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Seghier ML, Boudelaa S. Constraining current neuroanatomical models of reading: the view from Arabic. Brain Struct Funct 2024:10.1007/s00429-024-02827-y. [PMID: 38969935 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in imaging understudied orthographies to unravel their neuronal correlates and their implications for existing computational and neuroanatomical models. Here, we review current brain mapping literature about Arabic words. We first offer a succinct description of some unique linguistic features of Arabic that challenge current cognitive models of reading. We then appraise the existing functional neuroimaging studies that investigated written Arabic word processing. Our review revealed that (1) Arabic is still understudied, (2) the most investigated features concerned the effects of vowelling and diglossia in Arabic reading, (3) findings were not always discussed in the light of existing reading models such as the dual route cascaded, the triangle, and the connectionist dual process models, and (4) current evidence is unreliable when it comes to the exact neuronal pathways that sustain Arabic word processing. Overall, despite the fact that Arabic has some unique linguistic features that challenge and ultimately enrich current reading models, the existing functional neuroimaging literature falls short of offering a reliable evidence about brain networks of Arabic reading. We conclude by highlighting the need for more systematic studies of the linguistic features of Arabic to build theoretical and neuroanatomical models that are concurrently specific and general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed L Seghier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Sami Boudelaa
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE.
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2
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Lin Z, Li X, Qi G, Yang J, Sun H, Guo Q, Wu J, Xu M. Phonological properties of logographic words modulate brain activation in bilinguals: a comparative study of Chinese characters and Japanese Kanji. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae150. [PMID: 38652552 PMCID: PMC11037275 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain networks for the first (L1) and second (L2) languages are dynamically formed in the bilingual brain. This study delves into the neural mechanisms associated with logographic-logographic bilingualism, where both languages employ visually complex and conceptually rich logographic scripts. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, we examined the brain activity of Chinese-Japanese bilinguals and Japanese-Chinese bilinguals as they engaged in rhyming tasks with Chinese characters and Japanese Kanji. Results showed that Japanese-Chinese bilinguals processed both languages using common brain areas, demonstrating an assimilation pattern, whereas Chinese-Japanese bilinguals recruited additional neural regions in the left lateral prefrontal cortex for processing Japanese Kanji, reflecting their accommodation to the higher phonological complexity of L2. In addition, Japanese speakers relied more on the phonological processing route, while Chinese speakers favored visual form analysis for both languages, indicating differing neural strategy preferences between the 2 bilingual groups. Moreover, multivariate pattern analysis demonstrated that, despite the considerable neural overlap, each bilingual group formed distinguishable neural representations for each language. These findings highlight the brain's capacity for neural adaptability and specificity when processing complex logographic languages, enriching our understanding of the neural underpinnings supporting bilingual language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Lin
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiujun Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7186, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
| | - Geqi Qi
- Department of Psychology, College of Education Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, West College Road 235, Huhhot 010021, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 2-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hongzan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang 110055, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiyong Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang 110055, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 2-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and System, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street No 5, Beijing 100811, China
| | - Min Xu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
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3
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Mizrachi N, Eviatar Z, Peleg O, Bitan T. Inter- and intra- hemispheric interactions in reading ambiguous words. Cortex 2024; 171:257-271. [PMID: 38048664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated how the brain processes words with multiple meanings. Specifically, we examined the inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity of unambiguous words compared to two types of ambiguous words: homophonic homographs, which have multiple meanings mapped to a single phonological representation and orthography, and heterophonic homographs, which have multiple meanings mapped to different phonological representations but the same orthography. Using a semantic relatedness judgment task and effective connectivity analysis via Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) on previously published fMRI data (Bitan et al., 2017), we found that the two hemispheres compete in orthographic processing during the reading of unambiguous words. For heterophonic homographs, we observed increased connectivity within the left hemisphere, highlighting the importance of top-down re-activation of orthographic representations by phonological ones for considering alternative meanings. For homophonic homographs, we found a flow of information from the left to the right hemisphere and from the right to the left, indicating that the brain retrieves different meanings using different pathways. These findings provide novel insights into the complex mechanisms involved in language processing and shed light on the different communication patterns within and between hemispheres during the processing of ambiguous and unambiguous words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Mizrachi
- Psychology Department, Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Zohar Eviatar
- Psychology Department, Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Orna Peleg
- The Program of Cognitive Studies of Language and Its Uses, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Tali Bitan
- Psychology Department, Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Department of Speech Language Pathology and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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4
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Planton S, Wang S, Bolger D, Bonnard M, Pattamadilok C. Effective connectivity of the left-ventral occipito-temporal cortex during visual word processing: Direct causal evidence from TMS-EEG co-registration. Cortex 2022; 154:167-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Distinct neural sources underlying visual word form processing as revealed by steady state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP). Sci Rep 2021; 11:18229. [PMID: 34521874 PMCID: PMC8440525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
EEG has been central to investigations of the time course of various neural functions underpinning visual word recognition. Recently the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) paradigm has been increasingly adopted for word recognition studies due to its high signal-to-noise ratio. Such studies, however, have been typically framed around a single source in the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOT). Here, we combine SSVEP recorded from 16 adult native English speakers with a data-driven spatial filtering approach—Reliable Components Analysis (RCA)—to elucidate distinct functional sources with overlapping yet separable time courses and topographies that emerge when contrasting words with pseudofont visual controls. The first component topography was maximal over left vOT regions with a shorter latency (approximately 180 ms). A second component was maximal over more dorsal parietal regions with a longer latency (approximately 260 ms). Both components consistently emerged across a range of parameter manipulations including changes in the spatial overlap between successive stimuli, and changes in both base and deviation frequency. We then contrasted word-in-nonword and word-in-pseudoword to test the hierarchical processing mechanisms underlying visual word recognition. Results suggest that these hierarchical contrasts fail to evoke a unitary component that might be reasonably associated with lexical access.
