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Gong J, Kim DM, Freeman MR, Kim H, Ellis L, Smith B, Theodorescu D, Posadas E, Figlin R, Bhowmick N, Freedland SJ. Genetic and biological drivers of prostate cancer disparities in Black men. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:274-289. [PMID: 37964070 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Black men with prostate cancer have historically had worse outcomes than white men with prostate cancer. The causes of this disparity in outcomes are multi-factorial, but a potential basis is that prostate cancers in Black men are biologically distinct from prostate cancers in white men. Evidence suggests that genetic and ancestral factors, molecular pathways involving androgen and non-androgen receptor signalling, inflammation, epigenetics, the tumour microenvironment and tumour metabolism are contributing factors to the racial disparities observed. Key genetic and molecular pathways linked to prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness have potential clinical relevance. Describing biological drivers of prostate cancer disparities could inform efforts to improve outcomes for Black men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel M Kim
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyung Kim
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bethany Smith
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edwin Posadas
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Figlin
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil Bhowmick
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Abdelwahed KS, Siddique AB, Ebrahim HY, Qusa MH, Mudhish EA, Rad AH, Zerfaoui M, Abd Elmageed ZY, El Sayed KA. Pseurotin A Validation as a Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Recurrence-Suppressing Lead via PCSK9-LDLR Axis Modulation. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:215. [PMID: 37103355 PMCID: PMC10144979 DOI: 10.3390/md21040215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) cells can de novo biosynthesize their own cholesterol and overexpress proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). PCSK9 proved to contribute to mCRPC cell motility since PCSK9 knockdown (KD) in mCRPC CWR-R1ca cells led to notable reductions in cell migration and colony formation. Human tissue microarray results proved a higher immunohistoscore in patients ≥ 65 years old, and PCSK9 proved to be expressed higher at an early Gleason score of ≤7. The fermentation product pseurotin A (PS) suppressed PCSK9 expression, protein-protein interactions with LDLR, and breast and prostate cancer recurrences. PS suppressed migration and colony formation of the CWR-R1ca cells. The progression and metastasis of the CWR-R1ca-Luc cells subcutaneously (sc) xenografted into male nude mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 11% fat content) showed nearly 2-fold tumor volume, metastasis, serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and PCSK9 levels versus mice fed a regular chow diet. Daily oral PS 10 mg/kg treatments prevented the locoregional and distant tumor recurrence of CWR-R1ca-Luc engrafted into nude mice after primary tumor surgical excision. PS-treated mice showed a significant reduction in serum cholesterol, LDL-C, PCSK9, and PSA levels. These results comprehensively validate PS as an mCRPC recurrence-suppressive lead by modulating the PCSK9-LDLR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoun S. Abdelwahed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Abu Bakar Siddique
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Hassan Y. Ebrahim
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Mohammed H. Qusa
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Ethar A. Mudhish
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Ashkan H. Rad
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Mourad Zerfaoui
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71203, USA
| | - Khalid A. El Sayed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
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Gaballah MSA, Ali HEA, Hassan ZA, Mahgoub S, Ali HI, Rhim JS, Zerfaoui M, El Sayed KA, Stephen D, Sylvester PW, Abd Elmageed ZY. Small extracellular vesicle-associated miR-6068 promotes aggressive phenotypes of prostate cancer through miR-6068/HIC2/SIRT1 axis. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:4015-4027. [PMID: 36119841 PMCID: PMC9442005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) remains a clinically unmet need. We aimed to determine the levels of small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-associated microRNAs (miRs); miR-4737, miR-6068, and miR-6076 in a large panel of PCa cells and delineate the biological significance of miR-6068 in promoting PCa cells. sEVs were isolated from the conditioned medium of PCa cells, followed by RNA extraction and quantitative Real-Time PCR analysis. Functional assays were performed, and the protein expression of hypermethylated in cancer 2 (HIC2), as a potential miR-6068 target gene, was evaluated in PCa tissues by immunohistochemistry. sEV-associated miR-6068, miR-4737, and miR-6076 levels displayed large and significant differences compared to normal cells. miR-6068 was explicitly upregulated in sEV of PC-3 and CWR-R1ca cells (P<0.010). Suppression of miR-6068 in CWR-R1ca cells decreased cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell migration. In contrast, upregulation of miR-6068 in RC77T/E cells decreased HIC2 levels and increased cell aggressive phenotypes. The overexpression of HIC2 in PCa tissues was primarily observed in the cytoplasm compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and normal tissues (P<0.0001). This study confirms the differential packaging of miR-4737, miR-6068, and miR-6076 in sEVs of PCa cells. MiR-6068 promotes PCa cells to acquire aggressive phenotypes by inhibiting the HIC2/Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S A Gaballah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station 77843, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan UniversityHelwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Hamdy E A Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station 77843, USA
| | - Zeinab A Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan UniversityHelwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Shahenda Mahgoub
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan UniversityHelwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Hamid I Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station 77843, USA
| | - Johng S Rhim
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of The Health SciencesBethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Mourad Zerfaoui
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of MedicineNew Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Khalid A El Sayed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at MonroeMonroe, LA 71203, USA
| | - David Stephen
- Department of Pathology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic MedicineAuburn, LA 36832, USA
| | - Paul W Sylvester
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at MonroeMonroe, LA 71203, USA
| | - Zakaria Y Abd Elmageed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station 77843, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Louisiana at MonroeMonroe, LA 71203, USA
