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Jiang B, Pang J, Li J, Mi L, Ru D, Feng J, Li X, Zhao A, Cai L. The effects of organic food on human health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Nutr Rev 2023:nuad124. [PMID: 37930102 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Although the nutritional composition of organic food has been thoroughly researched, there is a dearth of published data relating to its impact on human health. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to examine the association between organic food intake and health effects, including changes in in vivo biomarkers, disease prevalence, and functional changes. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception through Nov 13, 2022. DATA EXTRACTION Both observational and interventional studies conducted in human populations were included, and association between level of organic food intake and each outcome was quantified as "no association," "inconsistent," "beneficial correlation/harmful correlation," or "insufficient". For outcomes with sufficient data reported by at least 3 studies, meta-analyses were conducted, using random-effects models to calculate standardized mean differences. DATA ANALYSIS Based on the included 23 observational and 27 interventional studies, the association between levels of organic food intake and (i) pesticide exposure biomarker was assessed as "beneficial correlation," (ii) toxic metals and carotenoids in the plasma was assessed as "no association," (iii) fatty acids in human milk was assessed as "insufficient," (iv) phenolics was assessed as "beneficial", and serum parameters and antioxidant status was assessed as "inconsistent". For diseases and functional changes, there was an overall "beneficial" association with organic food intake, and there were similar findings for obesity and body mass index. However, evidence for association of organic food intake with other single diseases was assessed as "insufficient" due to the limited number and extent of studies. CONCLUSION Organic food intake was found to have a beneficial impact in terms of reducing pesticide exposure, and the general effect on disease and functional changes (body mass index, male sperm quality) was appreciable. More long-term studies are required, especially for single diseases. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022350175.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Jiang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhu Pang
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Bellamy Food Trade (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junan Li
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Bellamy Food Trade (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Mi
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Bellamy Food Trade (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Ru
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxi Feng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai Zhao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Woś K, Dobrowolski H, Gajewska D, Rembiałkowska E. Organic Food Consumption and Perception among Polish Mothers of Children under 6 Years Old. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15196. [PMID: 36429913 PMCID: PMC9690996 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pro-environmental attitudes, including organic food consumption, can reduce negative impact on the environment. The consumption of organic food in Poland is rather low, but the ecological awareness of Poles is steadily increasing. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency and factors influencing the consumption of organic products and to analyze the perception of such food by mothers of children under 6 years of age (n = 667). The survey was conducted between March 2020 and May 2021 in three voivodships in Eastern Poland. The results of the survey indicate that the majority of respondents are occasional consumers of organic food (51%). The most commonly consumed organic products are eggs, vegetables and fruits, whereas the least consumed are alcoholic beverages, coffees and ready-to-eat meals. The responders' main characteristics of organic food are as follows: no genetic modification/GMO-free, no synthetic additives and having organic certification. Statistically significant correlations were found between the frequency of organic food consumption and education, financial situation as well as familiarity with the logo of the organic certificate and verifying that it is present on the packaging. The most common reasons for consuming organic food were health issues, while the high price was declared as the main barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Woś
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Gajewska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Rembiałkowska
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Kesse-Guyot E, Lairon D, Allès B, Seconda L, Rebouillat P, Brunin J, Vidal R, Taupier-Letage B, Galan P, Amiot MJ, Péneau S, Touvier M, Boizot-Santai C, Ducros V, Soler LG, Cravedi JP, Debrauwer L, Hercberg S, Langevin B, Pointereau P, Baudry J. Key Findings of the French BioNutriNet Project on Organic Food-Based Diets: Description, Determinants, and Relationships to Health and the Environment. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:208-224. [PMID: 34661620 PMCID: PMC8803492 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the relationships between organic food consumption, dietary patterns, monetary diet cost, health, and the environment. To address these issues, a consortium of French epidemiologists, nutritionists, economists, and toxicologists launched the BioNutriNet project in 2013. In 2014, an FFQ documented the usual organic and nonorganic (conventional) food consumption of approximately 35,000 NutriNet-Santé participants. Then, individual organic and conventional food intakes were merged with price, environmental, and pesticide residue data sets, which distinguished between conventional and organic farming methods. Many studies were conducted to characterize organic consumers and their environmental impacts (i.e., greenhouse gas emissions, energy demand, and land use) and organic food consumption impacts on health. We observed that organic consumers had diets that were healthier and richer in plant-based food than nonorganic consumers. Their diets were associated with higher monetary costs, lower environmental impacts, and reduced exposure to certain pesticide residues. Regular consumption of organic food was associated with reduced risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes, postmenopausal breast cancer, and lymphoma. Although several observations have been confirmed by several studies conducted in other countries, our results should be replicated in other cultural settings and coupled with experimental studies to be able to draw causal conclusions. Finally, the main finding of the BioNutriNet project is that while organic food consumption could be associated with positive externalities on human health and the environment, organic-based diets should be accompanied by dietary shifts toward plant-based diets to allow for better planetary and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Lairon
