1
|
Li W, Liu B, Lin Y, Xue P, Lu Y, Song S, Li Y, Szeto IMY, Ren F, Guo H. The application of lactoferrin in infant formula: The past, present and future. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5748-5767. [PMID: 36533432 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2157792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is universally regarded as the gold standard to fulfill nutrition needs of infants. Lactoferrin (LF) is a major multiple bioactive glycoprotein in human milk but little is presented in infant formula. LF can resist digestion in the infant gastrointestinal tract and is absorbed into the bloodstream in an intact form to perform physiological functions. Evidence suggest that LF prevents pathogen infection, promotes immune system development, intestinal development, brain development and bone health, as well as ameliorates iron deficiency anemia. However, more clinical studies of LF need to be further elucidated to determine an appropriate dosage for application in infant formula. LF is sensitive to denaturation induced by processing of infant formula such as heat treatments and spay drying. Thus, further studies should be focus on maximizing the retention of LF activity in the infant formula process. This review summarizes the structural features of LF. Then the digestion, absorption and metabolism of LF in infants are discussed, followed by the function of LF for infants. Further, we summarize LF in infant formula and effects of processing of infant formula on bioactivities of LF, as well as future perspectives of LF research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wusun Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Biao Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Yingying Lin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Peng Xue
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Sijia Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ignatius Man-Yau Szeto
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd, Hohhot, PR China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Evaluation of 2'-Fucosyllactose and Bifidobacterium longum Subspecies infantis on Growth, Organ Weights, and Intestinal Development of Piglets. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010199. [PMID: 35011074 PMCID: PMC8747721 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is rich in oligosaccharides that influence intestinal development and serve as prebiotics for the infant gut microbiota. Probiotics and 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL) added individually to infant formula have been shown to influence infant development, but less is known about the effects of their synbiotic administration. Herein, the impact of formula supplementation with 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL) and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Bi-26 (Bi-26), or 2’-FL + Bi-26 on weight gain, organ weights, and intestinal development in piglets was investigated. Two-day-old piglets (n = 53) were randomized in a 2 × 2 design to be fed a commercial milk replacer ad libitum without (CON) or with 1.0 g/L 2’-FL. Piglets in each diet were further randomized to receive either glycerol stock alone or Bi-26 (109 CFU) orally once daily. Body weights and food intake were monitored from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 33/34. On PND 34/35, animals were euthanized and intestine, liver and brain weights were assessed. Intestinal samples were collected for morphological analyses and measurement of disaccharidase activity. Dry matter of cecum and colon contents and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis abundance by RT-PCR were also measured. All diets were well tolerated, and formula intake did not differ among the treatment groups. Daily body weights were affected by 2’-FL, Bi-26, and day, but no interaction was observed. There was a trend (p = 0.075) for greater total body weight gain in CON versus all other groups. Jejunal and ascending colon histomorphology were unaffected by treatment; however, there were main effects of 2’-FL to increase (p = 0.040) and Bi-26 to decrease (p = 0.001) ileal crypt depth. The addition of 2’-FL and/or Bi-26 to milk replacer supported piglet growth with no detrimental effects on body and organ weights, or intestinal structure and function.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides and Human Milk Oligosaccharides Modulate the Gut Microbiota Composition and Volatile Fatty Acid Concentrations in a Preclinical Neonatal Model. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050884. [PMID: 33919138 PMCID: PMC8143120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (OS) shape microbiome structure and function, but their relative abundances differ between species. Herein, the impact of the human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) (2′-fucosyllactose [2′FL] and lacto-N-neotetraose [LNnT]) and OS isolated from bovine milk (BMOS) on microbiota composition and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in ascending colon (AC) contents and feces was assessed. Intact male piglets received diets either containing 6.5 g/L BMOS (n = 12), 1.0 g/L 2′FL + 0.5 g/L LNnT (HMO; n = 12), both (HMO + BMOS; n = 10), or neither (CON; n = 10) from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 34. Microbiota were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and real-time PCR, and VFA were measured by gas chromatography. The microbiota was affected by OS in an intestine region-specific manner. BMOS reduced (p < 0.05) microbial richness in the AC, microbiota composition in the AC and feces, and acetate concentrations in AC, regardless of HMO presence. HMO alone did not affect overall microbial composition, but increased (p < 0.05) the relative proportion of specific taxa, including Blautia, compared to other groups. Bacteroides abundance was increased (p < 0.05) in the AC by BMOS and synergistically by BMOS + HMO in the feces. Distinct effects of HMO and BMOS suggest complementary and sometimes synergistic benefits of supplementing a complex mixture of OS to formula.