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Imani A, Maleki N, Bohlouli S, Kouhsoltani M, Sharifi S, Maleki Dizaj S. Molecular mechanisms of anticancer effect of rutin. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2500-2513. [PMID: 33295678 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Because of the extensive biological functions of natural substances such as bioflavonoids, and their high safety and low costs, they could have high priority application in the health care system. The antioxidant properties of rutin, a polyphenolic bioflavonoid, have been well documented and demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological applications in cancer research. Since chemotherapeutic drugs have a wide range of side effects and rutin is a safe anticancer agent with minor side effects so recent investigations are performed for study of mechanisms of its anticancer effect. Both in-vivo and in-vitro examinations on anticancer mechanisms of this natural agent have been widely carried out. Regulation of different cellular signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, p53-independent pathway, PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, MAPK, p53, apoptosis as well as NF-ĸB signaling pathways helps to mediate the anticancer impacts of this agent. This study tried to review the molecular mechanisms of rutin anticancer effect on various types of cancer. Deep exploration of these anticancer mechanisms can facilitate the development of this beneficial compound for its application in the treatment of different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Imani
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Maleki
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Bohlouli
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Kouhsoltani
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Simin Sharifi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Zheng Y, Zhang R, Shi W, Li L, Liu H, Chen Z, Wu L. Metabolism and pharmacological activities of the natural health-benefiting compound diosmin. Food Funct 2020; 11:8472-8492. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01598a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diosmin is a famous natural flavonoid for treating chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zheng
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
| | - Weimei Shi
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
| | - Linfu Li
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
| | - Hai Liu
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
| | - Zhixi Chen
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
| | - Longhuo Wu
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
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3
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Lee MJ, Kuehne N, Hueniken K, Liang S, Rai S, Sorotsky H, Herman M, Shepshelovich D, Bruce J, Liang M, Patel D, Cheng D, Chen Z, Eng L, Brown MC, Cho J, Leighl NB, de Perrot M, Reisman D, Xu W, Bradbury PA, Liu G. Association of two BRM promoter polymorphisms and smoking status with malignant pleural mesothelioma risk and prognosis. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1960-1973. [PMID: 31355511 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Brahma (BRM), of the SWI/SNF complex, has two 6 to 7 bp insertion promoter polymorphisms (BRM-741/BRM-1321) that cause epigenetic BRM suppression, and are associated with risk of multiple cancers. BRM polymorphisms were genotyped in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cases and asbestos-exposed controls. Multivariable logistic regression (risk) and Cox regression (prognosis) were performed, including stratified analyses by smoking status to investigate the effect of polymorphisms on MPM risk and prognosis. Although there was no significant association overall between BRM-741/BRM-1321 and risk in patients with MPM, a differential effect by smoking status was observed (P-interaction < .001), where homozygous variants were protective (aOR of 0.18-0.28) in ever smokers, while never smokers had increased risk when carrying homozygous variants (aOR of 2.7-4.4). While there was no association between BRM polymorphisms and OS in ever-smokers, the aHR of carrying homozygous-variants of BRM-741, BRM-1321 or both were 4.0 to 8.6 in never-smokers when compared to wild-type carriers. Mechanistically, lower mRNA expression of BRM was associated with poorer general cancer prognosis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments (ChIP) revealed high BRM insertion variant homology to MEF2 regulatory binding sites. ChIP experimentation confirmed MEF2 binding only occurs in the presence of insertion variants. DNA-affinity purification assays revealed YWHA scaffold proteins as vital to BRM mRNA expression. Never-smokers who carry BRM homozygous variants have an increased chance of developing MPM, which results in worse prognosis. In contrast, in ever-smokers, there may be a protective effect, with no difference in overall survival. Mechanisms for the interaction between BRM and smoking require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Joon Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Kuehne
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katrina Hueniken
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shermi Liang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sudhir Rai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hadas Sorotsky
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Herman
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Shepshelovich
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeffrey Bruce
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mindy Liang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Devalben Patel
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dangxiao Cheng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lawson Eng
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Catherine Brown
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Cho
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha B Leighl
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc de Perrot
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Reisman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Penelope A Bradbury
