1
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V5/MT+ modulates spatio-temporal integration differently across and within hemifields: Causal evidence from TMS. Neuropsychologia 2021; 161:107995. [PMID: 34425143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear how the brain reaches the correct balance between temporal and spatial processing necessary to perceive motion across space. Here, we tested whether visual motion area V5/MT + plays a causal role in Ternus illusion. Ternus displays can be perceived as showing either group motion or element motion and are empirically useful for dissociating temporal and spatial grouping across visual fields. Online single-pulse TMS was applied to observers during the presentation of Ternus displays, either within or across hemifields, over left V5/MT + or, respectively, a control site in the left somatosensory cortex, or an additional 'Sham' control condition. In the cross-hemifields condition, observers perceived more element motion with TMS over left V5/MT + than in either control condition. By contrast, in the within-hemifield condition, observers reported more group motion after left V5/MT + TMS. Our findings demonstrate a causal role of left V5/MT+ in the spatio-temporal grouping of Ternus apparent motion, and in maintaining the balance of spatio-temporal processing both within and across individual hemifields.
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2
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Gao J, Zeng M, Dai X, Yang X, Yu H, Chen K, Hu Q, Xu J, Cheng B, Wang J. Functional Segregation of the Middle Temporal Visual Motion Area Revealed With Coactivation-Based Parcellation. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:427. [PMID: 32536850 PMCID: PMC7269029 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the visual motion area (MT) is considered as a brain region specialized for visual motion perception. However, accumulating evidence showed that MT is also related to various functions, suggesting that it is a complex functional area and different functional subregions might exist in this area. To delineate functional subregions of this area, left and right masks of MT were defined using meta-analysis in the BrainMap database, and coactivation-based parcellation was then performed on these two masks. Two dorsal subregions (Cl1 and Cl2) and one ventral subregion (Cl3) of left MT, as well as two dorsal-anterior subregions (Cl1 and Cl2), one ventral-anterior subregion (Cl3), and an additional posterior subregion (Cl4) of right MT were identified. In addition to vision motion, distinct and specific functions were identified in different subregions characterized by task-dependent functional connectivity mapping and forward/reverse inference on associated functions. These results not only were in accordance with the previous findings of a hemispheric asymmetry of MT, but also strongly confirmed the existence of subregions in this region with distinct and specific functions. Furthermore, our results extend the special role of visual motion perception on this area and might facilitate future cognitive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gao
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Pidu District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Dai
- School of Automation, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xun Yang
- School of Public Affairs, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingmao Hu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinping Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bochao Cheng
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaojian Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Ferguson B, Petridou N, Fracasso A, van den Heuvel MP, Brouwer RM, Hulshoff Pol HE, Kahn RS, Mandl RCW. Detailed T1-Weighted Profiles from the Human Cortex Measured in Vivo at 3 Tesla MRI. Neuroinformatics 2018; 16:181-196. [PMID: 29352389 PMCID: PMC5984962 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-018-9356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies into cortical thickness in psychiatric diseases based on T1-weighted MRI frequently report on aberrations in the cerebral cortex. Due to limitations in image resolution for studies conducted at conventional MRI field strengths (e.g. 3 Tesla (T)) this information cannot be used to establish which of the cortical layers may be implicated. Here we propose a new analysis method that computes one high-resolution average cortical profile per brain region extracting myeloarchitectural information from T1-weighted MRI scans that are routinely acquired at a conventional field strength. To assess this new method, we acquired standard T1-weighted scans at 3 T and compared them with state-of-the-art ultra-high resolution T1-weighted scans optimised for intracortical myelin contrast acquired at 7 T. Average cortical profiles were computed for seven different brain regions. Besides a qualitative comparison between the 3 T scans, 7 T scans, and results from literature, we tested if the results from dynamic time warping-based clustering are similar for the cortical profiles computed from 7 T and 3 T data. In addition, we quantitatively compared cortical profiles computed for V1, V2 and V7 for both 7 T and 3 T data using a priori information on their relative myelin concentration. Although qualitative comparisons show that at an individual level average profiles computed for 7 T have more pronounced features than 3 T profiles the results from the quantitative analyses suggest that average cortical profiles computed from T1-weighted scans acquired at 3 T indeed contain myeloarchitectural information similar to profiles computed from the scans acquired at 7 T. The proposed method therefore provides a step forward to study cortical myeloarchitecture in vivo at conventional magnetic field strength both in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Ferguson
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, HPNR A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Natalia Petridou
- Radiology Department, Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessio Fracasso
- Radiology Department, Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584, CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, HPNR A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, HPNR A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, HPNR A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, HPNR A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René C W Mandl
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, HPNR A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- CNSR, Psykiatrisk Center Glostrup, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, DK-2600, Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
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4
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Taylor CM, Olulade OA, Luetje MM, Eden GF. An fMRI study of coherent visual motion processing in children and adults. Neuroimage 2018; 173:223-239. [PMID: 29477442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large corpus of brain imaging studies examining the dorsal visual pathway, especially area V5/MT during visual motion perception. However, despite evidence suggesting a protracted development of the dorsal visual stream, and a role of this pathway in neurodevelopmental disorders, V5/MT has not been characterized developmentally. Further, experiential factors such as reading acquisition may play a modulating role in any age-dependent changes. Here we used a coherent visual motion detection task to examine V5/MT activity and connectivity in typical participants in two studies: a Cross- Sectional Study comparing adults and children; and a Longitudinal Study of 2nd graders followed into 3rd grade. In the Cross-Sectional Study, a whole-brain analysis revealed no differences between the two groups, whereas a region of interest (ROI) approach identified greater activation in left (right trending) V5/MT in adults compared to children. However, when we measured V5/MT activation individually for each participant, children and adults showed no difference in the location or intensity of activation, although children did exhibit relatively larger extent of V5/MT activation bilaterally. There was also relatively greater functional connectivity in the children between left and right occipitotemporal cortex, including V5/MT. The Longitudinal Study revealed no changes in V5/MT activation for any measures of activation or functional connectivity from 2nd to 3rd grade. Finally, there was no evidence of an association between reading and V5/MT over time, nor predictive power of V5/MT activity for later reading. Together, our results indicate similar V5/MT activity across age groups, with relatively greater extent of V5/MT activation and functional connectivity in children relative to adults, bilaterally. These differences were not apparent over the time course of one year, suggesting that these developmental changes occur over a more protracted period.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Taylor
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - O A Olulade
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M M Luetje
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G F Eden