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, Centre for Cardiovascular Research and Nutrition (C2VN), Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Allès
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (INRAE), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center–University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Louise Seconda
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (INRAE), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center–University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France,Agency for the Environment and Energy Management (ADEME), Angers, France
| | - Pauline Rebouillat
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (INRAE), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center–University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Joséphine Brunin
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (INRAE), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center–University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France,Agency for the Environment and Energy Management (ADEME), Angers, France
| | | | | | - Pilar Galan
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (INRAE), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center–University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Marie-Josèphe Amiot
- MOISA, INRAE, International Cooperation in Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Institut Agro-SupAgro (SUPAGRO), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Péneau
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (INRAE), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center–University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (INRAE), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center–University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | | | - Véronique Ducros
- Biochemistry Department, Grenoble-Alpes Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Cravedi
- Toxalim, Toulouse University, INRAE, National Veterinary School (ENVT), National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse-Purpan, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- Toxalim, Toulouse University, INRAE, National Veterinary School (ENVT), National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse-Purpan, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (INRAE), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center–University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | | | | | - Julia Baudry
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (INRAE), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center–University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
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4
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Kesse-Guyot E, Rebouillat P, Payrastre L, Allès B, Fezeu LK, Druesne-Pecollo N, Srour B, Bao W, Touvier M, Galan P, Hercberg S, Lairon D, Baudry J. Prospective association between organic food consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: findings from the NutriNet-Santé cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:136. [PMID: 33167995 PMCID: PMC7653706 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic food (OF) consumption has substantially increased in high income countries, mostly driven by environmental concerns and health beliefs. Lower exposure to synthetic pesticides has been systematically documented among consumers of organic products compared to non-consumers. While experimental studies suggest that pesticides currently used in food production may be associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), no well-conducted prospective studies have investigated the potential association between consumption of organic products and the risk of T2D, controlling for potential confounding factors. The objective of this prospective study was to estimate the association between OF consumption and the risk of T2D. METHODS A total of 33,256 participants (76% women, mean (SD) age: 53 years (14)) of the French NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort study who completed the organic food frequency questionnaire were included (2014-2019). The proportion of OF in the diet (as weight without drinking water) was computed. The associations between the proportion of OF in the diet (as 5% increment and as quintiles) and the risk of T2D were estimated using multivariable Hazard Ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) derived from proportional hazards models adjusted for confounders (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical and nutritional factors). RESULTS During follow-up (mean = 4.05 y, SD = 1.03 y, 134,990 person-years), 293 incident cases of T2D were identified. After adjustment for confounders including lifestyle (physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption) and nutritional quality of the diet assessed by the adherence to the French food-based dietary guidelines, OF consumption was associated with a lower risk of T2D. Participants with the highest quintile of OF consumption, compared with those with the lowest quintile, had 35% lower risk of T2D (95% CI = 0.43-0.97). Each increment of 5% in the proportion of OF in the diet was associated with 3% lower risk of T2D (HR 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95-0.99). CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective cohort study, OF consumption was inversely associated with the risk of T2D. Further experimental and prospective studies should be conducted to confirm these observations. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT03335644 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm, Inrae, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), F- 93017, Bobigny, France.