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fleming SA, Hauser J, Yan J, Donovan SM, Wang M, Dilger RN. A Mediation Analysis to Identify Links between Gut Bacteria and Memory in Context of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Microorganisms 2021; 9:846. [PMID: 33920826 PMCID: PMC8071191 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating relationships between the gut and brain is of intense research focus. Multiple studies have demonstrated that modulation of the intestinal environment via prebiotics or probiotics can induce cognitively beneficial effects, such as improved memory or reduced anxiety. However, the mechanisms by which either act remain largely unknown. We previously demonstrated that different types of oligosaccharides affected short- and long-term memory in distinct ways. Given that the oligosaccharide content of human milk is highly variable, and that formula-fed infants typically do not consume similar amounts or types of oligosaccharides, their potential effects on brain development warrant investigation. Herein, a mediation analysis was performed on existing datasets, including relative abundance of bacterial genera, gene expression, brain volume, and cognition in young pigs. Analyses revealed that numerous bacterial genera in both the colon and feces were related to short- and/or long-term memory. Relationships between genera and memory appeared to differ between diets. Mediating variables frequently included GABAergic and glutamatergic hippocampal gene expression. Other mediating variables included genes related to myelination, transcription factors, brain volume, and exploratory behavior. Overall, this analysis identified multiple pathways between the gut and brain, with a focus on genes related to excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Hauser
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Jian Yan
- Nestlé Product Technology Center Nutrition, CH-1800 Vevey, Switzerland;
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.M.D.); (M.W.)
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.M.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Traverse Science, Inc., Champaign, IL 61820, USA;
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hao Y, Wang J, Teng D, Wang X, Mao R, Yang N, Ma X. A prospective on multiple biological activities of lactoferrin contributing to piglet welfare. Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 99:66-72. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Piglets, especially weaning piglets, show a lower level of immunity and higher morbidity and mortality, owing to their rapid growth, physiological immaturity, and gradual reduction of maternal antibodies, which seriously affects their growth and thus, value. It is important that piglets adapt to nutrient digestion and absorption and develop sound intestinal function and colonization with gut microbiota as soon as possible during their early life stage. Lactoferrin is a natural glycoprotein polypeptide that is part of the transferrin family. It is widely found in mucosal secretions such as saliva and tears, and most highly in milk and colostrum. As a multifunctional bioactive protein and a recommended food additive, lactoferrin is a potential alternative therapy to antibiotics and health promoting additive for piglet nutrition and development. It is expected that lactoferrin, as a natural food additive, could play an important role in maintaining pig health and development. This review examines the following known beneficial effects of lactoferrin: improves the digestion and capacity for absorption in the intestinal tract; promotes the absorption of iron and reduces the incidence of iron deficiency anemia; regulates intestinal function and helps to balance the microbial biota; and enhances the resistance to disease of the piglets via modulating and enhancing the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Na Yang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Xuanxuan Ma
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smith BN, Hannas M, Orso C, Martins SMMK, Wang M, Donovan SM, Dilger RN. Dietary osteopontin-enriched algal protein as nutritional support in weaned pigs infected with F18-fimbriated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5909275. [PMID: 32954424 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary osteopontin (OPN)-enriched algal protein on growth, immune status, and fecal fermentation profiles of weaned pigs challenged with a live infection of F18-fimbriated enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). At 21 d of age, 54 pigs (5.95 ± 0.28 kg BW; blocked by BW) were allotted to 1 of 3 experimental groups combining dietary and health statuses. A control diet, containing 1% wild-type algal protein, was fed to both sham-inoculated (NC) and ETEC-inoculated (PC) pigs, while the test diet contained 1% OPN-enriched algal protein as fed only to ETEC-inoculated pigs (OA). All pigs received their assigned dietary treatment starting at study initiation to permit a 10-d acclimation period prior to inoculation. Growth performance, fecal dry matter, as well as hematological, histopathological, immune, and microbiota outcomes were analyzed by ANOVA, where treatment and time were considered as fixed effects and pig as a random effect; significance was accepted at P < 0.05. Overall, ETEC-inoculated pigs (PC and OA) exhibited decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F, as well as increased (P < 0.05) peripheral blood helper T-cells and total leukocyte counts, compared with NC pigs during the postinoculation period. The OA treatment also elicited the highest (P < 0.05) concentrations of circulating tumor necrosis factor-α and volatile fatty acid concentrations in luminal contents at various postinoculation time-points, compared with other treatments. A principal coordinate analysis based on Unifrac weighted distances indicated that NC and OA groups had similar overall bacterial community structures, while PC pigs exhibited greater diversity, but infection status had no impact on α-diversity. Osteopontin-specific effects on microbial community structure included enrichment within Streptococcus and Blautia genera and decreased abundance of 12 other genera as compared with PC pigs. Overall, ETEC-infected pigs receiving 1% OPN-enriched algal protein exhibited changes immunity, inflammatory status, and colonic microbial community structure that may benefit weanling pigs experiencing F18 ETEC infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N Smith