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Gadkar S, Thakur M, Desouza J, Bhowmick S, Patel V, Chaudhari U, Acharya KK, Sachdeva G. Estrogen receptor expression is modulated in human and mouse prostate epithelial cells during cancer progression. Steroids 2022; 184:109036. [PMID: 35413338 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substantial data posit estrogen receptors (ERs) as promising targets for prostate cancer (PCa) therapeutics. However, the trials on assessing the chemo-preventive or therapeutic potential of ER targeting drugs or selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have not yet established their clinical benefits. This could be ascribed to a possible modulation in the ER expression during PCa progression. Further it is warranted to test various ER targeting drugs in appropriate preclinical models that simulate human ER expression pattern during PCa progression. The study was undertaken to revisit the existing data on the epithelial ER expression pattern in human cancerous prostates and experimentally determine whether these patterns are replicated in TRAMP (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate) mice, a model for human PCa. Estradiol (E2) binding to the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells and its modulation during the PCa progression in TRAMP were also investigated. A reassessment of the existing data revealed a trend towards downregulation in the epithelial expression of wild-type ESR1 transcripts in high-grade PCa, compared to non-cancerous prostate in humans. Next, epithelial cell-enriched populations from TRAMP prostates (TP) displaying low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (LGPIN), high-grade PIN (HGPIN), HGPIN with well-differentiated carcinoma (PIN + WDC), WDC (equivalent to grade 2/3 human PCa), and poorly-differentiated carcinoma (PDC-equivalent to grade 4/5 human PCa) revealed significantly higher Esr1 and Esr2 levels in HGPIN and significantly reduced levels in WDC, compared to respective age-matched control prostates. These patterns for the nuclear ERs were similar to the trend shown by E2 binding to the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells during PCa progression in TRAMP. E2 binding to epithelial cells (EpCAM+), though significantly higher in TPs displaying LGPIN, decreased significantly as the disease progressed to WDC. The study highlights a reduction in the epithelial ESR level with the PCa progression and this pattern was evident in both humans and TRAMP. These observations may have major implications in refining PCa therapeutics targeting ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushama Gadkar
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Mohini Thakur
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Junita Desouza
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Shilpa Bhowmick
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-NIRRCH, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-NIRRCH, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Uddhav Chaudhari
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Kshitish K Acharya
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Shodhaka Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru (Bangalore) 560100, India
| | - Geetanjali Sachdeva
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai 400012, India.
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5
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Ye F, Han X, Shao Y, Lo J, Zhang F, Wang J, Melamed J, Deng FM, Sfanos KS, De Marzo A, Ren G, Wang D, Zhang D, Lee P. Identification of novel biomarkers differentially expressed between African-American and Caucasian-American prostate cancer patients. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:1660-1670. [PMID: 35530298 PMCID: PMC9077070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality rate vary among racial and ethnic groups with the highest occurrence in African American (AA) men who have mortality rates twice that of Caucasians (CA). In this study, we focused on differential expression of proteins in AA prostate cancer compared to CA using Protein Pathway Array Analysis (PPAA), in order to identify protein biomarkers associated with PCa racial disparity. Fresh frozen prostate samples (n=90) obtained from radical prostatectomy specimens with PCa, including 25 AA tumor, 21 AA benign, 23 CA tumor, 21 CA benign samples were analyzed. A total of 286 proteins and phosphoproteins were assessed using PPAA. By PPAA analysis, 33 proteins were found to be significantly differentially expressed in tumor tissue (n=48, including both CA and AA) in comparison to benign tissue (n=42). We further compared protein expression levels between AA and CA tumor groups and found that 3 proteins were differentially expressed (P<0.05 and q<5%). Aurora was found to be significantly increased in AA tumors, while Cyclin D1 and HNF-3a proteins were downregulated in AA tumors. Predicted risk score was significantly different between AA and CA ethnic groups using logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, we identified Aurora, Cyclin D1 and HNF-3a proteins as being differentially expressed between AA and CA in PCa tissue. Our study suggests that these proteins might be involved in different pathways that lead to aggressive PCa behavior in AA patients, potentially serving as biomarkers for the PCa racial disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Han
- Department of Biostatstics, New York University School of MedicineNew York, USA
| | - Yonzhao Shao
- Department of Biostatstics, New York University School of MedicineNew York, USA
| | - Jingzhi Lo
- Department of Genomic Medicine Unit, SanofiWaltham, MA, USA
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, USA
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, USA
| | - Fang-Ming Deng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, USA
| | - Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guoping Ren
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Zhejiang UniversityZhejiang, China
| | - Dongwen Wang
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen CenterGuangdong, China
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, USA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, USA
- Department of New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of MedicineNew York, USA
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Makboul R, Abdelkawi IF, Badary DM, Hussein MRA, Rhim JS, Toraih EA, Zerfaoui M, Abd Elmageed ZY. Transmembrane and Tetratricopeptide Repeat Containing 4 Is a Novel Diagnostic Marker for Prostate Cancer with High Specificity and Sensitivity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051029. [PMID: 33925440 PMCID: PMC8146280 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The histopathologic diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) from biopsies is a current challenge if double or triple staining is needed. Therefore, there is an urgent need for development of a new reliable biomarker to diagnose PCa patients. We aimed to explore and compare the expression of TMTC4 in PCa cells and tissue specimens and evaluate its sensitivity and specificity. The expression of TMTC4 in PCa and normal prostate epithelial cells was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of TMTC4 was performed on tissues collected from PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Our results show a high expression of TMTC4 on mRNA and protein levels in PCa versus BPH1 and normal cells (p < 0.05). IHC results show strong cytoplasmic expressions in PCa cases (p < 0.001) as compared to BPH cases. The overall accuracy as measured by the AUC was 1.0 (p < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of the protein were 100% and 96.6%, respectively. Taken together, we report a high TMTC4 expression in PCa cells and tissues and its ability to differentiate between PCa and BPH with high sensitivity and specificity. This finding can be carried over to clinical practice after its confirmation by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Makboul
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71111, Egypt; (R.M.); (D.M.B.); (M.R.A.H.)