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Korpanty GJ, Eng L, Qiu X, Faluyi OO, Renouf DJ, Cheng D, Patel D, Chen Z, Tse BC, Knox JJ, Dodbiba L, Teichman J, Azad AK, Wong R, Darling G, Reisman D, Cuffe S, Liu G, Xu W. Association of BRM promoter polymorphisms and esophageal adenocarcinoma outcome. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28093-28100. [PMID: 28427211 PMCID: PMC5438633 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Brahma (BRM) is a critical catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex; expression of BRM is commonly lost in various cancer types. BRM promoter polymorphisms (BRM-741; BRM-1321) are associated with loss of BRM expression, and with cancer risk/survival. We evaluated these two polymorphisms in the overall survival (OS) of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) patients. Results Of 270 patients, 37% were stage IV. Minor allele frequencies were 47−49%; 15% were double-homozygotes. When compared to the wild-type genotype, the homozygous variant of BRM-741 carried an adjusted OS hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.64 (95% CI:1.1−2.4); for BRM-1321, the aHR was 2.09 (95% CI:1.4−3.0). Compared to the double wild-type, carrying homozygous variants of both promoter polymorphisms (double-homozygote) yielded an aHR of 2.21 (95% CI:1.4−3.6). Directions/magnitudes of associations were similar in subsets by age, gender, smoking status, use of platinum agents, and disease stage, and for progression-free survival. Materials and Methods In a cohort of EAC patients of all stages (84% male; median age of 64 years), two BRM polymorphisms were genotyped. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for known prognostic variables, estimated the association of polymorphisms with OS. Conclusions BRM polymorphisms were associated with OS in EAC in this study. Validation studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz J Korpanty
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Department of Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Lawson Eng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xin Qiu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Biostatistics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olusola Olusesan Faluyi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Renouf
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dangxiao Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Devalben Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brandon C Tse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Knox
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lorin Dodbiba
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Teichman
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca Wong
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gail Darling
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Reisman
- Department of Medicine in the College of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sinead Cuffe
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Pubic Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Biostatistics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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5
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Savas S, Skardasi G. The SWI/SNF complex subunit genes: Their functions, variations, and links to risk and survival outcomes in human cancers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 123:114-131. [PMID: 29482773 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SWI/SNF is a multiprotein complex essential for regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. In this article, we review the function and characteristics of this complex and its subunits in cancer-related phenotypes. We also present and discuss the publically available survival analysis data for TCGA patient cohorts, revealing novel relationships between the expression levels of the SWI/SNF subunit genes and patient survival times in several cancers. Overall, multiple lines of research point to a wide-spread role for the SWI/SNF complex genes in human cancer susceptibility and patient survival times. Examples include the mutations in ARID1A with cancer-driving effects, associations of tumor SWI/SNF gene expression levels and patient survival times, and two BRM promoter region polymorphisms linked to risk or patient outcomes in multiple human cancers. These findings should motivate comprehensive studies in order to fully dissect these relationships and verify the potential clinical utility of the SWI/SNF genes in controlling cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevtap Savas
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada; Discipline of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Georgia Skardasi
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
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6
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Marquez-Vilendrer SB, Thompson K, Lu L, Reisman D. Mechanism of BRG1 silencing in primary cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56153-56169. [PMID: 27486753 PMCID: PMC5302903 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BRG1 (SMARCA4) is a documented tumor suppressor and a key subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex that is silenced in many cancer types. Studies have shown that BRG1 is mutated in cancer-derived cell lines, which led to the assertion that BRG1 is also mutated in primary human tumors. However, the sequencing of BRG1-deficient tumors has revealed a paucity of mutations; hence, the cause of BRG1 silencing in tumors remains an enigma. We conducted immunohistochemistry (IHC) on a number of tumor microarrays to characterize the frequency of BRG1 loss in different tumor types. We also analyzed BRG1-deficient tumors by sequencing the genomic DNA and the mRNA. We then tested if BRG1 expression could be induced in BRG1-negative cell lines (i.e., that lack mutations in BRG1) after the application of several different epigenetic agents, including drugs that inhibit the AKT pathway. We found that a subset of BRG1-negative cell lines also demonstrated aberrant splicing of BRG1, and in at least 30% of BRG1-deficient tumors, BRG1 expression appeared to be suppressed due to aberrant BRG1 splicing. As the majority of BRG1-deficient tumors lack mutations or splicing defects that could drive BRG1 loss of expression, this suggests that other mechanisms underlie BRG1 silencing. To this end, we analyzed 3 BRG1-deficient nonmutated cancer cell lines and found that BRG1 was inducible in these cell lines upon inhibition of the AKT pathway. We show that the loss of BRG1 is associated with the loss of E-cadherin and up-regulation of Vimentin in primary tumors, which explains why BRG1 loss is associated with a poor prognosis in multiple tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Thompson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David Reisman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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7