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6
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Liu X, Vermeylen L, Wisniewski D, Brysbaert M. The contribution of phonological information to visual word recognition: Evidence from Chinese phonetic radicals. Cortex 2020; 133:48-64. [PMID: 33099075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lateralization is a critical characteristic of language production and also plays a role in visual word recognition. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the interactions between visual input and spoken word representations are still unclear. We investigated the contribution of sub-lexical phonological information in visual word processing by exploiting the fact that Chinese characters can contain phonetic radicals in either the left or right half of the character. FMRI data were collected while 39 Chinese participants read words in search of target color words. On the basis of whole-brain analysis and three laterality analyses of regions of interest, we argue that visual information from centrally presented Chinese characters is split in the fovea and projected to the contralateral visual cortex, from which phonological information can be extracted rapidly if the character contains a phonetic radical. Extra activation, suggestive of more effortful processing, is observed when the phonetic radical is situated in the left half of the character and therefore initially sent to the visual cortex in the right hemisphere that is less specialized for language processing. Our results are in line with the proposal that phonological information helps written word processing by means of top-down feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Luc Vermeylen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - David Wisniewski
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Marc Brysbaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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7
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Hashimoto T, Higuchi H, Uno A, Yokota S, Asano K, Taki Y, Kawashima R. Association Between Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Reading in Two Writing Systems in Japanese Children With and Without Developmental Dyslexia. Brain Connect 2020; 10:254-266. [PMID: 32567365 PMCID: PMC7465633 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Japanese is unique, as it features two distinct writing systems that share the same sound and meaning: syllabic Hiragana and logographic Kanji scripts. Acquired reading difficulties in Hiragana and Kanji have been examined in older patients with brain lesions. However, the precise mechanisms underlying deficits in developmental dyslexia (DD) remain unclear. Materials and Methods: The neural signatures of Japanese children with DD were examined by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We examined 22 dyslexic and 46 typically developing (TD) children, aged 7–14 years. Results: Reading performance in each writing system was correlated with neural connectivity in TD children. In contrast, in children with DD, weak associations between neural connectivity and reading performance were observed. In TD children, Hiragana-reading fluency was positively correlated with the left fusiform gyrus network. No significant correlations between Hiragana fluency and neural connectivity were observed in children with DD. Correspondingly, there were fewer correlations between Kanji accuracy and strength of reading-related connectivity in children with DD, whereas positive correlations with the bilateral fronto-parietal network and negative correlations with the left fusiform network were found in TD children. Discussion: These data suggest that positive and negative coupling with neural connectivity is associated with developing Japanese reading skills. Further, different neural connectivity correlations between Hiragana fluency and Kanji accuracy were detected in TD children but less in children with DD. Conclusion: The two writing systems may exert differential effects and deficits on reading in healthy children and in children with DD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Hashimoto
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroki Higuchi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akira Uno
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Susumu Yokota
- Faculty of Art and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Asano
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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8
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Higuchi H, Iwaki S, Uno A. Altered visual character and object recognition in Japanese-speaking adolescents with developmental dyslexia. Neurosci Lett 2020; 723:134841. [PMID: 32081567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have confirmed a brain dysfunction in people with developmental dyslexia (DD) in certain brain regions, including the left superior temporal gyrus and the left fusiform gyrus. However, the neurobiological substrates in Japanese-speaking people with dyslexia are not fully understood, mostly due to the uniqueness of the orthographic systems. Since a substantial part of the written Japanese includes the logographic Kanji as well as the phonographic Kana systems, the reading disability might be caused not only by a dysfunction in the phonological system, but also by a dysfunction in the visual recognition system. Previous studies reported altered hierarchical visual word form processing in the left occipitotemporal cortex; however, it remains unclear whether the altered hierarchical visual processing is language stimuli-specific. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether (a) Japanese-speaking individuals with DD exhibit atypical hierarchical visual processing, and if so, (b) whether the altered hierarchical visual processing is language stimuli-specific or not. The present study investigated the brain activation pattern for the hierarchical component of the Kanji characters and object stimuli in typically developing (TD) adolescents and adolescents with DD using functional magnetic resonance imaging. For the Kanji characters, adolescents with DD showed a greater activation in the left occipital gyrus and right occipital fusiform gyrus, and this hyperactivity was also found for pseudo and artificial Kanji characters. These results imply reliance on an early visual system in Kanji reading in Japanese-speaking adolescents with DD. Additionally, we also investigated the brain activity for object stimuli, and adolescents with DD showed a greater activation in the bilateral occipital gyri compared with the TD adolescents. These results imply an altered hierarchical visual processing characterized by overactivation in the early visual areas, which is a not restricted to language stimulus only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Higuchi
