiveness, stemness, and tumor microenvironment dysregulation. In this review, we outline the current understanding of PKC signaling "in" and "to" the nucleus, with significant focus on established paradigms of PKC-mediated transcriptional control. Dissecting these complexities would allow the identification of relevant molecular targets implicated in a wide spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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MicroRNA 630 Represses NANOG Expression through Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulation in Human Embryonal Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010046. [PMID: 35008480 PMCID: PMC8744645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pluripotent transcription factor NANOG is essential for maintaining embryonic stem cells and driving tumorigenesis. We previously showed that PKC activity is involved in the regulation of NANOG expression. To explore the possible involvement of microRNAs in regulating the expression of key pluripotency factors, we performed a genome-wide analysis of microRNA expression in the embryonal carcinoma cell line NT2/D1 in the presence of the PKC activator, PMA. We found that MIR630 was significantly upregulated in PMA-treated cells. Experimentally, we showed that transfection of MIR630 mimic into embryonal carcinoma cell lines directly targeted the 3′UTR of OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG and markedly suppressed their expression. RNAhybrid and RNA22 algorithms were used to predict miRNA target sites in the NANOG 3′UTR, four possible target sites of MIR630 were identified. To examine the functional interaction between MIR630 and NANOG mRNA, the predicted MIR630 target sites in the NANOG 3′UTR were deleted and the activity of the reporters were compared. After targeted mutation of the predicted MIR630 target sites, the MIR630 mimic inhibited NANOG significantly less than the wild-type reporters. It is worth noting that mutation of a single putative binding site in the 3′UTR of NANOG did not completely abolish MIR630-mediated suppression, suggesting that MIR630 in the NANOG 3′UTR may have multiple binding sites and act together to maximally repress NANOG expression. Interestingly, MIR630 mimics significantly downregulated NANOG gene transcription. Exogenous expression of OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG lacking the 3′UTR almost completely rescued the reduced transcriptional activity of MIR630. MIR630 mediated the expression of differentiation markers in NT2/D1 cells, suggesting that MIR630 leads to the differentiation of NT2/D1 cell. Our findings show that MIR630 represses NANOG through transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, suggesting a direct link between core pluripotency factors and MIR630.
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Muselli F, Mourgues L, Morcos R, Rochet N, Nebout M, Guerci-Bresler A, Faller DV, William RM, Mhaidly R, Verhoeyen E, Legros L, Peyron JF, Mary D. Combination of PKCδ Inhibition with Conventional TKI Treatment to Target CML Models. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071693. [PMID: 33918475 PMCID: PMC8038300 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib was the first targeted therapy to show clinical efficacy against chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) through inhibition of the breakpoint cluster region–Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog (BCR-ABL), which is responsible for the disease. Two other generations of TKIs have succeeded imatinib, offering additional therapeutic solutions for a growing number of patients with imatinib-resistant CML. However, these clinical approaches although very effective, generate many unwanted side effects because of their daily administration. Attempts to stop TKI when the disease is no longer detectable at the molecular level, unfortunately result in relapses in more than half of cases. This highlights the presence of undetectable leukemia cells, recognized as leukemic stem cells (LSCs) that are TKI insensitive. It therefore appears necessary to identify new biochemical pathways in LSCs, the targeting of which would make re-sensitization to TKIs possible. The results presented here demonstrate that targeting the protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) pathway represents a valid alternative for LSC elimination. Abstract Numerous combinations of signaling pathway blockades in association with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment have been proposed for eradicating leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but none are currently clinically available. Because targeting protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) was demonstrated to eliminate cancer stem cells (CSCs) in solid tumors, we evaluated the efficacy of PKCδ inhibition in combination with TKIs for CML cells. We observed that inhibition of PKCδ by a pharmacological inhibitor, by gene silencing, or by using K562 CML cells expressing dominant-negative (DN) or constitutively active (CA) PKCδ isoforms clearly points to PKCδ as a regulator of the expression of the stemness regulator BMI1. As a consequence, inhibition of PKCδ impaired clonogenicity and cell proliferation for leukemic cells. PKCδ targeting in K562 and LAMA-84 CML cell lines clearly enhanced the apoptotic response triggered by any TKI. A strong synergism was observed for apoptosis induction through an increase in caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation and significantly decreased expression of the Bcl-xL Bcl-2 family member. Inhibition of PKCδ did not modify BCR-ABL phosphorylation but acted downstream of the oncogene by downregulating BMI1 expression, decreasing clonogenicity. PKCδ inhibition interfered with the clonogenicity of primary CML CD34+ and BCR-ABL-transduced healthy CD34+ cells as efficiently as any TKI while it did not affect differentiation of healthy CD34+ cells. LTC-IC experiments pinpointed that PKCδ inhibition strongly decreased the progenitors/LSCs frequency. All together, these results demonstrate that targeting of PKCδ in combination with a conventional TKI could be a new therapeutic opportunity to affect for CML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Muselli
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France; (F.M.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (R.M.); (E.V.); (J.-F.P.)
| | - Lucas Mourgues
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France; (F.M.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (R.M.); (E.V.); (J.-F.P.)
| | - Rita Morcos
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France; (F.M.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (R.M.); (E.V.); (J.-F.P.)
| | - Nathalie Rochet
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7277, Inserm U1091, CEDEX 02, 06107 Nice, France;
| | - Marielle Nebout
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France; (F.M.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (R.M.); (E.V.); (J.-F.P.)
| | | | - Douglas V Faller
- Oncology Clinical Research, Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | | | - Rana Mhaidly
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France; (F.M.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (R.M.); (E.V.); (J.-F.P.)