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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5
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Cocchi L, Yang Z, Zalesky A, Stelzer J, Hearne LJ, Gollo LL, Mattingley JB. Neural decoding of visual stimuli varies with fluctuations in global network efficiency. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3069-3080. [PMID: 28342260 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that neural activity fluctuates spontaneously between different states of global synchronization over a timescale of several seconds. Such fluctuations generate transient states of high and low correlation across distributed cortical areas. It has been hypothesized that such fluctuations in global efficiency might alter patterns of activity in local neuronal populations elicited by changes in incoming sensory stimuli. To test this prediction, we used a linear decoder to discriminate patterns of neural activity elicited by face and motion stimuli presented periodically while participants underwent time-resolved fMRI. As predicted, decoding was reliably higher during states of high global efficiency than during states of low efficiency, and this difference was evident across both visual and nonvisual cortical regions. The results indicate that slow fluctuations in global network efficiency are associated with variations in the pattern of activity across widespread cortical regions responsible for representing distinct categories of visual stimulus. More broadly, the findings highlight the importance of understanding the impact of global fluctuations in functional connectivity on specialized, stimulus driven neural processes. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3069-3080, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cocchi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Johannes Stelzer
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany.,Magnetic Resonance Centre, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Luke J Hearne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Jason B Mattingley
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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6
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Large I, Bridge H, Ahmed B, Clare S, Kolasinski J, Lam WW, Miller KL, Dyrby TB, Parker AJ, Smith JET, Daubney G, Sallet J, Bell AH, Krug K. Individual Differences in the Alignment of Structural and Functional Markers of the V5/MT Complex in Primates. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:3928-3944. [PMID: 27371764 PMCID: PMC5028002 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrastriate visual area V5/MT in primates is defined both structurally by myeloarchitecture and functionally by distinct responses to visual motion. Myelination is directly identifiable from postmortem histology but also indirectly by image contrast with structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). First, we compared the identification of V5/MT using both sMRI and histology in Rhesus macaques. A section-by-section comparison of histological slices with in vivo and postmortem sMRI for the same block of cortical tissue showed precise correspondence in localizing heavy myelination for V5/MT and neighboring MST. Thus, sMRI in macaques accurately locates histologically defined myelin within areas known to be motion selective. Second, we investigated the functionally homologous human motion complex (hMT+) using high-resolution in vivo imaging. Humans showed considerable intersubject variability in hMT+ location, when defined with myelin-weighted sMRI signals to reveal structure. When comparing sMRI markers to functional MRI in response to moving stimuli, a region of high myelin signal was generally located within the hMT+ complex. However, there were considerable differences in the alignment of structural and functional markers between individuals. Our results suggest that variation in area identification for hMT+ based on structural and functional markers reflects individual differences in human regional brain architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Large
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - H Bridge
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - B Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - S Clare
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - J Kolasinski
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - W W Lam
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - K L Miller
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - T B Dyrby
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A J Parker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - J E T Smith
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - G Daubney
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
| | - J Sallet
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
| | - A H Bell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - K Krug
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
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7
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Cohen MH, Carton AM, Hardy CJ, Golden HL, Clark CN, Fletcher PD, Jaisin K, Marshall CR, Henley SMD, Rohrer JD, Crutch SJ, Warren JD. Processing emotion from abstract art in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neuropsychologia 2016; 81:245-254. [PMID: 26748236 PMCID: PMC4749539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
art may signal emotions independently of a biological or social carrier: it might therefore constitute a test case for defining brain mechanisms of generic emotion decoding and the impact of disease states on those mechanisms. This is potentially of particular relevance to diseases in the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum. These diseases are often led by emotional impairment despite retained or enhanced artistic interest in at least some patients. However, the processing of emotion from art has not been studied systematically in FTLD. Here we addressed this issue using a novel emotional valence matching task on abstract paintings in patients representing major syndromes of FTLD (behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, n=11; sematic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), n=7; nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA), n=6) relative to healthy older individuals (n=39). Performance on art emotion valence matching was compared between groups taking account of perceptual matching performance and assessed in relation to facial emotion matching using customised control tasks. Neuroanatomical correlates of art emotion processing were assessed using voxel-based morphometry of patients' brain MR images. All patient groups had a deficit of art emotion processing relative to healthy controls; there were no significant interactions between syndromic group and emotion modality. Poorer art emotion valence matching performance was associated with reduced grey matter volume in right lateral occopitotemporal cortex in proximity to regions previously implicated in the processing of dynamic visual signals. Our findings suggest that abstract art may be a useful model system for investigating mechanisms of generic emotion decoding and aesthetic processing in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam H Cohen
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia M Carton
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Hardy
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L Golden
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla N Clark
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip D Fletcher
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kankamol Jaisin
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Marshall
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susie M D Henley
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian J Crutch
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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8
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Postmortem examination of patient H.M.'s brain based on histological sectioning and digital 3D reconstruction. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3122. [PMID: 24473151 PMCID: PMC3916843 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern scientific knowledge of how memory functions are organized in the human brain originated from the case of Henry G. Molaison (H.M.), an epileptic patient whose amnesia ensued unexpectedly following a bilateral surgical ablation of medial temporal lobe structures, including the hippocampus. The neuroanatomical extent of the 1953 operation could not be assessed definitively during H.M.'s life. Here we describe the results of a procedure designed to reconstruct a microscopic anatomical model of the whole brain and conduct detailed 3D measurements in the medial temporal lobe region. This approach, combined with cellular-level imaging of stained histological slices, demonstrates a significant amount of residual hippocampal tissue with distinctive cytoarchitecture. Our study also reveals diffuse pathology in the deep white matter and a small, circumscribed lesion in the left orbitofrontal cortex. The findings constitute new evidence that may help elucidate the consequences of H.M.'s operation in the context of the brain's overall pathology.