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Pasic I, Wong KM, Lee JJ, Espin-Garcia O, Brhane Y, Cheng D, Chen Z, Patel D, Brown C, Bucur R, Reisman D, Knox JJ, Xu W, Hung RJ, Liu G, Cleary SP. Two BRM promoter polymorphisms predict poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:106-113. [PMID: 28892201 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the promoter of the BRM gene, a critical subunit of the chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF complex, have previously been implicated in risk and prognosis in Caucasian-predominant lung, head and neck, esophageal, and pancreatic cancers, and in hepatocellular cancers in Asians. We investigated the role of these polymorphisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk and prognosis. HCC cases were recruited in a comprehensive cancer center while the matched controls were recruited from family practice units from the same catchment area. For risk analyses, unconditional logistic regression analyses were performed in HCC patients and matched healthy controls. Overall survival analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard models, Kaplan-Meier curves, and log-rank tests. In 266 HCC cases and 536 controls, no association between either BRM promoter polymorphism (BRM-741 or BRM-1321) and risk of HCC was identified (P > 0.10 for all comparisons). There was significant worsening of overall survival as the number of variant alleles increased: BRM-741 per variant allele adjusted hazards ratio (aHR) 5.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.89-11.54 and BRM-1321 per variant allele aHR 4.09, 95%CI 2.22-7.51. The effects of these two polymorphisms were at least additive, where individuals who were double homozygotes for the variant alleles had a 45-fold increase in risk of death when compared to those who were double wild-type for the two polymorphisms. Two BRM promoter polymorphisms were strongly associated with HCC prognosis but were not associated with increased HCC susceptibility. The association was strongest in double homozygotes for the allele variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pasic
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kit M Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonghun J Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Osvaldo Espin-Garcia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yonathan Brhane
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dangxiao Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Devalben Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine Brown
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roxana Bucur
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer J Knox
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sean P Cleary
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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8
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SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcoma: a distinctive clinicopathological entity with undifferentiated rhabdoid morphology and aggressive behavior. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:1422-1432. [PMID: 28643792 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A distinct subset of thoracic sarcomas with undifferentiated rhabdoid morphology and SMARCA4 inactivation has recently been described, and potential targeted therapy for SMARC-deficient tumors is emerging. We sought to validate the clinicopathological features of SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcomas. Clinicopathological information was gathered for 40 undifferentiated thoracic tumors with rhabdoid morphology (mediastinum (n=18), lung (n=14), pleura (n=8)). Thymic carcinomas (n=11) were used as a comparison group. Immunohistochemistry included BRG1 (SMARCA4), BRM (SMARCA2), INI-1 (SMARCB1), pan-cytokeratin, desmin, NUT, S-100 protein, TTF1, CD34, and SOX2. BRG1 loss was present in 12 of 40 rhabdoid thoracic tumors (30%): 7 of 18 in mediastinum (39%), 2 of 8 in pleura (25%), and 3 of 14 in lung (21%). All BRG1-deficient tumors tested for BRM (n=8) showed concomitant loss. All thymic carcinomas showed retained BRG1 and INI-1. Morphologically, tumors with BRG1 loss showed sheets of monotonous ovoid cells with indistinct cell borders, abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, and prominent nucleoli. Scattered areas with rhabdoid morphology (ie, eccentric nuclei, dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, discohesion) were present in all the cases. SMARCA4/BRG1-deficient sarcomas showed rare cells positive for cytokeratin in 10 cases (83%). One showed rare TTF1-positive cells. All were negative for desmin, NUT, and S-100 protein. CD34 was positive in three of five (60%) BRG1-deficient tumors tested. SOX2 was positive in all four BRG1-deficient tumors tested, and negative in all seven tested cases with retained BRG1. SMARCA4/BRG1-deficient sarcomas occurred at median age of 59 years (range 44-76) with male predominance (9:3) and had worse 2-year survival compared with BRG1-retained tumors (12.5% vs 64.4%, P=0.02). SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcomas can be identified based on their distinctive high-grade rhabdoid morphology, and the diagnosis can be confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Identification of these tumors is clinically relevant due to their aggressive behavior, poor prognosis, and potential targeted therapy.