| | - Islam F. Abdelkawi
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71111, Egypt;
| | - Dalia M. Badary
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71111, Egypt; (R.M.); (D.M.B.); (M.R.A.H.)
| | - Mahmoud R. A. Hussein
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71111, Egypt; (R.M.); (D.M.B.); (M.R.A.H.)
| | - Johng S. Rhim
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Eman A. Toraih
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.A.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mourad Zerfaoui
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.A.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71203, USA
- Correspondence:
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Exosomes-Mediated Transfer of Itga2 Promotes Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells by Inducing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082300. [PMID: 32824235 PMCID: PMC7466113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although integrin alpha 2 subunit (ITGA2) mediates cancer progression and metastasis, its transfer by exosomes has not been investigated in prostate cancer (PCa). We aimed to determine the role of exosomal ITGA2 derived from castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) cells in promoting aggressive phenotypes in androgen receptor (AR)-positive cells. Exosomes were co-incubated with recipient cells and tested for different cellular assays. ITGA2 was enriched in exosomes derived from CRPC cells. Co-culture of AR-positive cells with CRPC-derived exosomes increased their proliferation, migration, and invasion by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which was reversed via ITGA2 knockdown or inhibition of exosomal uptake by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). Ectopic expression of ITGA2 reproduced the effect of exosomal ITGA2 in PCa cells. ITGA2 transferred by exosomes exerted its effect within a shorter time compared to that triggered by its endogenous expression. The difference of ITGA2 protein expression in localized tumors and those with lymph node metastatic tissues was indistinguishable. Nevertheless, its abundance was higher in circulating exosomes collected from PCa patients when compared with normal subjects. Our findings indicate the possible role of the exosomal-ITGA2 transfer in altering the phenotype of AR-positive cells towards more aggressive phenotype. Thus, interfering with exosomal cargo transfer may inhibit the development of aggressive phenotype in PCa cells.
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Loss of Estrogen Receptors is Associated with Increased Tumor Aggression in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4227. [PMID: 32144339 PMCID: PMC7060328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) responds to 17β-estradiol via estrogen-receptor (ER, transcribed from ESR1) dependent mechanisms, but is not recognized as a hormonally responsive cancer. 17β-estradiol production by LSCC cell lines UM-SCC-11A and UM-SCC-12 was examined. Wild type (WT) and ESR1-silenced LSCC cultures and xenografts were examined for 17β-estradiol responsiveness in vivo. 14 LSCC and surrounding epithelial samples at various pathological stages were obtained from patients; ERα and ERβ expression were verified using data from the total cancer genome atlas. UM-SCC-11A and UM-SCC-12 both produce 17β-estradiol, but only UM-SCC-12, not UM-SCC-11A, xenograft tumors grow larger in vivo in response to systemic 17β-estradiol treatments. ERα66 and ERα36 expression inversely correlated with clinical cancer stage and tumor burden. LSCC ERα66 expression was higher compared to surrounding epithelia in indolent samples but lower in aggressive LSCC. ERβ expression was highly variable. High ESR1 expression correlated with improved survival in LSCC. Loss of ERα66 expression inversely correlated with prognosis in LSCC. ERα66 may be a histopathological marker of aggression in LSCC.