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9
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Gaglianese A, Costagli M, Ueno K, Ricciardi E, Bernardi G, Pietrini P, Cheng K. The direct, not V1-mediated, functional influence between the thalamus and middle temporal complex in the human brain is modulated by the speed of visual motion. Neuroscience 2015; 284:833-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Functional correlates of vertical gaze palsy and other ocular motor deficits in PSP: An FDG-PET study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:898-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Delineating extrastriate visual area MT(V5) using cortical myeloarchitecture. Neuroimage 2014; 93 Pt 2:231-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Afif A, Becq G, Mertens P. Definition of a stereotactic 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging template of the human insula. Neurosurgery 2013; 72:35-46; discussion 46. [PMID: 22895404 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31826cdc57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study proposes a 3-dimensional (3-D) template of the insula in the bicommissural reference system with posterior commissure (PC) as the center of coordinates. OBJECTIVE Using the bicommissural anterior commissure (AC)-PC reference system, this study aimed to define a template and design a method for the 3-D reconstruction of the human insula that may be used at an individual level during stereotactic surgery. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analysis was performed on 100 cerebral cortices with normal insulae based on a 3-step procedure: Step 1: AC-PC reference system-based reconstruction of the insula from the 1-mm thick 3-D T1-weighted MRI slices. Step 2: Digitalization and superposition of the data obtained in the 3 spatial planes. Step 3: Representation of pixels as colors on a scale corresponding to the probability of localization of each insular anatomic component. RESULTS The morphometric analysis of the insula confirmed our previously reported findings of a more complex shape delimited by 4 peri-insular sulci. A very significant correlation between the coordinates of the main insular structures and the length of AC-PC was demonstrated. This close correlation allowed us to develop a method that allows the 3-D reconstruction of the insula from MRI slices and only requires the localization of AC and PC. This process defines an area deemed to contain insula with 100% probability. CONCLUSION This 3-D reconstruction of the insula should be useful to improve its localization and other cortical areas and allow the differentiation of insular cortex from opercular cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif Afif
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Hospital, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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13
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Using high angular resolution diffusion imaging data to discriminate cortical regions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63842. [PMID: 23691102 PMCID: PMC3656939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brodmann’s 100–year–old summary map has been widely used for cortical localization in neuroscience. There is a pressing need to update this map using non–invasive, high–resolution and reproducible data, in a way that captures individual variability. We demonstrate here that standard HARDI data has sufficiently diverse directional variation among grey matter regions to inform parcellation into distinct functional regions, and that this variation is reproducible across scans. This characterization of the signal variation as non–random and reproducible is the critical condition for successful cortical parcellation using HARDI data. This paper is a first step towards an individual cortex–wide map of grey matter microstructure, The gray/white matter and pial boundaries were identified on the high–resolution structural MRI images. Two HARDI data sets were collected from each individual and aligned with the corresponding structural image. At each vertex point on the surface tessellation, the diffusion–weighted signal was extracted from each image in the HARDI data set at a point, half way between gray/white matter and pial boundaries. We then derived several features of the HARDI profile with respect to the local cortical normal direction, as well as several fully orientationally invariant features. These features were taken as a fingerprint of the underlying grey matter tissue, and used to distinguish separate cortical areas. A support–vector machine classifier, trained on three distinct areas in repeat 1 achieved 80–82% correct classification of the same three areas in the unseen data from repeat 2 in three volunteers. Though gray matter anisotropy has been mostly overlooked hitherto, this approach may eventually form the foundation of a new cortical parcellation method in living humans. Our approach allows for further studies on the consistency of HARDI based parcellation across subjects and comparison with independent microstructural measures such as ex–vivo histology.
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14
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Cortical mapping by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and quantitative cytological analysis in the human brain: a feasibility study in the fusiform gyrus. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 218:9-16. [PMID: 23628159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a layered cellular structure that is tangentially organized into a mosaic of anatomically and functionally distinct fields. In spite of centuries of investigation, the precise localization and classification of many areas in the cerebral cortex remain problematic because the relationship between functional specificity and intra-cortical structure has not been firmly established. Furthermore, it is not yet clear how surface landmarks, visible through gross examination and, more recently, using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), relate to underlying microstructural borders and to the topography of functional activation. We have designed a multi-modal neuroimaging protocol that combines MRI and quantitative microscopic analysis in the same individual to clarify the topography of cytoarchitecture underlying gross anatomical landmarks in the cerebral cortex. We tested our approach in the region of the fusiform gyrus (FG) because, in spite of its seemingly smooth appearance on the ventral aspect of both hemispheres, this structure houses many functionally defined areas whose histological borders remain unclear. In practice, we used MRI-based automated segmentation to define the region of interest from which we could then collect quantitative histological data (specifically, neuronal size and density). A modified stereological approach was used to sample the cortex within the FG without a priori assumptions on the location of architectonic boundaries. The results of these analyses illustrate architectonic variations along the FG and demonstrate that it is possible to correlate quantitative histological data to measures that are obtained in the context of large-scale, non-invasive MRI-based population studies.