- Automotive Human Factors Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Sunao Iwaki
- Automotive Human Factors Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Akira Uno
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Laboratory of Advanced Research D, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
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9
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Inamizu S, Yamada E, Ogata K, Uehara T, Kira JI, Tobimatsu S. Neuromagnetic correlates of hemispheric specialization for face and word recognition. Neurosci Res 2019; 156:108-116. [PMID: 31730780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The adult human brain appears to have specialized and independent neural systems for the visual processing of faces and words: greater selectivity for faces in the right hemisphere (RH) while greater selectivity for words in the left hemisphere (LH). Nevertheless, the nature of functional differences between the hemispheres is still largely unknown. To elucidate the hemispheric specialization for face and word recognition, event-related magnetic fields (ERFs) were recorded in young adults while they passively viewed faces and words presented either in the right visual field or in the left visual field. If the neural correlates of face recognition and word recognition reflect the same lateralization profile, then the lateralization of the magnetic source of the M170 component should follow a similar profile, with a greater M170 response for faces in the RH and a greater M170 response for words in the LH. We observed the expected finding of a larger M170 in the LH for words. Unexpectedly, a larger M170 response in the RH for faces was not found. Thus, the hemispheric organization of face recognition is different from that of word recognition in terms of specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Inamizu
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Emi Yamada
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ogata
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Taira Uehara
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shozo Tobimatsu
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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10
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Ludersdorfer P, Price CJ, Kawabata Duncan KJ, DeDuck K, Neufeld NH, Seghier ML. Dissociating the functions of superior and inferior parts of the left ventral occipito-temporal cortex during visual word and object processing. Neuroimage 2019; 199:325-335. [PMID: 31176833 PMCID: PMC6693527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During word and object recognition, extensive activation has consistently been observed in the left ventral occipito-temporal cortex (vOT), focused around the occipito-temporal sulcus (OTs). Previous studies have shown that there is a hierarchy of responses from posterior to anterior vOT regions (along the y-axis) that corresponds with increasing levels of recognition - from perceptual to semantic processing, respectively. In contrast, the functional differences between superior and inferior vOT responses (i.e. along the z-axis) have not yet been elucidated. To investigate, we conducted an extensive review of the literature and found that peak activation for reading varies by more than 1 cm in the z-axis. In addition, we investigated functional differences between superior and inferior parts of left vOT by analysing functional MRI data from 58 neurologically normal skilled readers performing 8 different visual processing tasks. We found that group activation in superior vOT was significantly more sensitive than inferior vOT to the type of task, with more superior vOT activation when participants were matching visual stimuli for their semantic or perceptual content than producing speech to the same stimuli. This functional difference along the z-axis was compared to existing boundaries between cytoarchitectonic areas around the OTs. In addition, using dynamic causal modelling, we show that connectivity from superior vOT to anterior vOT increased with semantic content during matching tasks but not during speaking tasks whereas connectivity from inferior vOT to anterior vOT was sensitive to semantic content for matching and speaking tasks. The finding of a functional dissociation between superior and inferior parts of vOT has implications for predicting deficits and response to rehabilitation for patients with partial damage to vOT following stroke or neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ludersdorfer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Keith J Kawabata Duncan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kristina DeDuck
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicholas H Neufeld
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohamed L Seghier
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Emirates College for Advanced Education (ECAE), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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11