| | - Pauline Rebouillat
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm, Inrae, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), F- 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Laurence Payrastre
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Allès
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm, Inrae, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), F- 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Léopold K Fezeu
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm, Inrae, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), F- 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm, Inrae, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), F- 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Bernard Srour
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm, Inrae, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), F- 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm, Inrae, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), F- 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Pilar Galan
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm, Inrae, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), F- 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm, Inrae, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), F- 93017, Bobigny, France
- Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Avicenne, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Denis Lairon
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Julia Baudry
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm, Inrae, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), F- 93017, Bobigny, France
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5
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Vigar V, Myers S, Oliver C, Arellano J, Robinson S, Leifert C. A Systematic Review of Organic Versus Conventional Food Consumption: Is There a Measurable Benefit on Human Health? Nutrients 2019; 12:E7. [PMID: 31861431 PMCID: PMC7019963 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current review aims to systematically assess the evidence related to human health outcomes when an organic diet is consumed in comparison to its conventional counterpart. Relevant databases were searched for articles published to January 2019. Clinical trials and observational research studies were included where they provided comparative results on direct or indirect health outcomes. Thirty-five papers met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Few clinical trials assessed direct improvements in health outcomes associated with organic food consumption; most assessed either differences in pesticide exposure or other indirect measures. Significant positive outcomes were seen in longitudinal studies where increased organic intake was associated with reduced incidence of infertility, birth defects, allergic sensitisation, otitis media, pre-eclampsia, metabolic syndrome, high BMI, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The current evidence base does not allow a definitive statement on the health benefits of organic dietary intake. However, a growing number of important findings are being reported from observational research linking demonstrable health benefits with organic food consumption. Future clinical research should focus on using long-term whole-diet substitution with certified organic interventions as this approach is more likely to determine whether or not true measurable health benefits exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vigar
- NatMed Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia; (V.V.); (C.O.); (S.R.)
- Integria Healthcare, Eight Mile Plains QLD 4113, Australia
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia;
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- NatMed Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia; (V.V.); (C.O.); (S.R.)
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia;
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Christopher Oliver
- NatMed Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia; (V.V.); (C.O.); (S.R.)
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia;
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
- Oliver Nutrition Pty Ltd, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Jacinta Arellano
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - Shelley Robinson
- NatMed Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia; (V.V.); (C.O.); (S.R.)
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia;
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Carlo Leifert
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
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Hurtado-Barroso S, Quifer-Rada P, Marhuenda-Muñoz M, Rinaldi de Alvarenga JF, Tresserra-Rimbau A, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Increase of 4-Hydroxybenzoic, a Bioactive Phenolic Compound, after an Organic Intervention Diet. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090340. [PMID: 31450569 PMCID: PMC6769758 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of organic products is increasing yearly due to perceived health-promoting qualities. Several studies have shown higher amounts of phytochemicals such as polyphenols and carotenoids in foods produced by this type of agriculture than in conventional foods, but whether this increase has an impact on humans still needs to be assessed. A randomized, controlled and crossover study was carried out in nineteen healthy subjects aged 18-40 years, who all followed an organic and conventional healthy diet, both for a 4-week period. Analysis of biological samples revealed a significant increase on the excretion of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), a phenolic metabolite with biological activity, after the organic intervention. However, no changes were observed in the other variables analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hurtado-Barroso
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Quifer-Rada
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Marhuenda-Muñoz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Fernando Rinaldi de Alvarenga
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Tresserra-Rimbau
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Unitat de Nutrició Humana, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Institut d'Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Reus, Spain
| | - Rosa M Lamuela-Raventós
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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