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France; (F.M.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (R.M.); (E.V.); (J.-F.P.)
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 06204 Nice, France
- CIRI–International Center for Infectiology Research, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Legros
- Department of Hematology, AP-HP Paul Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Jean-François Peyron
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France; (F.M.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (R.M.); (E.V.); (J.-F.P.)
| | - Didier Mary
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France; (F.M.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (R.M.); (E.V.); (J.-F.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Berardi DE, Flumian C, Rodriguez CE, Díaz Bessone MI, Cirigliano SM, Bal de Kier Joffé ED, Fiszman GL, Urtreger AJ, Todaro LB. PKCδ Inhibition Impairs Mammary Cancer Proliferative Capacity But Selects Cancer Stem Cells, Involving Autophagy. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:730-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damián E. Berardi
- Research Area; Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Carolina Flumian
- Research Area; Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Cristina E. Rodriguez
- Research Area; Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María I. Díaz Bessone
- Research Area; Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Stefano M. Cirigliano
- Research Area; Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Elisa D. Bal de Kier Joffé
- Research Area; Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gabriel L. Fiszman
- Research Area; Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Alejandro J. Urtreger
- Research Area; Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Laura B. Todaro
- Research Area; Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo”; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
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Gong S, Li Q, Jeter CR, Fan Q, Tang DG, Liu B. Regulation of NANOG in cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:679-87. [PMID: 26013997 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As one of the key pluripotency transcription factors, NANOG plays a critical role in maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency in normal embryonic stem cells. Recent data indicate that NANOG is expressed in a variety of cancers and its expression correlates with poor survival in cancer patients. Of interest, many studies suggest that NANOG enhances the defined characteristics of cancer stem cells and may thus function as an oncogene to promote carcinogenesis. Therefore, NANOG expression determines the cell fate not only in pluripotent cells but also in cancer cells. Although the regulation of NANOG in normal embryonic stem cells is reasonably well understood, the regulation of NANOG in cancer cells has only emerged recently. The current review provides a most updated summary on how NANOG expression is regulated during tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gong
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, city, Henan, China
| | - Qiuhui Li
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas
| | - Collene R Jeter
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas
| | - Qingxia Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, city, Henan, China
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas.,Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bigang Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas
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Shoni M, Lui KO, Vavvas DG, Muto MG, Berkowitz RS, Vlahos N, Ng SW. Protein kinases and associated pathways in pluripotent state and lineage differentiation. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 9:366-87. [PMID: 24998240 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x09666140616130217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) mediate the reversible conversion of substrate proteins to phosphorylated forms, a key process in controlling intracellular signaling transduction cascades. Pluripotency is, among others, characterized by specifically expressed PKs forming a highly interconnected regulatory network that culminates in a finely-balanced molecular switch. Current high-throughput phosphoproteomic approaches have shed light on the specific regulatory PKs and their function in controlling pluripotent states. Pluripotent cell-derived endothelial and hematopoietic developments represent an example of the importance of pluripotency in cancer therapeutics and organ regeneration. This review attempts to provide the hitherto known kinome profile and the individual characterization of PK-related pathways that regulate pluripotency. Elucidating the underlying intrinsic and extrinsic signals may improve our understanding of the different pluripotent states, the maintenance or induction of pluripotency, and the ability to tailor lineage differentiation, with a particular focus on endothelial cell differentiation for anti-cancer treatment, cell-based tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shu-Wing Ng
- 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI- 449A, Boston MA 02115, USA.
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Yang CH, Wang HL, Lin YS, Kumar KPS, Lin HC, Chang CJ, Lu CC, Huang TT, Martel J, Ojcius DM, Chang YS, Young JD, Lai HC. Identification of CD24 as a cancer stem cell marker in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99412. [PMID: 24955581 PMCID: PMC4067285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a unique sub-population of tumor cells with the ability to initiate tumor growth and sustain self-renewal. Although CSC biomarkers have been described for various tumors, only a few markers have been identified for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, we show that CD24+ cells isolated from human NPC cell lines express stem cell genes (Sox2, Oct4, Nanog, Bmi-1, and Rex-1), and show activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. CD24+ cells possess typical CSC characteristics that include enhanced cell proliferation, increased colony and sphere formation, maintenance of cell differentiation potential in prolonged culture, and enhanced resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Notably, CD24+ cells produce tumors following inoculation of as few as 500 cells in immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice. CD24+ cells further show increased invasion ability in vitro, which correlates with enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9. In summary, our results suggest that CD24 represents a novel CSC biomarker in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Applied Toxicology, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ling Wang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Sheng Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - K. P. Shravan Kumar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hung-Chi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Applied Toxicology, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Jung Chang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chen Lu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Teng Huang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - David M. Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - John D. Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JDY); (HCL)
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JDY); (HCL)
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