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9
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Khairy Abd M, Abu-Bakr H A. Radiosensitizing Efficacy of Diosmin- Hesperidin Complex Against Ehrlich Solid Carcinoma in Mice, A Potential Role of Histone Deacetylase and Pro-angiogenic Chaperones Targeting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH 2017; 13:59-70. [DOI: 10.3923/ijcr.2017.59.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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10
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Marquez-Vilendrer SB, Rai SK, Gramling SJ, Lu L, Reisman DN. BRG1 and BRM loss selectively impacts RB and P53, respectively: BRG1 and BRM have differential functions in vivo. Oncoscience 2016; 3:337-350. [PMID: 28105458 PMCID: PMC5235922 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SWI/SNF complex is an important regulator of gene expression that functions by interacting with a diverse array of cellular proteins. The catalytic subunits of SWI/SNF, BRG1 and BRM, are frequently lost alone or concomitantly in a range of different cancer types. This loss abrogates SWI/SNF complex function as well as the functions of proteins that are required for SWI/SNF function, such as RB1 and TP53. Yet while both proteins are known to be dependent on SWI/SNF, we found that BRG1, but not BRM, is functionally linked to RB1, such that loss of BRG1 can directly or indirectly inactivate the RB1 pathway. This newly discovered dependence of RB1 on BRG1 is important because it explains why BRG1 loss can blunt the growth-inhibitory effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We also observed that selection for Trp53 mutations occurred in Brm-positive tumors but did not occur in Brm-negative tumors. Hence, these data indicate that, during cancer development, Trp53 is functionally dependent on Brm but not Brg1. Our findings show for the first time the key differences in Brm- and Brg1-specific SWI/SNF complexes and help explain why concomitant loss of Brg1 and Brm frequently occurs in cancer, as well as how their loss impacts cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudhir K Rai
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Jb Gramling
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David N Reisman
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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11
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Marquez-Vilendrer SB, Rai SK, Gramling SJ, Lu L, Reisman DN. Loss of the SWI/SNF ATPase subunits BRM and BRG1 drives lung cancer development. Oncoscience 2016; 3:322-336. [PMID: 28105457 PMCID: PMC5235921 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of Brg1 and Brm accelerated lung tumor development, shortened tumor latency, and caused a loss of differentiation. Tumors with Brg1 and/or Brm loss recapitulated the evolution of human lung cancer as observed by the development of local tumor invasion as well as distal tumor metastasis, thereby making this model useful in lung cancer studies. Brg1 loss contributed to metastasis in part by driving E-cadherin loss and Vimentin up-regulation. By changing more than 6% of the murine genome with the down-regulation of tumor suppressors, DNA repair, differentiation and cell adhesion genes, and the concomitant up-regulation of oncogenes, angiogenesis, metastasis and antiapoptosis genes, caused by the dual loss of Brg1/Brm further accelerated tumor development. Additionally, this Brg1/Brm-driven change in gene expression resulted in a nearly two-fold increase in tumorigenicity in Brg1/Brm knockout mice compared with wild type mice. Most importantly, Brg1/Brm-driven lung cancer development histologically and clinically reflects human lung cancer development thereby making this GEMM model potentially useful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudhir K Rai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Jb Gramling
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - David N Reisman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
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Liu G, Cuffe S, Liang S, Azad AK, Cheng L, Brhane Y, Qiu X, Cescon DW, Bruce J, Chen Z, Cheng D, Patel D, Tse BC, Laurie SA, Goss G, Leighl NB, Hung R, Bradbury PA, Seymour L, Shepherd FA, Tsao MS, Chen BE, Xu W, Reisman DN. BRM Promoter Polymorphisms and Survival of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients in the Princess Margaret Cohort and CCTG BR.24 Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2460-2470. [PMID: 27827316 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: BRM, a key catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, is a putative tumor susceptibility gene that is silenced in 15% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Two novel BRM promoter polymorphisms (BRM-741 and BRM-1321) are associated with reversible epigenetic silencing of BRM protein expression.Experimental Design: Advanced NSCLC patients from the Princess Margaret (PM) cohort study and from the CCTG BR.24 clinical trial were genotyped for BRM promoter polymorphisms. Associations of BRM variants with survival were assessed using log-rank tests, the method of Kaplan and Meier, and Cox proportional hazards models. Promoter swap, luciferase assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments evaluated polymorphism function. In silico