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9
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Zhang J, Ye ZW, Townsend DM, Hughes-Halbert C, Tew KD. Racial disparities, cancer and response to oxidative stress. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:343-383. [PMID: 31349903 PMCID: PMC7104807 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At the intersection of genetics, biochemistry and behavioral sciences, there is a largely untapped opportunity to consider how ethnic and racial disparities contribute to individual sensitivity to reactive oxygen species and how these might influence susceptibility to various cancers and/or response to classical cancer treatment regimens that pervasively result in the formation of such chemical species. This chapter begins to explore these connections and builds a platform from which to consider how the disciplines can be strengthened further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Chanita Hughes-Halbert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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10
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Piyarathna DWB, Balasubramanian A, Arnold JM, Lloyd SM, Karanam B, Castro P, Ittmann MM, Putluri N, Navone N, Jones JA, Yu W, Sandulache VC, Sikora AG, Michailidis G, Sreekumar A. ERR1 and PGC1α associated mitochondrial alterations correlate with pan-cancer disparity in African Americans. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2351-2356. [PMID: 30920960 PMCID: PMC6546480 DOI: 10.1172/jci127579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African American (AA) patients have higher cancer mortality rates and shorter survival times compared to European American (EA) patients. Despite a significant focus on socioeconomic factors, recent findings strongly argue the existence of biological factors driving this disparity. Most of these factors have been described in a cancer-type specific context rather than a pan-cancer setting. METHODS A novel in silico approach based on Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) coupled to Transcription Factor enrichment was carried out to identify common biological drivers of pan-cancer racial disparity using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Mitochondrial content in patient tissues was examined using a multi-cancer tissue microarray approach (TMA). RESULTS Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was uniquely enriched in AA tumors compared to EA tumors across various cancer types. AA tumors also showed strong enrichment for the ERR1-PGC1α-mediated transcriptional program, which has been implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis. TMA analysis revealed that AA cancers harbor significantly more mitochondria compared to their EA counterparts. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight changes in mitochondria as a common distinguishing feature between AA and EA tumors in a pan-cancer setting, and provide the rationale for the repurposing of mitochondrial inhibitors to treat AA cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akhila Balasubramanian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, and
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James M. Arnold
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, and
| | - Stacy M. Lloyd
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, and
| | | | - Patricia Castro
- Department of Pathology and
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael M. Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, and
| | - Nora Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Jones
- Michael E. DeBakey Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Department of Urology and
| | | | - Vlad C. Sandulache
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew G. Sikora
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - George Michailidis
- Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, and
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Ali HEA, Lung PY, Sholl AB, Gad SA, Bustamante JJ, Ali HI, Rhim JS, Deep G, Zhang J, Abd Elmageed ZY. Dysregulated gene expression predicts tumor aggressiveness in African-American prostate cancer patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16335. [PMID: 30397274 PMCID: PMC6218553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying the health disparity of prostate cancer (PCa) have not been fully determined. In this study, we applied bioinformatic approach to identify and validate dysregulated genes associated with tumor aggressiveness in African American (AA) compared to Caucasian American (CA) men with PCa. We retrieved and analyzed microarray data from 619 PCa patients, 412 AA and 207 CA, and we validated these genes in tumor tissues and cell lines by Real-Time PCR, Western blot, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses. We identified 362 differentially expressed genes in AA men and involved in regulating signaling pathways associated with tumor aggressiveness. In PCa tissues and cells, NKX3.1, APPL2, TPD52, LTC4S, ALDH1A3 and AMD1 transcripts were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05) compared to normal cells. IHC confirmed the overexpression of TPD52 (p = 0.0098) and LTC4S (p < 0.0005) in AA compared to CA men. ICC and Western blot analyses additionally corroborated this observation in PCa cells. These findings suggest that dysregulation of transcripts in PCa may drive the disparity of PCa outcomes and provide new insights into development of new therapeutic agents against aggressive tumors. More studies are warranted to investigate the clinical significance of these dysregulated genes in promoting the oncogenic pathways in AA men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy E A Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Kingsville, TX, USA.,Department of Radiobiological Applications, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Pei-Yau Lung
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Andrew B Sholl
- Departments of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shaimaa A Gad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Juan J Bustamante
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Hamed I Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Johng S Rhim
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Zakaria Y Abd Elmageed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Kingsville, TX, USA.
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12
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Fingolimod interrupts the cross talk between estrogen metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism within prostate cancer cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 291:77-85. [PMID: 29654831 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are critical regulators of tumor microenvironments and play an important role in estrogen-dependent cancers. Estrogen and estrogen metabolites were found to be involved in prostate cancer. Fingolimod (FTY720) is a sphingokinase-1 (SphK1) inhibitor with anticancer properties against various tumor cell types. Herein, we investigated the interference of FTY720 with the cross talk between sphingolipid metabolism and estrogen metabolism within prostate cancer cells. FTY720 showed cytotoxic antiproliferative effects against androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells with IC50 ranging from 3.0 ± 0.3 to 6.8 ± 1.7 μM. Exposure of prostate cancer cells to FTY720 resulted in a dramatic decrease in the concentration of estradiol, estrone, 4-hydroxyestradiol and 16α-hydroxyestrone compared to control cells. However, FTY720 significantly increased the concentration of 2-methoxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol within prostate cancer cells. This was mirrored by significant downregulating of the expression of estrogen and catechol estrogen-synthesizing enzymes (CYP19, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) within prostate cancer cells. On the other hand, FTY720 significantly upregulated the expression of catechol estrogen-detoxifying enzyme (COMT). Additionally, FTY720 abolished estrogen-stimulated expression of ERα and basal expression of ERβ within prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, FTY720 suppressed the expression of the ER-downstream regulated genes, CXCR4 and cyclin D1. Reciprocally, it was found that estradiol and catechol estrogens significantly induced the expression of SphK1 while methoxylated catechol estrogen suppressed its expression within prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Current research has highlighted the hazardous influence of the estrogenic component to prostate cancer. We found that fingolimod (FTY720) could modulate the estrogenic micromilieu and interrupt its cross talk with sphingolipid metabolism.