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Deistung A, Schäfer A, Schweser F, Biedermann U, Turner R, Reichenbach JR. Toward in vivo histology: a comparison of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) with magnitude-, phase-, and R2*-imaging at ultra-high magnetic field strength. Neuroimage 2012; 65:299-314. [PMID: 23036448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative magnetic susceptibility mapping (QSM) has recently been introduced to provide a novel quantitative and local MRI contrast. However, the anatomical contrast represented by in vivo susceptibility maps has not yet been compared systematically and comprehensively with gradient (recalled) echo (GRE) magnitude, frequency, and R(2)(*) images. Therefore, this study compares high-resolution quantitative susceptibility maps with conventional GRE imaging approaches (magnitude, frequency, R(2)(*)) in healthy individuals at 7 T with respect to anatomic tissue contrast. Volumes-of-interest were analyzed in deep and cortical gray matter (GM) as well as in white matter (WM) on R(2)(*) and susceptibility maps. High-resolution magnetic susceptibility maps of the human brain exhibited superb contrast that allowed the identification of substructures of the thalamus, midbrain and basal ganglia, as well as of the cerebral cortex. These were consistent with histology but not generally visible on magnitude, frequency or R(2)(*)-maps. Common target structures for deep brain stimulation, including substantia nigra pars reticulata, ventral intermediate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, and the substructure of the internal globus pallidus, were clearly distinguishable from surrounding tissue on magnetic susceptibility maps. The laminar substructure of the cortical GM differed depending on the anatomical region, i.e., a cortical layer with increased magnetic susceptibility, corresponding to the Stria of Gennari, was found in the GM of the primary visual cortex, V1, whereas a layer with reduced magnetic susceptibility was observed in the GM of the temporal cortex. Both magnetic susceptibility and R(2)(*) values differed substantially in cortical GM depending on the anatomic regions. Regression analysis between magnetic susceptibility and R(2)(*) values of WM and GM structures suggested that variations in myelin content cause the overall contrast between gray and white matter on susceptibility maps and that both R(2)(*) and susceptibility values provide linear measures for iron content in GM. In conclusion, quantitative magnetic susceptibility mapping provides a non-invasive and spatially specific contrast that opens the door to the assessment of diseases characterized by variation in iron and/or myelin concentrations. Its ability to reflect anatomy of deep GM structures with superb delineation may be useful for neurosurgical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Deistung
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology I, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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16
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Costagli M, Ueno K, Sun P, Gardner JL, Wan X, Ricciardi E, Pietrini P, Tanaka K, Cheng K. Functional signalers of changes in visual stimuli: cortical responses to increments and decrements in motion coherence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 24:110-8. [PMID: 23010749 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
How does our brain detect changes in a natural scene? While changes by increments of specific visual attributes, such as contrast or motion coherence, can be signaled by an increase in neuronal activity in early visual areas, like the primary visual cortex (V1) or the human middle temporal complex (hMT+), respectively, the mechanisms for signaling changes resulting from decrements in a stimulus attribute are largely unknown. We have discovered opposing patterns of cortical responses to changes in motion coherence: unlike areas hMT+, V3A and parieto-occipital complex (V6+) that respond to changes in the level of motion coherence monotonically, human areas V4 (hV4), V3B, and ventral occipital always respond positively to both transient increments and decrements. This pattern of responding always positively to stimulus changes can emerge in the presence of either coherence-selective neuron populations, or neurons that are not tuned to particular coherences but adapt to a particular coherence level in a stimulus-selective manner. Our findings provide evidence that these areas possess physiological properties suited for signaling increments and decrements in a stimulus and may form a part of cortical vigilance system for detecting salient changes in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Costagli
- Laboratory for Cognitive Brain Mapping, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Japan
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17
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Sereno MI, Lutti A, Weiskopf N, Dick F. Mapping the human cortical surface by combining quantitative T(1) with retinotopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:2261-8. [PMID: 22826609 PMCID: PMC3729202 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We combined quantitative relaxation rate (R1= 1/T1) mapping—to measure local myelination—with fMRI-based retinotopy. Gray–white and pial surfaces were reconstructed and used to sample R1 at different cortical depths. Like myelination, R1 decreased from deeper to superficial layers. R1 decreased passing from V1 and MT, to immediately surrounding areas, then to the angular gyrus. High R1 was correlated across the cortex with convex local curvature so the data was first “de-curved”. By overlaying R1 and retinotopic maps, we found that many visual area borders were associated with significant R1 increases including V1, V3A, MT, V6, V6A, V8/VO1, FST, and VIP. Surprisingly, retinotopic MT occupied only the posterior portion of an oval-shaped lateral occipital R1 maximum. R1 maps were reproducible within individuals and comparable between subjects without intensity normalization, enabling multi-center studies of development, aging, and disease progression, and structure/function mapping in other modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin I Sereno
- Birkbeck/UCL Centre for NeuroImaging, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK.