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Melissa Hannas
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Catiane Orso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | | | - Mei Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chatterton DEW, Aagaard S, Hesselballe Hansen T, Nguyen DN, De Gobba C, Lametsch R, Sangild PT. Bioactive proteins in bovine colostrum and effects of heating, drying and irradiation. Food Funct 2021; 11:2309-2327. [PMID: 32108849 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02998b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC) contains bioactive proteins, such as immunoglobulin G (IgG), lactoferrin (LF) and lactoperoxidase (LP). BC was subjected to low-temperature, long-time pasteurization (LTLT, 63 °C, 30 min) or high-temperature, short-time pasteurization (HTST, 72 °C, 15 s) and spray-drying (SD), with or without γ-irradiation (GI, ∼14 kGy) to remove microbial contamination. Relative to unpasteurized liquid BC, SD plus GI increased protein denaturation by 6 and 11%, respectively, increasing to 19 and 27% after LTLT and to 48% after HTST, with no further effects after GI (all P < 0.05). LTLT, without or with GI, resulted in 15 or 29% denaturation of IgG, compared with non-pasteurized BC, and 34 or 58% for HTST treatment (all P < 0.05, except LTLT without GI). For IgG, only GI, not SD or LTLT, increased denaturation (30-38%, P < 0.05) but HTST increased denaturation to 40%, with further increases after GI (60%, P < 0.05). LTLT and HTST reduced LP levels (56 and 81% respectively) and LTLT reduced LF levels (21%), especially together with GI (47%, P < 0.05). Denaturation of BSA, β-LgA, β-LgB and α-La were similar to IgG. Methionine, a protective amino acid against free oxygen radicals, was oxidised by LTLT + GI (P < 0.05) while LTLT and HTST had no effect. Many anti-inflammatory proteins, including serpin anti-proteinases were highly sensitive to HTST and GI but preserved after LTLT pasteurization. LTLT, followed by SD is an optimal processing technique preserving bioactive proteins when powdered BC is used as a diet supplement for sensitive patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasha Aagaard
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark. and Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Denmark
| | | | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Denmark
| | - Cristian De Gobba
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark.
| | - René Lametsch
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Denmark.
| | - Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pei JJ, Tang J. [A review on the relationship between breast milk nutrients and brain development in preterm infants]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21:607-612. [PMID: 31208518 PMCID: PMC7389585 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is the preferred food for preterm infants. In recent years, the role of breast milk in the brain development of preterm infants has attracted more and more attention. Studies have shown that the effect of breastfeeding on neurodevelopment and long-term cognitive outcome of preterm infants may persist into childhood, adolescence, and even adulthood. The nutrients in breast milk, such as oligosaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and lactoferrin, play an important role in this process. This article reviews the latest research advances in the role of breast milk nutrients in the brain development of preterm infants and elaborates on the concept and function of each nutrient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jun Pei
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nguyen DN, Currie AJ, Ren S, Bering SB, Sangild PT. Heat treatment and irradiation reduce anti-bacterial and immune-modulatory properties of bovine colostrum. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
10
|
Telang S. Lactoferrin: A Critical Player in Neonatal Host Defense. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091228. [PMID: 30181493 PMCID: PMC6165050 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn infants are at a high risk for infection due to an under-developed immune system, and human milk has been shown to exhibit substantial anti-infective properties that serve to bolster neonatal defenses against multiple infections. Lactoferrin is the dominant whey protein in human milk and has been demonstrated to perform a wide array of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions and play a critical role in protecting the newborn infant from infection. This review summarizes data describing the structure and important functions performed by lactoferrin in protecting the neonate from infection and contributing to the maturation of the newborn innate and adaptive immune systems. We also briefly discuss clinical trials examining the utility of lactoferrin supplementation in the prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in newborn infants. The data reviewed provide rationale for the continuation of studies to examine the effects of lactoferrin administration on the prevention of sepsis in the neonate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sucheta Telang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|