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13
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Boibessot C, Toren P. Sex steroids in the tumor microenvironment and prostate cancer progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R179-R196. [PMID: 29317479 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is uniquely dependent on androgens. Despite years of research on the relationship between androgens and prostate cancer, many questions remain as to the biological effects of androgens and other sex steroids during prostate cancer progression. This article reviews the clinical and basic research on the influence of sex steroids such as androgens, estrogens and progesterone within the prostate tumor microenvironment on the progression of prostate cancer. We review clinical studies to date evaluating serum sex steroids as prognostic biomarkers and discuss their respective biological effects within the prostate tumor microenvironment. We also review the link between genomic alterations and sex steroid levels within prostate tumors. Finally, we highlight the links between sex steroid levels and the function of the immune system within the tumor microenvironment. As the context of treatment of lethal prostate cancer evolves over time, an understanding of this underlying biology remains central to developing optimal treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Boibessot
- Department of SurgeryLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Toren
- Department of SurgeryLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Karakas C, Wang C, Deng F, Huang H, Wang D, Lee P. Molecular mechanisms involving prostate cancer racial disparity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2017; 5:34-48. [PMID: 29181436 PMCID: PMC5698597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. The African (AA) descent has greater incidence and mortality rates of PCa as compared to Caucasian (CA) men. While socioeconomic differences across racial groups contribute to disparity in PCa, increasing evidence points that genetic and molecular alterations play important roles in racial disparities associated with PCa. In this review, we focus on genetic and molecular influences that contribute to racial disparity between AA and CA men including: androgen and estrogen receptor signaling pathways, growth factors, apoptotic proteins, genetic, genomic and epigenetic alterations. Future translational studies will identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers for AA PCa and assist in the development of new targeted-therapies specifically for AA men with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Karakas
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Cassie Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Fangming Deng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Hongying Huang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Dongwen Wang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Department of New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
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15
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Freedland SJ, Vidal AC, Howard LE, Terris MK, Cooperberg MR, Amling CL, Kane CJ, Aronson WJ. Race and risk of metastases and survival after radical prostatectomy: Results from the SEARCH database. Cancer 2017; 123:4199-4206. [PMID: 28654204 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black race is associated with prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis and poor outcome. Previously, the authors reported that black men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) in equal-access hospitals had an increased risk of biochemical disease recurrence (BCR), but recurrences were equally aggressive as those occurring in white men. The authors examined the association between race and long-term outcomes after RP. METHODS Data regarding 1665 black men (37%) and 2791 white men (63%) undergoing RP were analyzed. Using Cox models, the authors tested the association between race and BCR, BCR with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time <9 months (aggressive disease recurrence), metastases, PC-specific death, and overall death. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 102 months, 1566 men (35%) developed BCR, 217 men (5%) experienced aggressive disease recurrence, 193 men (4%) developed metastases, and 1207 men (27%) had died, 107 of whom (2%) died of PC. White men were older and had a lower preoperative PSA level, a lower biopsy and pathological grade group, and more capsular penetration but less seminal vesicle invasion and positive surgical margins versus black men (all P<.05). Black men were found to have a more recent surgery year (P<.001). On univariable analysis, black race was associated with increased BCR (P = .003) and reduced overall death (P = .017). On multivariable analysis, black race was not found to be associated with BCR (hazard ratio [HR], 1.07; P = .26), aggressive recurrence (HR, 1.14; P = .42), metastasis (HR, 1.24; P = .21), PC-specific death (HR, 1.03; P = .91), or overall death (HR, 1.03; P = .67). CONCLUSIONS Among men undergoing RP at equal-access centers, although black men were found to have an increased risk of BCR, they had similar risks of aggressive disease recurrence, metastasis, and PC-specific death compared with white men, and the risk of BCR was found to be similar after controlling for risk parameters. Longer follow-up is needed to confirm these findings. Cancer 2017;123:4199-4206. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Freedland
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adriana C Vidal
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Martha K Terris
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia.,Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Matthew R Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,University of California at San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Christopher J Kane
- Division of Urology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - William J Aronson
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Urology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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16
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Nelson AW, Groen AJ, Miller JL, Warren AY, Holmes KA, Tarulli GA, Tilley WD, Katzenellenbogen BS, Hawse JR, Gnanapragasam VJ, Carroll JS. Comprehensive assessment of estrogen receptor beta antibodies in cancer cell line models and tissue reveals critical limitations in reagent specificity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 440:138-150. [PMID: 27889472 PMCID: PMC5228587 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen Receptor-β (ERβ) has been implicated in many cancers. In prostate and breast cancer its function is controversial, but genetic studies implicate a role in cancer progression. Much of the confusion around ERβ stems from antibodies that are inadequately validated, yet have become standard tools for deciphering its role. Using an ERβ-inducible cell system we assessed commonly utilized ERβ antibodies and show that one of the most commonly used antibodies, NCL-ER-BETA, is non-specific for ERβ. Other antibodies have limited ERβ specificity or are only specific in one experimental modality. ERβ is commonly studied in MCF-7 (breast) and LNCaP (prostate) cancer cell lines, but we found no ERβ expression in either, using validated antibodies and independent mass spectrometry-based approaches. Our findings question conclusions made about ERβ using the NCL-ER-BETA antibody, or LNCaP and MCF-7 cell lines. We describe robust reagents, which detect ERβ across multiple experimental approaches and in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Nelson
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK; Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Arnoud J Groen
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK
| | - Jodi L Miller
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kelly A Holmes
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK
| | - Gerard A Tarulli
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Hanson Institute Building, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Hanson Institute Building, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Benita S Katzenellenbogen
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Vincent J Gnanapragasam
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK.