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18
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Gaglianese A, Costagli M, Bernardi G, Ricciardi E, Pietrini P. Evidence of a direct influence between the thalamus and hMT+ independent of V1 in the human brain as measured by fMRI. Neuroimage 2012; 60:1440-7. [PMID: 22300813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we employed Conditional Granger Causality (CGC) and Coherence analysis to investigate whether visual motion-related information reaches the human middle temporal complex (hMT+) directly from the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus, by-passing the primary visual cortex (V1). Ten healthy human volunteers underwent brain scan examinations by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during two optic flow experiments. In addition to the classical LGN-V1-hMT+ pathway, our results showed a significant direct influence of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal recorded in LGN over that in hMT+, not mediated by V1 activity, which strongly supports the existence of a bilateral pathway that connects LGN directly to hMT+ and serves visual motion processing. Furthermore, we evaluated the relative latencies among areas functionally connected in the processing of visual motion. Using LGN as a reference region, hMT+ exhibited a statistically significant earlier peak of activation as compared to V1. In conclusion, our findings suggest the co-existence of an alternative route that directly links LGN to hMT+, bypassing V1. This direct pathway may play a significant functional role for the faster detection of motion and may contribute to explain persistence of unconscious motion detection in individuals with severe destruction of primary visual cortex (blindsight).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gaglianese
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Pisa Medical School, Pisa, Italy
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19
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Thompson PM, Vinters HV. Pathologic lesions in neurodegenerative diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 107:1-40. [PMID: 22482446 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385883-2.00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter will discuss two of the most widely used approaches to assessing brain structure: neuroimaging and neuropathology. Whereas neuropathologic approaches to studying the central nervous system have been utilized for many decades and have provided insights into morphologic correlates of dementia for over 100 years, accurate structural imaging techniques "blossomed" with the development and refinement of computerized tomographic scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), beginning in the late 1970s. As Alzheimer disease progresses over time, there is progressive atrophy of the hippocampus and neocortex--this can be quantified and regional accentuation of the atrophy can be evaluated using quantitative MRI scanning. Furthermore, ligands for amyloid proteins have recently been developed--these can be used in positron emission tomography studies to localize amyloid proteins, and (in theory) study the dynamics of their deposition (and clearance) within the brain over time. Neuropathologic studies of the brain, using highly specific antibodies, can demonstrate synapse loss and the deposition of proteins important in AD progression--specifically ABeta and phosphor-tau. Finally, neuropathologic assessment of (autopsy) brain specimens can provide important correlation with sophisticated neuroimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Thompson
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA & UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Saygin ZM, Osher DE, Koldewyn K, Reynolds G, Gabrieli JDE, Saxe RR. Anatomical connectivity patterns predict face selectivity in the fusiform gyrus. Nat Neurosci 2011; 15:321-7. [PMID: 22197830 PMCID: PMC3267901 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental assumption in neuroscience is that brain structure determines function. Accordingly, functionally distinct regions of cortex should be structurally distinct in their connections to other areas. We tested this hypothesis in relation to face selectivity in the fusiform gyrus. By using only structural connectivity, as measured through diffusion weighted imaging, we are able to predict functional activation to faces in the fusiform gyrus. These predictions outperformed two control models and a standard group-average benchmark. The structure-function relationship discovered from these participants was highly robust in predicting activation in a second group of participants, despite differences in acquisition parameters and stimuli. This approach can thus reliably estimate activation in participants who cannot perform functional imaging tasks, and is an alternative to group-activation maps. Additionally, we identified cortical regions whose connectivity is highly influential in predicting face-selectivity within the fusiform, suggesting a possible mechanistic architecture underlying face processing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep M Saygin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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21
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Occipital sulci of the human brain: variability and morphometry. Anat Sci Int 2011; 87:61-70. [PMID: 21993979 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-011-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The external morphology of the occipital lobe was investigated in 15 human post-mortem brains (30 hemispheres) fixed in formalin. We identified, described and measured the lengths of nine major human occipital sulci and five variable ones, comparing both types between individuals and hemispheres. Morphological variability of human occipital sulci is related to interindividual and interhemispheric differences in their presence, origin, type, segmentation, intersection and length. The major occipital sulci, particularly the parieto-occipital, the calcarine, the inferior lateral occipital and the anterior occipital sulci, as well as two points of their intersections (cuneal point and intersection of the transverse occipital and superior occipital sulcus) may be used as reliable anatomical landmarks for the location of architectonically and functionally defined human visual areas (V1, V2, V3, V3A, V5/MT+, LO1 and LO2) and during less invasive neurosurgical procedures in the cases of focal lesions within the occipital lobe. Two lateral occipital sulci (inferior and superior) were defined on the lateral surface of the occipital lobe. The variable lunate sulcus was studied and combining our results with those from histological and functional imaging studies, we suggest that the lunate sulci of human and nonhuman primates are not homologous.
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Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of abnormal eye movements depends upon knowledge of the purpose, properties, and neural substrate of distinct functional classes of eye movement. Here, we summarize current concepts of the anatomy of eye movement control. Our approach is bottom-up, starting with the extraocular muscles and their innervation by the cranial nerves. Second, we summarize the neural circuits in the pons underlying horizontal gaze control, and the midbrain connections that coordinate vertical and torsional movements. Third, the role of the cerebellum in governing and optimizing eye movements is presented. Fourth, each area of cerebral cortex contributing to eye movements is discussed. Last, descending projections from cerebral cortex, including basal ganglionic circuits that govern different components of gaze, and the superior colliculus, are summarized. At each stage of this review, the anatomical scheme is used to predict the effects of lesions on the control of eye movements, providing clinical-anatomical correlation.