analysis of publicly available gene expression datasets with outcome were performed.Results: Carrying the homozygous variants of both polymorphisms ("double homozygotes", DH) when compared with those carrying the double wild-type was associated with worse overall survival, with an adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) of 2.74 (95% CI, 1.9-4.0). This was confirmed in the BR.24 trial (aHR, 8.97; 95% CI, 3.3-18.5). Lower BRM gene expression (by RNA-Seq or microarray) was associated with worse outcome (P < 0.04). ChIP and promoter swap experiments confirmed binding of MEF2D and HDAC9 only to homozygotes of each polymorphism, associated with reduced promoter activity in the DH.Conclusions: Epigenetic regulatory molecules bind to two BRM promoter sequence variants but not to their wild-type sequences. These variants are associated with adverse overall and progression-free survival. Decreased BRM gene expression, seen with these variants, is also associated with worse overall survival. Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2460-70. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sinead Cuffe
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lu Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yonathan Brhane
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Qiu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W Cescon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Bruce
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dangxiao Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devalben Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon C Tse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Glenwood Goss
- Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha B Leighl
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rayjean Hung
- Lunenfeld Research Institute and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Penelope A Bradbury
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lesley Seymour
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frances A Shepherd
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bingshu E Chen
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Concomitant loss of SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 expression in small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:60-6. [PMID: 26564006 PMCID: PMC4697871 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type is an aggressive tumor generally affecting young women with limited treatment options. Mutations in SMARCA4, a catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, have recently been identified in nearly all small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type cases and represent a signature molecular feature for this disease. Additional biological dependencies associated with small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type have not been identified. SMARCA2, another catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF complex mutually exclusive with SMARCA4, is thought to be post-translationally silenced in various cancer types. We analyzed 10 archival small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type cases for SMARCA2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry and found that SMARCA2 expression was lost in all but one case. None of the 50 other tumors that primarily or secondarily involved the ovary demonstrated concomitant loss of SMARCA2 and SMARCA4. Deep sequencing revealed that this loss of SMARCA2 expression is not the result of mutational inactivation. In addition, we established a small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type patient-derived xenograft and confirmed the loss of SMARCA2 in this in vitro model. This patient-derived xenograft model, established from a recurrent tumor, also had unexpected mutational features for this disease, including functional mutations in TP53 and POLE. Taken together, our data suggest that concomitant loss of SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 is another hallmark of small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type-a finding that offers new opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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Thompson KW, Marquez SB, Lu L, Reisman D. Induction of functional Brm protein from Brm knockout mice. Oncoscience 2015; 2:349-61. [PMID: 26097869 PMCID: PMC4468321 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Once the knockout of the Brm gene was found to be nontumorigenic in mice, the study of BRM's involvement in cancer seemed less important compared with that of its homolog, Brg1. This has likely contributed to the disparity that has been observed in the publication ratio between BRG1 and BRM. We show that a previously published Brm knockout mouse is an incomplete knockout whereby a truncated isoform of Brm is detected in normal tissue and in tumors. We show that this truncated Brm isoform has functionality comparable to wild type Brm. By immunohistochemistry (IHC), this truncated Brm is undetectable in normal lung tissue and is minimal to very low in Brmnull tumors. However, it is significant in a subset (~40%) of Brg1/Brm double knockout (DKO) tumors that robustly express this truncated BRM, which in part stems from an increase in Brm mRNA levels. Thus, it is likely that this mutant mouse model does not accurately reflect the role that Brm plays in cancer