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17
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Deshmukh SK, Azim S, Ahmad A, Zubair H, Tyagi N, Srivastava SK, Bhardwaj A, Singh S, Rocconi RP, Singh AP. Biological basis of cancer health disparities: resources and challenges for research. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1-12. [PMID: 28123843 PMCID: PMC5250676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Last few decades have witnessed remarkable progress in our understanding of cancer initiation and progression leading to refinement of prevention and treatment approaches. Although these advances have improved the survival of cancer patients in general, certain racial/ethnic groups have benefited only partially. Footprints of cancer-associated racial disparities are very much evident in cancers of the prostate, breast, cervical, colorectal, endometrium, liver and lung. These health inequalities are mostly attributed to socioeconomic differences among races, but there is a growing realization that these may actually be due to inherent biological differences as well. Indeed, significant data now exist to support the biological basis of racial disparities in cancer, warranting basic research investigations, using appropriate tools and model systems. In this article, we have aimed to succinctly review the literature supporting the biological bases of racial disparities in cancer, along with available resources, databases and model systems that will be of interest to researchers. Moreover, we have highlighted the specific areas that need attention in terms of development of resources and/or tools, and discuss the opportunities and challenges in basic biological research in cancer health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin K Deshmukh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Shafquat Azim
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Haseeb Zubair
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Nikhil Tyagi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Sanjeev K Srivastava
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama 36604, USA
- Division of Cell Biology and Genetics, Tatva Biosciences, Coastal Innovation Hub600 Clinic Drive, 3 Floor, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA
| | - Arun Bhardwaj
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama 36604, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama 36688, USA
| | - Rodney P Rocconi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Clinical Oncology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Ajay P Singh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama 36604, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama 36688, USA
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18
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Di Zazzo E, Galasso G, Giovannelli P, Di Donato M, Di Santi A, Cernera G, Rossi V, Abbondanza C, Moncharmont B, Sinisi AA, Castoria G, Migliaccio A. Prostate cancer stem cells: the role of androgen and estrogen receptors. Oncotarget 2016; 7:193-208. [PMID: 26506594 PMCID: PMC4807992 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men, and androgen deprivation therapy still represents the primary treatment for prostate cancer patients. This approach, however, frequently fails and patients develop castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is almost untreatable. Cancer cells are characterized by a hierarchical organization, and stem/progenitor cells are endowed with tumor-initiating activity. Accumulating evidence indicates that prostate cancer stem cells lack the androgen receptor and are, indeed, resistant to androgen deprivation therapy. In contrast, these cells express classical (α and/or β) and novel (GPR30) estrogen receptors, which may represent new putative targets in prostate cancer treatment. In the present review, we discuss the still-debated mechanisms, both genomic and non-genomic, by which androgen and estradiol receptors (classical and novel) mediate the hormonal control of prostate cell stemness, transformation, and the continued growth of prostate cancer. Recent preclinical and clinical findings obtained using new androgen receptor antagonists, anti-estrogens, or compounds such as enhancers of androgen receptor degradation and peptides inhibiting non-genomic androgen functions are also presented. These new drugs will likely lead to significant advances in prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Santi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Agostino Sinisi
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Diseases, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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19
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Lau KM, To KF. Importance of Estrogenic Signaling and Its Mediated Receptors in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1434. [PMID: 27589731 PMCID: PMC5037713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) treatment was first established by Huggins and Hodges in 1941, primarily described as androgen deprivation via interference of testicular androgen production. The disease remains incurable with relapse of hormone-refractory cancer after treatments. Epidemiological and clinical studies disclosed the importance of estrogens in PCa. Discovery of estrogen receptor ERβ prompted direct estrogenic actions, in conjunction with ERα, on PCa cells. Mechanistically, ERs upon ligand binding transactivate target genes at consensus genomic sites via interactions with various transcriptional co-regulators to mold estrogenic signaling. With animal models, Noble revealed estrogen dependencies of PCa, providing insight into potential uses of antiestrogens in the treatment. Subsequently, various clinical trials were conducted and molecular and functional consequences of antiestrogen treatment in PCa were delineated. Besides, estrogens can also trigger rapid non-genomic signaling responses initiated at the plasma membrane, at least partially via an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR30. Activation of GPR30 significantly inhibited in vitro and in vivo PCa cell growth and the underlying mechanism was elucidated. Currently, molecular networks of estrogenic and antiestrogenic signaling via ERα, ERβ and GPR30 in PCa have not been fully deciphered. This crucial information could be beneficial to further developments of effective estrogen- and antiestrogen-based therapy for PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Mang Lau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, and Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, and Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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20