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Chen AL, Riley DE, King SA, Joshi AC, Serra A, Liao K, Cohen ML, Otero-Millan J, Martinez-Conde S, Strupp M, Leigh RJ. The disturbance of gaze in progressive supranuclear palsy: implications for pathogenesis. Front Neurol 2010; 1:147. [PMID: 21188269 PMCID: PMC3008928 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2010.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a disease of later life that is currently regarded as a form of neurodegenerative tauopathy. Disturbance of gaze is a cardinal clinical feature of PSP that often helps clinicians to establish the diagnosis. Since the neurobiology of gaze control is now well understood, it is possible to use eye movements as investigational tools to understand aspects of the pathogenesis of PSP. In this review, we summarize each disorder of gaze control that occurs in PSP, drawing on our studies of 50 patients, and on reports from other laboratories that have measured the disturbances of eye movements. When these gaze disorders are approached by considering each functional class of eye movements and its neurobiological basis, a distinct pattern of eye movement deficits emerges that provides insight into the pathogenesis of PSP. Although some aspects of all forms of eye movements are affected in PSP, the predominant defects concern vertical saccades (slow and hypometric, both up and down), impaired vergence, and inability to modulate the linear vestibulo-ocular reflex appropriately for viewing distance. These vertical and vergence eye movements habitually work in concert to enable visuomotor skills that are important during locomotion with the hands free. Taken with the prominent early feature of falls, these findings suggest that PSP tauopathy impairs a recently evolved neural system concerned with bipedal locomotion in an erect posture and frequent gaze shifts between the distant environment and proximate hands. This approach provides a conceptual framework that can be used to address the nosological challenge posed by overlapping clinical and neuropathological features of neurodegenerative tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena L. Chen
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University Hospitals Case Medical CenterCleveland, OH, USA
| | - David E. Riley
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical CenterCleveland, OH, USA
| | - Susan A. King
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University Hospitals Case Medical CenterCleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anand C. Joshi
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical CenterCleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alessandro Serra
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University Hospitals Case Medical CenterCleveland, OH, USA
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical CenterCleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ke Liao
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University Hospitals Case Medical CenterCleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark L. Cohen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical CenterCleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Strupp
- Department of Neurology and IFB-LMU, University of MunichMunich, Germany
| | - R. John Leigh
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University Hospitals Case Medical CenterCleveland, OH, USA
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical CenterCleveland, OH, USA
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24
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Sewards TV. Neural structures and mechanisms involved in scene recognition: a review and interpretation. Neuropsychologia 2010; 49:277-98. [PMID: 21095199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery in 1996 that a region within caudal parahippocampal cortex subserves learning and recall of topographical information, numerous studies aimed at elucidating the structures and pathways involved in scene recognition have been published. Neuroimaging studies, in particular, have revealed the locations and identities of some of the principal cortical structures that mediate these faculties. In the present study the detailed organization of the system is examined, based on a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of scene processing in human subjects, combined with reviews of the results of lesions on this type of processing, single neuron studies, and available hodological data in non-human primates. A cortical hierarchy of structures that mediate scene recognition is established based on these data, and an attempt is made to determine the function of the individual components of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence V Sewards
- Sandia Research Center, 21 Perdiz Canyon Road, Placitas, NM 87043, USA.
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25
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Sasaki T, Komatsu Y, Watakabe A, Sawada K, Yamamori T. Prefrontal-enriched SLIT1 expression in Old World monkey cortex established during the postnatal development. Cereb Cortex 2010; 20:2496-510. [PMID: 20123755 PMCID: PMC2936805 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular basis of the specialization of cortical architectures, we searched for genes differentially expressed among neocortical areas of Old World monkeys by restriction landmark cDNA scanning . We found that mRNA of SLIT1, an axon guidance molecule, was enriched in the prefrontal cortex but with developmentally related changes. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that SLIT1 mRNA was mainly distributed in the middle layers of most cortical areas, robustly in the prefrontal cortex and faintly in primary sensory areas. The lowest expression was in the primary visual area. Analyses of other SLIT (SLIT2 and SLIT3) mRNAs showed preferential expression in the prefrontal cortex with a distinct laminar pattern. By contrast, the receptor Roundabout (ROBO1 and ROBO2) mRNAs were widely distributed throughout the cortex. Perinatally, SLIT1 mRNA was abundantly expressed in the cortex with modest area specificity. Downregulation of expression initially occurred in early sensory areas around postnatal day 60 and followed in the association areas. The prefrontal area-enriched SLIT1 mRNA expression results from a relatively greater attenuation of this expression in the other areas. These results suggest that its role is altered postnatally and that this is particularly important for prefrontal connectivity in the Old World monkey cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Sasaki
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yusuke Komatsu
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Present address: Section of Primate Model Development for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Akiya Watakabe
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sawada
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Present address: Center for Radioisotope Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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26
