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Falsetti I, Palmini G, Iantomasi T, Brandi ML, Tonelli F. Mechanisms of Action of Phytoestrogens and Their Role in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:640. [PMID: 38794302 PMCID: PMC11125335 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a rare disease characterized by the development of adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum already in adolescence. If left untreated, patients develop colorectal cancer (CRC) with a 100% probability. To date, the gold standard of FAP management is surgery, which is associated with morbidity and mortality. A chemopreventive agent capable of delaying, preventing and reversing the development of CRC has been sought. Several classes of drugs have been used but to date no chemopreventive drug has been found for the management of this disease. In recent years, the importance of estrogen receptors in FAP and CRC, particularly the β subtype, has emerged. Indeed, the expression of the latter is strongly reduced in adenomatous polyps and CRC and is inversely correlated with the aggressiveness of the disease. Since phytoestrogens have a high affinity for this receptor, they have been suggested for use as chemopreventive agents in FAP and CRC. A combination of phytoestrogens and insoluble fibres has proved particularly effective. In this review, the various mechanisms of action of phytoestrogens were analyzed and the effectiveness of using phytoestrogens as an effective chemopreventive strategy was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Falsetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.F.); (T.I.)
| | - Gaia Palmini
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulle Malattie dell’Osso (FIRMO Onlus), 50129 Florence, Italy; (G.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Teresa Iantomasi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.F.); (T.I.)
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulle Malattie dell’Osso (FIRMO Onlus), 50129 Florence, Italy; (G.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Francesco Tonelli
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulle Malattie dell’Osso (FIRMO Onlus), 50129 Florence, Italy; (G.P.); (M.L.B.)
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Antarctic krill extracts enhance muscle regeneration and muscle function via mammalian target of rapamycin regulation. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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Coras R, Pedersen B, Narasimhan R, Brandy A, Mateo L, Prior-Español A, Kavanaugh A, Armando AM, Jain M, Quehenberger O, Martínez-Morillo M, Guma M. Imbalance Between Omega-6- and Omega-3-Derived Bioactive Lipids in Arthritis in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:415-425. [PMID: 32361743 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) are common rheumatic diseases in older adults. Oxylipins are bioactive lipids derived from omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that serve as activators or suppressors of systemic inflammation. We hypothesized that arthritis symptoms in older adults were related to oxylipin-related perturbations. Arthritis in older adults (ARTIEL) is an observational prospective cohort with 64 patients older than 60 years of age with newly diagnosed arthritis. Patients' blood samples at baseline and 3 months posttreatment were compared with 18 controls. A thorough clinical examination was conducted. Serum oxylipins were determined by mass spectrometry. Data processing and statistical analysis were performed in R. Forty-four patients were diagnosed with EORA and 20 with PMR. At diagnosis, EORA patients had a mean DAS28CRP (Disease Activity Score 28 using C-reactive protein) of 5.77 (SD 1.02). One hundred percent of PMR patients reported shoulder pain and 90% reported pelvic pain. Several n-6- and n-3-derived oxylipin species were significantly different between controls and arthritis patients. The ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFA was significantly downregulated in EORA but not in PMR patients as compared to controls. The top two candidates as biomarkers for differentiating PMR from EORA were 4-HDoHE, a hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid, and 8,15-dihydroxy-eicosatrienoic acid (8,15-diHETE). The levels of n-3-derived anti-inflammatory species increased in EORA after treatment. These results suggest that certain oxylipins may be key effectors in arthrtis in older adults and that the imbalance between n-6- and n-3-derived oxylipins might be related to pathobiology in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Coras
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego.,Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Brian Pedersen
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Rekha Narasimhan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Anahy Brandy
- Department of Rheumatology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateo
- Department of Rheumatology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Agueda Prior-Español
- Department of Rheumatology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Arthur Kavanaugh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Aaron M Armando
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Monica Guma
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego.,Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Serini S, Cassano R, Trombino S, Calviello G. Nanomedicine-based formulations containing ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: potential application in cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2809-2828. [PMID: 31114196 PMCID: PMC6488162 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s197499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) are dietary factors involved in the prevention of cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. A multidisciplinary approach – based on recent findings in nutritional science, lipid biochemistry, biotechnology, and biology of inflammation and cancer – has been recently employed to develop ω-3 PUFA-containing nanoformulations with an aim to protect these fatty acids from degradation, increase their bioavailability and delivery to target tissues, and, thus, enhance their bioactivity. In some cases, these nanoformulations were designed to administer ω-3 PUFAs in combination with other nutraceuticals or conventional/innovative drugs. The aim of this strategy was to increase the activities of the compounds contained in the nanoformulation and to reduce the adverse effects often induced by drugs. We herein analyze the results of papers evaluating the potential use of ω-3 PUFA-containing nanomaterials in fighting cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Future directions in this field of research are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serini
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy, .,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli 00168 Roma, Italy,
| | - Roberta Cassano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Università della Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy,
| | - Sonia Trombino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Università della Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy,
| | - Gabriella Calviello
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy, .,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli 00168 Roma, Italy,
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Omega-3 PUFA Loaded in Resveratrol-Based Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Physicochemical Properties and Antineoplastic Activities in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020586. [PMID: 29462928 PMCID: PMC5855808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies are being investigated to ameliorate the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of the drugs currently used in colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most common malignancies in the Western world. Data have been accumulated demonstrating that the antineoplastic therapies with either conventional or single-targeted drugs could take advantage from a combined treatment with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA). These nutrients, shown to be safe at the dosage generally used in human trials, are able to modulate molecules involved in colon cancer cell growth and survival. They have also the potential to act against inflammation, which plays a critical role in CRC development, and to increase the anti-cancer immune response. In the present study, omega-3 PUFA were encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) having a lipid matrix containing resveratrol esterified to stearic acid. Our aim was to increase the efficiency of the incorporation of these fatty acids into the cells and prevent their peroxidation and degradation. The Resveratrol-based SLN were characterized and investigated for their antioxidant activity. It was observed that the encapsulation of omega-3 PUFA into the SLN enhanced significantly their incorporation in human HT-29 CRC cells in vitro, and their growth inhibitory effects in these cancer cells, mainly by reducing cell proliferation.
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