development. We suggest that the construction of a completely new mouse Brm knockout, where Brm is functionally absent, is needed to determine whether or not Brm is actually tumorigenic and if Brm might be a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W. Thompson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stefanie B. Marquez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David Reisman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Marquez SB, Thompson KW, Lu L, Reisman D. Beyond Mutations: Additional Mechanisms and Implications of SWI/SNF Complex Inactivation. Front Oncol 2015; 4:372. [PMID: 25774356 PMCID: PMC4343012 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED SWI/SNF is a major regulator of gene expression. Its role is to facilitate the shifting and exposure of DNA segments within the promoter and other key domains to transcription factors and other essential cellular proteins. This complex interacts with a wide range of proteins and does not function within a single, specific pathway; thus, it is involved in a multitude of cellular processes, including DNA repair, differentiation, development, cell adhesion, and growth control. Given SWI/SNF's prominent role in these processes, many of which are important for blocking cancer development, it is not surprising that the SWI/SNF complex is targeted during cancer initiation and progression both by mutations and by non-mutational mechanisms. Currently, the understanding of the types of alterations, their frequency, and their impact on the SWI/SNF subunits is an area of intense research that has been bolstered by a recent cadre of NextGen sequencing studies. These studies have revealed mutations in SWI/SNF subunits, indicating that this complex is thus important for cancer development. The purpose of this review is to put into perspective the role of mutations versus other mechanisms in the silencing of SWI/SNF subunits, in particular, BRG1 and BRM. In addition, this review explores the recent development of synthetic lethality and how it applies to this complex, as well as how BRM polymorphisms are becoming recognized as potential clinical biomarkers for cancer risk. SIGNIFICANCE Recent reviews have detailed the occurrence of mutations in nearly all SWI/SNF subunits, which indicates that this complex is an important target for cancer. However, when the frequency of mutations in a given tumor type is compared to the frequency of subunit loss, it becomes clear that other non-mutational mechanisms must play a role in the inactivation of SWI/SNF subunits. Such data indicate that epigenetic mechanisms that are known to regulate BRM may also be involved in the loss of expression of other SWI/SNF subunits. This is important since epigenetically silenced genes are inducible, and thus, the reversal of the silencing of these non-mutationally suppressed subunits may be a viable mode of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie B Marquez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Kenneth W Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - David Reisman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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Perk AA, Shatynska-Mytsyk I, Gerçek YC, Boztaş K, Yazgan M, Fayyaz S, Farooqi AA. Rutin mediated targeting of signaling machinery in cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:124. [PMID: 25493075 PMCID: PMC4260193 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in our understanding of molecular oncology has started to shed light on dysregulation of spatio-temporally controlled signaling pathways, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, tumour and normal stem cell quiescence, overexpression of oncogenes, extracellular and stromal microenvironments, epigenetics and autophagy. Sequentially and characteristically it has been shown that cancer cells acquire the ability to escape from apoptotic cell death, proliferate uncontrollably, sustain angiogenesis and tactfully reconstitute intracellular pathways to avoid immune surveillance. We have attempted to provide a recent snapshot of most recent progress with emphasis on how rutin modulates wide ranging intracellular signaling cascades as evidenced by in-vitro and in-vivo research. It is worth describing that 'single-cell proteomics' analysis has further improved our understanding regarding intracellular signaling pathways frequently activated in cancer cells resistant to therapeutics and can provide biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Data obtained from preclinical studies will prove to be helpful for scientists to bridge basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliye Aras Perk
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34460 Turkey
| | - Iryna Shatynska-Mytsyk
- Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Therapy Department, Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yusuf Can Gerçek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34460 Turkey
| | - Kadir Boztaş
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34460 Turkey
| | - Mevzule Yazgan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34460 Turkey
| | - Sundas Fayyaz
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, 35 Km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, 35 Km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
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