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Bourne JA. Unravelling the development of the visual cortex: implications for plasticity and repair. J Anat 2010; 217:449-68. [PMID: 20722872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual cortex comprises over 50 areas in the human, each with a specified role and distinct physiology, connectivity and cellular morphology. How these individual areas emerge during development still remains something of a mystery and, although much attention has been paid to the initial stages of the development of the visual cortex, especially its lamination, very little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the arealization and functional organization of this region of the brain. In recent years we have started to discover that it is the interplay of intrinsic (molecular) and extrinsic (afferent connections) cues that are responsible for the maturation of individual areas, and that there is a spatiotemporal sequence in the maturation of the primary visual cortex (striate cortex, V1) and the multiple extrastriate/association areas. Studies in both humans and non-human primates have started to highlight the specific neural underpinnings responsible for the maturation of the visual cortex, and how experience-dependent plasticity and perturbations to the visual system can impact upon its normal development. Furthermore, damage to specific nuclei of the visual cortex, such as the primary visual cortex (V1), is a common occurrence as a result of a stroke, neurotrauma, disease or hypoxia in both neonates and adults alike. However, the consequences of a focal injury differ between the immature and adult brain, with the immature brain demonstrating a higher level of functional resilience. With better techniques for examining specific molecular and connectional changes, we are now starting to uncover the mechanisms responsible for the increased neural plasticity that leads to significant recovery following injury during this early phase of life. Further advances in our understanding of postnatal development/maturation and plasticity observed during early life could offer new strategies to improve outcomes by recapitulating aspects of the developmental program in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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27
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Joshi AC, Riley DE, Mustari MJ, Cohen ML, Leigh RJ. Selective defects of visual tracking in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): implications for mechanisms of motion vision. Vision Res 2010; 50:761-71. [PMID: 20123108 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Smooth ocular tracking of a moving visual stimulus comprises a range of responses that encompass the ocular following response (OFR), a pre-attentive, short-latency mechanism, and smooth pursuit, which directs the retinal fovea at the moving stimulus. In order to determine how interdependent these two forms of ocular tracking are, we studied vertical OFR in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), a parkinsonian disorder in which vertical smooth pursuit is known to be impaired. We measured eye movements of 9 patients with PSP and 12 healthy control subjects. Subjects viewed vertically moving sine-wave gratings that had a temporal frequency of 16.7 Hz, contrast of 32%, and spatial frequencies of 0.17, 0.27 or 0.44 cycles/degree. We measured OFR amplitude as change in eye position in the 70-150 ms, open-loop interval following stimulus onset. Vertical smooth pursuit was studied as subjects attempted to track a 0.27 cycles/degree grating moving sinusoidally through several cycles at frequencies between 0.1 and 2.5 Hz. We found that OFR amplitude, and its dependence on spatial frequency, was similar in PSP patients (group mean 0.10 degree) and control subjects (0.11 degree), but the latency to onset of OFR was greater for PSP patients (group mean 99 ms) than control subjects (90 ms). When OFR amplitude was re-measured, taking into account the increased latency in PSP patients, there was still no difference from control subjects. We confirmed that smooth pursuit was consistently impaired in PSP; group mean tracking gain at 0.7 Hz was 0.29 for PSP patients and 0.63 for controls. Neither PSP patients nor control subjects showed any correlation between OFR amplitude and smooth-pursuit gain. We propose that OFR is spared because it is generated by low-level motion processing that is dependent on posterior cerebral cortex, which is less affected in PSP. Conversely, smooth pursuit depends more on projections from frontal cortex to the pontine nuclei, both of which are involved in PSP. The accessory optic pathway, which is heavily involved in PSP, seems unlikely to contribute to the OFR in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand C Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Daroff-Dell'Osso Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
Rarely in the history of neuroscience has a single illustration been as influential as the cytoarchitectonic map of the human brain published by Korbinian Brodmann in his monograph from 1909. The map presents the segregation of the cerebral cortex into 43 areas, as visible in cell body-stained histological sections. More importantly, Brodmann provided a comparative neuroanatomical approach and discussed ontogenetic and pathological aspects as well as structural-functional correlations. One hundred years later, a large number of neuroscientists still use Brodmann's map for localizing neuroimaging data obtained in the living human brain.
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29
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Lencer R, Trillenberg P. Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of smooth pursuit in humans. Brain Cogn 2008; 68:219-28. [PMID: 18835076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Lencer
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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30
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Abstract
Much of the visual cortex is organized into visual field maps: nearby neurons have receptive fields at nearby locations in the image. Mammalian species generally have multiple visual field maps with each species having similar, but not identical, maps. The introduction of functional magnetic resonance imaging made it possible to identify visual field maps in human cortex, including several near (1) medial occipital (V1,V2,V3), (2) lateral occipital (LO-1,LO-2, hMT+), (3) ventral occipital (hV4, VO-1, VO-2), (4) dorsal occipital (V3A, V3B), and (5) posterior parietal cortex (IPS-0 to IPS-4). Evidence is accumulating for additional maps, including some in the frontal lobe. Cortical maps are arranged into clusters in which several maps have parallel eccentricity representations, while the angular representations within a cluster alternate in visual field sign. Visual field maps have been linked to functional and perceptual properties of the visual system at various spatial scales, ranging from the level of individual maps to map clusters to dorsal-ventral streams. We survey recent measurements of human visual field maps, describe hypotheses about the function and relationships between maps, and consider methods to improve map measurements and characterize the response properties of neurons comprising these maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Wandell
- Psychology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA.
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Amunts K, Armstrong E, Malikovic A, Hömke L, Mohlberg H, Schleicher A, Zilles K. Gender-specific left-right asymmetries in human visual cortex. J Neurosci 2007; 27:1356-64. [PMID: 17287510 PMCID: PMC6673571 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4753-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural correlates of gender differences in visuospatial processing are essentially unknown. Our quantitative analysis of the cytoarchitecture of the human primary visual cortex [V1/Brodmann area 17 (BA17)], neighboring area V2 (BA18), and the cytoarchitectonic correlate of the motion-sensitive complex (V5/MT+/hOc5) shows that the visual areas are sexually dimorphic and that the type of dimorphism differs among the areas. Gender differences exist in the interhemispheric asymmetry of hOc5 volumes and in the right-hemispheric volumetric ratio of hOc5 to BA17, an area that projects to V5/MT+/hOc5. Asymmetry was also observed in the surface area of hOc5 but not in its cortical thickness. The differences give males potentially more space in which to process additional information, a finding consistent with superior male processing in particular visuospatial tasks, such as mental rotation. Gender differences in hOc5 exist with similar volume fractions of cell bodies, implying that, overall, the visual neural circuitry is similar in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Medicine, Research Center Jülich, D-52525 Jülich, Germany.