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Kim H, Datta A, Talwar S, Saleem SN, Mondal D, Abdel-Mageed AB. Estradiol-ERβ2 signaling axis confers growth and migration of CRPC cells through TMPRSS2-ETV5 gene fusion. Oncotarget 2016; 8:62820-62833. [PMID: 28968951 PMCID: PMC5609883 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) splice variants are implicated in prostate cancer (PC) progression; however their underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We report that non-canonical activation of estradiol (E2)-ERβ2 signaling axis primes growth, colony-forming ability and migration of the androgen receptor (AR)-null castration-resistant PC (CRPC) cells under androgen-deprived conditions (ADC). The non-classical E2-ERβ2 mediates phosphorylation and activation of Src-IGF-1R complex, which in turn triggers p65-dependent transcriptional upregulation of the androgen-regulated serine protease TMPRSS2:ETV5a/TMPRSS2:ETV5b gene fusions under ADC. siRNA silencing of TMPRSS2 and/or ETV5 suggests that TMPRSS2:ETV5 fusions facilitates the E2-ERβ induced growth and migration effects via NF-κB-dependent induction of cyclin D1 and MMP2 and MMP9 in PC-3 cells. Collectively, our results unravel the functional significance of oncogenic TMPRSS2:ETV5 fusions in mediating growth and migration of E2-ERβ2 signaling axis in CRPC cells. E2-ERβ2 signaling axis may have significant therapeutic and prognostic implications in patients with CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hogyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| | - Amrita Datta
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| | - Sudha Talwar
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| | - Sarmad N Saleem
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| | - Debasis Mondal
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| | - Asim B Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA.,Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
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21
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Nakajima Y, Osakabe A, Waku T, Suzuki T, Akaogi K, Fujimura T, Homma Y, Inoue S, Yanagisawa J. Estrogen Exhibits a Biphasic Effect on Prostate Tumor Growth through the Estrogen Receptor β-KLF5 Pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:144-56. [PMID: 26483416 PMCID: PMC4702593 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00625-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are effective in the treatment of prostate cancer; however, the effects of estrogens on prostate cancer are enigmatic. In this study, we demonstrated that estrogen (17β-estradiol [E2]) has biphasic effects on prostate tumor growth. A lower dose of E2 increased tumor growth in mouse xenograft models using DU145 and PC-3 human prostate cancer cells, whereas a higher dose significantly decreased tumor growth. We found that anchorage-independent apoptosis in these cells was inhibited by E2 treatment. Similarly, in vivo angiogenesis was suppressed by E2. Interestingly, these effects of E2 were abolished by knockdown of either estrogen receptor β (ERβ) or Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factor 5 (KLF5). Ιn addition, E2 suppressed KLF5-mediated transcription through ERβ, which inhibits proapoptotic FOXO1 and proangiogenic PDGFA expression. Furthermore, we revealed that a nonagonistic ER ligand GS-1405 inhibited FOXO1 and PDGFA expression through the ERβ-KLF5 pathway and regulated prostate tumor growth without ERβ transactivation. Therefore, these results suggest that E2 biphasically modulates prostate tumor formation by regulating KLF5-dependent transcription through ERβ and provide a new strategy for designing ER modulators, which will be able to regulate prostate cancer progression with minimal adverse effects due to ER transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nakajima
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Asami Osakabe
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Waku
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kensuke Akaogi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fujimura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junn Yanagisawa
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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22
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Mueller JW, Gilligan LC, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Foster PA. The Regulation of Steroid Action by Sulfation and Desulfation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:526-63. [PMID: 26213785 PMCID: PMC4591525 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfation and desulfation are fundamental pathways vital for a functional vertebrate endocrine system. After biosynthesis, hydrophobic steroids are sulfated to expedite circulatory transit. Target cells express transmembrane organic anion-transporting polypeptides that facilitate cellular uptake of sulfated steroids. Once intracellular, sulfatases hydrolyze these steroid sulfate esters to their unconjugated, and usually active, forms. Because most steroids can be sulfated, including cholesterol, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and estrone, understanding the function, tissue distribution, and regulation of sulfation and desulfation processes provides significant insights into normal endocrine function. Not surprisingly, dysregulation of these pathways is associated with numerous pathologies, including steroid-dependent cancers, polycystic ovary syndrome, and X-linked ichthyosis. Here we provide a comprehensive examination of our current knowledge of endocrine-related sulfation and desulfation pathways. We describe the interplay between sulfatases and sulfotransferases, showing how their expression and regulation influences steroid action. Furthermore, we address the role that organic anion-transporting polypeptides play in regulating intracellular steroid concentrations and how their expression patterns influence many pathologies, especially cancer. Finally, the recent advances in pharmacologically targeting steroidogenic pathways will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Mueller
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Foster
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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23
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Koong LY, Watson CS. Rapid, nongenomic signaling effects of several xenoestrogens involved in early- vs. late-stage prostate cancer cell proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4161/23273747.2014.995003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Y Koong
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department; University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX USA
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24
