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Rogers J, Bajur AT, Salaita K, Spillane KM. Mechanical control of antigen detection and discrimination by T and B cell receptors. Biophys J 2024; 123:2234-2255. [PMID: 38794795 PMCID: PMC11331051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is orchestrated by just two cell types, T cells and B cells. Both cells possess the remarkable ability to recognize virtually any antigen through their respective antigen receptors-the T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR). Despite extensive investigations into the biochemical signaling events triggered by antigen recognition in these cells, our ability to predict or control the outcome of T and B cell activation remains elusive. This challenge is compounded by the sensitivity of T and B cells to the biophysical properties of antigens and the cells presenting them-a phenomenon we are just beginning to understand. Recent insights underscore the central role of mechanical forces in this process, governing the conformation, signaling activity, and spatial organization of TCRs and BCRs within the cell membrane, ultimately eliciting distinct cellular responses. Traditionally, T cells and B cells have been studied independently, with researchers working in parallel to decipher the mechanisms of activation. While these investigations have unveiled many overlaps in how these cell types sense and respond to antigens, notable differences exist. To fully grasp their biology and harness it for therapeutic purposes, these distinctions must be considered. This review compares and contrasts the TCR and BCR, placing emphasis on the role of mechanical force in regulating the activity of both receptors to shape cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhordan Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna T Bajur
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Katelyn M Spillane
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Polverino F, Sin DD. Type 2 airway inflammation in COPD. Eur Respir J 2024; 63:2400150. [PMID: 38485148 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00150-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Globally, nearly 400 million persons have COPD, and COPD is one of the leading causes of hospitalisation and mortality across the world. While it has been long-recognised that COPD is an inflammatory lung disease, dissimilar to asthma, type 2 inflammation was thought to play a minor role. However, recent studies suggest that in approximately one third of patients with COPD, type 2 inflammation may be an important driver of disease and a potential therapeutic target. Importantly, the immune cells and molecules involved in COPD-related type 2 immunity may be significantly different from those observed in severe asthma. Here, we identify the important molecules and effector immune cells involved in type 2 airway inflammation in COPD, discuss the recent therapeutic trial results of biologicals that have targeted these pathways and explore the future of therapeutic development of type 2 immune modulators in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Polverino
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Don D Sin
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital and University of British Columbia Division of Respiratory Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Tkachenko A, Kupcova K, Havranek O. B-Cell Receptor Signaling and Beyond: The Role of Igα (CD79a)/Igβ (CD79b) in Normal and Malignant B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:10. [PMID: 38203179 PMCID: PMC10779339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR) is a B cell hallmark surface complex regulating multiple cellular processes in normal as well as malignant B cells. Igα (CD79a)/Igβ (CD79b) are essential components of BCR that are indispensable for its functionality, signal initiation, and signal transduction. CD79a/CD79b-mediated BCR signaling is required for the survival of normal as well as malignant B cells via a wide signaling network. Recent studies identified the great complexity of this signaling network and revealed the emerging role of CD79a/CD79b in signal integration. In this review, we have focused on functional features of CD79a/CD79b, summarized signaling consequences of CD79a/CD79b post-translational modifications, and highlighted specifics of CD79a/CD79b interactions within BCR and related signaling cascades. We have reviewed the complex role of CD79a/CD79b in multiple aspects of normal B cell biology and how is the normal BCR signaling affected by lymphoid neoplasms associated CD79A/CD79B mutations. We have also summarized important unresolved questions and highlighted issues that remain to be explored for better understanding of CD79a/CD79b-mediated signal transduction and the eventual identification of additional therapeutically targetable BCR signaling vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Tkachenko
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Kupcova
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- First Department of Internal Medicine–Hematology, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Havranek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- First Department of Internal Medicine–Hematology, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
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Metcalf C, Klein SL, Read JM, Riley S, Cummings D, Guan Y, Kwok KO, Huachen Z, Jiang CQ, Lam TH, Lessler J. Survival at older ages: are greater influenza antibody titers protective? Med Hypotheses 2023; 178:111135. [PMID: 37744025 PMCID: PMC10512879 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are a core element of the immune system's defense against infectious diseases. We hypothesize that antibody titres might therefore be an important predictor of survival in older individuals. This is important because biomarkers that robustly measure survival have proved elusive, despite their potential utility in health care settings. We present evidence supporting the hypothesis that influenza antibody titres are associated with overall survival of older individuals, and indicate a role for biological sex in modulating this association. Since antibody titres can be modulated by vaccination, these results have important implications for public health policy on influenza control in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cje Metcalf
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - S L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J M Read
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - S Riley
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dat Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yi Guan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Guangzhou No. 12 Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - K O Kwok
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Z Huachen
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - C Q Jiang
- Guangzhou No. 12 Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Foettinger F, Pilz G, Wipfler P, Harrer A, Kern JM, Trinka E, Moser T. Immunomodulatory Aspects of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Neurological Disorders—A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076552. [PMID: 37047524 PMCID: PMC10095570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is used for drug-resistant neuroimmunological disorders, but its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. We therefore prospectively explored changes in soluble, humoral, and cellular immune components associated with TPE. We included ten patients with neurological autoimmune disorders that underwent TPE and assessed a panel of clinically relevant pathogen-specific antibodies, total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, interleukin-6 (IL-6, pg/mL), C-reactive protein (CRP, mg/dL), procalcitonin (PCT, µg/L) and major lymphocyte subpopulations (cells/µL). Blood was collected prior to TPE (pre-TPE, baseline), immediately after TPE (post-TPE), as well as five weeks (follow-up1) and 130 days (follow-up2) following TPE. Pathogen-specific antibody levels were reduced by −86% (p < 0.05) post-TPE and recovered to 55% (follow-up1) and 101% (follow-up2). Ig subclasses were reduced by −70–89% (p < 0.0001) post-TPE with subsequent complete (IgM/IgA) and incomplete (IgG) recovery throughout the follow-ups. Mean IL-6 and CRP concentrations increased by a factor of 3–4 at post-TPE (p > 0.05) while PCT remained unaffected. We found no alterations in B- and T-cell populations. No adverse events related to TPE occurred. TPE induced a profound but transient reduction in circulating antibodies, while the investigated soluble immune components were not washed out. Future studies should explore the effects of TPE on particular cytokines and assess inflammatory lymphocyte lineages to illuminate the mode of action of TPE beyond autoantibody removal.
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