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Yoshor D, Bosking WH, Ghose GM, Maunsell JHR. Receptive Fields in Human Visual Cortex Mapped with Surface Electrodes. Cereb Cortex 2006; 17:2293-302. [PMID: 17172632 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of our understanding of the functional organization of human visual cortex comes from lesion and functional imaging studies and by extrapolation from results obtained by neuroanatomical and neurophysiological studies in nonhuman primates. Although some single-unit and field potential recordings have been made in human visual cortex, none has provided quantitative characterization of spatial receptive fields (RFs) of individual sites. Here we use subdural electrodes implanted for clinical purposes to quantitatively measure response properties in different regions of human visual cortex. We find significant differences in RF size, response latency, and response magnitude for sites in early visual areas, versus sites in later stages of both the dorsal and ventral streams. In addition, we use this technique to estimate the cortical magnification factor in early human visual cortex. The spatial and temporal resolution of cortical surface recordings suggest that this technique is well suited to examine further issues in visual processing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Yoshor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Granziera C, DaSilva AFM, Snyder J, Tuch DS, Hadjikhani N. Anatomical alterations of the visual motion processing network in migraine with and without aura. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e402. [PMID: 17048979 PMCID: PMC1609120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients suffering from migraine with aura (MWA) and migraine without aura (MWoA) show abnormalities in visual motion perception during and between attacks. Whether this represents the consequences of structural changes in motion-processing networks in migraineurs is unknown. Moreover, the diagnosis of migraine relies on patient's history, and finding differences in the brain of migraineurs might help to contribute to basic research aimed at better understanding the pathophysiology of migraine. METHODS AND FINDINGS To investigate a common potential anatomical basis for these disturbances, we used high-resolution cortical thickness measurement and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to examine the motion-processing network in 24 migraine patients (12 with MWA and 12 MWoA) and 15 age-matched healthy controls (HCs). We found increased cortical thickness of motion-processing visual areas MT+ and V3A in migraineurs compared to HCs. Cortical thickness increases were accompanied by abnormalities of the subjacent white matter. In addition, DTI revealed that migraineurs have alterations in superior colliculus and the lateral geniculate nucleus, which are also involved in visual processing. CONCLUSIONS A structural abnormality in the network of motion-processing areas could account for, or be the result of, the cortical hyperexcitability observed in migraineurs. The finding in patients with both MWA and MWoA of thickness abnormalities in area V3A, previously described as a source in spreading changes involved in visual aura, raises the question as to whether a "silent" cortical spreading depression develops as well in MWoA. In addition, these experimental data may provide clinicians and researchers with a noninvasively acquirable migraine biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Granziera
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexandre F. M DaSilva
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Josh Snyder
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David S Tuch
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nouchine Hadjikhani
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Wilms M, Eickhoff SB, Specht K, Amunts K, Shah NJ, Malikovic A, Fink GR. Human V5/MT+: comparison of functional and cytoarchitectonic data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 210:485-95. [PMID: 16328357 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-005-0064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To date, the delineation of the human visual "motion area" still relies on functional paradigms originally devised to identify monkey area MT. Using fMRI, we have identified putative human area V5/MT+ in normals by modelling the BOLD responses to alternating radially moving and stationary dot patterns. Functional activations were compared with cytoarchitectonic probability maps of its putative correlate area hOc5, which was calculated based upon data from histological sections of ten human post-mortem brains. Bilateral visual cortex activations were seen in the single subject dynamic versus stationary contrasts and in the group random-effects analysis. Comparison of group data with area hOc5 revealed that 19.0%/39.5% of the right/left functional activation was assigned to the right/left hOc5. Conversely, 83.2%/53.5% of the right/left hOc5 was functionally activated. Comparison of functional probability maps (fPM) with area hOc5 showed that 28.6%/18.1% of the fPM was assigned to hOc5. In turn, 84.9%/41.5% of the area hOc5 was covered by the respective fPM. Thus, random-effects data and fPMs yielded similar results. The present study shows for the first time the correspondence between the functionally defined human V5/MT+ and the post-mortem cytoarchitectonic area hOc5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Wilms
- Institute of Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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Bourne JA, Rosa MGP. Hierarchical Development of the Primate Visual Cortex, as Revealed by Neurofilament Immunoreactivity: Early Maturation of the Middle Temporal Area (MT). Cereb Cortex 2005; 16:405-14. [PMID: 15944371 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhi119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the development of the cerebral cortex reflects its hierarchical organization, with the primary sensory areas being the first to reach structural and functional maturity, and higher-order association areas being the last. In the present study, we labelled the cortex of New World marmoset monkeys of late fetal and early postnatal ages with an antibody to non-phosphorylated neurofilament, a marker of structural maturation of a subset of pyramidal cells. Supporting the concept of hierarchical maturation, we found that at birth labelled cells were found in the primary visual, auditory and somatosensory areas, but not in most other cortical fields. The exception was visual area MT, which revealed an infragranular pattern of labelling comparable to the one observed in the primary areas, as well as some supragranular staining. In MT, an adult-like pattern of labelled cells, including both supragranular and infragranular layer neurons, emerged within the first postnatal month. In comparison, the development of other extrastriate areas was delayed, with the first signs of neurofilament staining not present until the third week. The present results support the concept of MT as another primary visual area, an idea previously advanced on the basis of functional and anatomical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Bourne
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain and Behaviour, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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