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Abd Elmageed ZY, Yang Y, Thomas R, Ranjan M, Mondal D, Moroz K, Fang Z, Rezk BM, Moparty K, Sikka SC, Sartor O, Abdel-Mageed AB. Neoplastic reprogramming of patient-derived adipose stem cells by prostate cancer cell-associated exosomes. Stem Cells 2015; 32:983-97. [PMID: 24715691 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are often recruited to tumor sites but their functional significance in tumor growth and disease progression remains elusive. Herein we report that prostate cancer (PC) cell microenvironment subverts PC patient adipose-derived stem cells (pASCs) to undergo neoplastic transformation. Unlike normal ASCs, the pASCs primed with PC cell conditioned media (CM) formed prostate-like neoplastic lesions in vivo and reproduced aggressive tumors in secondary recipients. The pASC tumors acquired cytogenetic aberrations and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and expressed epithelial, neoplastic, and vasculogenic markers reminiscent of molecular features of PC tumor xenografts. Our mechanistic studies revealed that PC cell-derived exosomes are sufficient to recapitulate formation of prostate tumorigenic mimicry generated by CM-primed pASCs in vivo. In addition to downregulation of the large tumor suppressor homolog2 and the programmed cell death protein 4, a neoplastic transformation inhibitor, the tumorigenic reprogramming of pASCs was associated with trafficking by PC cell-derived exosomes of oncogenic factors, including H-ras and K-ras transcripts, oncomiRNAs miR-125b, miR-130b, and miR-155 as well as the Ras superfamily of GTPases Rab1a, Rab1b, and Rab11a. Our findings implicate a new role for PC cell-derived exosomes in clonal expansion of tumors through neoplastic reprogramming of tumor tropic ASCs in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Y Abd Elmageed
- Department of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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25
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the commonest, non-cutaneous cancer in men. At present, there is no cure for the advanced, castration-resistant form of the disease. Estrogen has been shown to be important in prostate carcinogenesis, with evidence resulting from epidemiological, cancer cell line, human tissue and animal studies. The prostate expresses both estrogen receptor alpha (ERA) and estrogen receptor beta (ERB). Most evidence suggests that ERA mediates the harmful effects of estrogen in the prostate, whereas ERB is tumour suppressive, but trials of ERB-selective agents have not translated into improved clinical outcomes. The role of ERB in the prostate remains unclear and there is increasing evidence that isoforms of ERB may be oncogenic. Detailed study of ERB and ERB isoforms in the prostate is required to establish their cell-specific roles, in order to determine if therapies can be directed towards ERB-dependent pathways. In this review, we summarise evidence on the role of ERB in prostate cancer and highlight areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Nelson
- Cancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UKCancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Cancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UKCancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - David E Neal
- Cancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UKCancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UKCancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UKCancer Research UKCambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UKDepartment of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliaDepartment of OncologyUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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26
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Role of the adjacent stroma cells in prostate cancer development and progression: synergy between TGF-β and IGF signaling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:502093. [PMID: 25089270 PMCID: PMC4095744 DOI: 10.1155/2014/502093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review postulates the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I/IGF-II) signaling in stromal cells during prostate carcinogenesis and progression. It is known that stromal cells have a reciprocal relationship to the adjacent epithelial cells in the maintenance of structural and functional integrity of the prostate. An interaction between TGF-β and IGF signaling occupies a central part in this stromal-epithelial interaction. An increase in TGF-β and IGF signaling will set off the imbalance of this relationship and will lead to cancer development. A continuous input from TGF-β and IGF in the tumor microenvironment will result in cancer progression. Understanding of these events can help prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of prostate cancer.
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27
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Richard A, Rohrmann S, Zhang L, Eichholzer M, Basaria S, Selvin E, Dobs AS, Kanarek N, Menke A, Nelson WG, Platz EA. Racial variation in sex steroid hormone concentration in black and white men: a meta-analysis. Andrology 2014; 2:428-35. [PMID: 24648111 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones are associated with chronic diseases and mortality with risk associations that differ between racial and ethnic groups. However, it is currently unclear whether sex steroid hormone levels differ between black and white men. The aim of this study was to assess racial variation in circulating testosterone, free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and estradiol levels in men. We searched PubMed for articles comparing circulating hormones in black and white men. A meta-analysis was performed using weighted mean differences (WMD) to compare hormones levels between black and white men. Fifteen eligible studies were identified; three did not report adjusted means. After age adjustment, free testosterone levels were significantly higher in black than in white men (WMD = 4.07 pg/mL, 95% CI 1.26, 6.88). Depending on the free testosterone concentration in white men, this WMD translates into a racial difference ranging from 2.5 to 4.9%. Total testosterone (WMD = 0.10 ng/mL, 95% CI -0.02, 0.22), estradiol (WMD = 0.67 pg/mL, 95% CI -0.04, 1.38) and SHBG (WMD = -0.45 nmol/L, 95% CI -1.75, 0.85) concentrations did not differ comparing blacks with whites. After adjustment for age, black men have a modestly but significantly 2.5 to 4.9% higher free testosterone level than white men. Based on previous studies on effects of sex steroid hormones on risk of chronic diseases or mortality, this modest difference is unlikely to explain racial differences in disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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