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Lu L, Liu B. Revealing the multisensory modulation of auditory stimulus in degraded visual object recognition by dynamic causal modeling. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:1187-1198. [PMID: 31172360 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence from neurophysiological and functional imaging research has demonstrated that semantically congruent sounds can modulate the identification of a degraded visual object. However, it remains unclear how different integration regions interact with each other when only a visual object was obscured. The present study aimed to elucidate the neural bases of cross-modal functional interactions in degraded visual object recognition. Naturally degraded images and semantically congruent sounds were used in our experiment. Participants were presented with three different modalities of audio-visual stimuli: auditory only (A), degraded visual only (Vd), and simultaneous auditory and degraded visual (AVd). We used conjunction analysis and the classical 'max criterion' to define three audiovisual integration cortical hubs: the visual association cortex, the superior temporal sulcus and the Heschl's gyrus. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was then used to infer effective connectivity between these regions. The DCM results revealed that the modulation of an auditory stimulus resulted in increased connectivity from the Heschl's gyrus to the visual association cortex and from the superior temporal sulcus to the visual association cortex. It was shown that the visual association cortex is modulated not only via feedback and top-down connections from higher-order convergence areas but also via lateral feedforward connectivity from the auditory cortex. The present findings give support to interconnected models of cross-modal information integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Baolin Liu
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Chu RK, Meltzer JA. Interhemispheric connectivity during lateralized lexical decision. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:818-832. [PMID: 30375129 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-established right visual field (RVF-lh) advantage in word recognition is commonly attributed to the typical left hemisphere dominance in language; words presented to the LVF-rh are processed less efficiently due to the need for transcallosal transfer from the right to left hemisphere. The exact stage for this hemispheric transfer is currently unsettled. Some studies suggest that transfer occurs at very early stages between primary visual regions, whereas other studies suggest that transfer occurs between the left visual word form area and its right hemisphere homolog. This study explores these conflicting accounts and finds evidence for both. Participants conducted a lateralized lexical decision task with both unilateral and bilateral display conditions. Connectivity analyses were conducted from magnetoencephalography signals that were localized to the left middle occipital gyrus (LMOG), right middle occipital gyrus (RMOG), left visual word form area (LVWFA), and right visual word form area (RVWA). Results from unilateral trials showed asymmetrical interhemispheric connectivity from the RMOG to LMOG and symmetrical interhemispheric connectivity between the LVWFA and RVWFA. Furthermore, bilateral presentations led to reduced interhemispheric connectivity between both homologous region of interest pairs. Together, these results suggest that lateralized word recognition involves multiple stages of interhemispheric interactions and that these interactions are reduced with bilateral displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald K Chu
- Rotman Research Institute - Baycrest Center, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jed A Meltzer
- Rotman Research Institute - Baycrest Center, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Perrone-Bertolotti M, Kauffmann L, Pichat C, Vidal JR, Baciu M. Effective Connectivity between Ventral Occipito-Temporal and Ventral Inferior Frontal Cortex during Lexico-Semantic Processing. A Dynamic Causal Modeling Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:325. [PMID: 28690506 PMCID: PMC5480016 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that dorsal and ventral pathways support distinct aspects of language processing. Yet, the full extent of their involvement and their inter-regional connectivity in visual word recognition is still unknown. Studies suggest that they might reflect the dual-route model of reading, with the dorsal pathway more involved in grapho-phonological conversion during phonological tasks, and the ventral pathway performing lexico-semantic access during semantic tasks. Furthermore, this subdivision is also suggested at the level of the inferior frontal cortex, involving ventral and dorsal parts for lexico-semantic and phonological processing, respectively. In the present study, we assessed inter-regional brain connectivity and task-induced modulations of brain activity during a phoneme detection and semantic categorization tasks, using fMRI in healthy subject. We used a dynamic causal modeling approach to assess inter-regional connectivity and task demand modulation within the dorsal and ventral pathways, including the following network components: the ventral occipito-temporal cortex (vOTC; dorsal and ventral), the superior temporal gyrus (STG; dorsal), the dorsal inferior frontal gyrus (dIFG; dorsal), and the ventral IFG (vIFG; ventral). We report three distinct inter-regional interactions supporting orthographic information transfer from vOTC to other language regions (vOTC -> STG, vOTC -> vIFG and vOTC -> dIFG) regardless of task demands. Moreover, we found that (a) during semantic processing (direct ventral pathway) the vOTC -> vIFG connection strength specifically increased and (b) a lack of modulation of the vOTC -> dIFG connection strength by the task that could suggest a more general involvement of the dorsal pathway during visual word recognition. Results are discussed in terms of anatomo-functional connectivity of visual word recognition network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Kauffmann
- Department of Psychology, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPNC UMR 51055105Grenoble, France.,Neural Mechanisms of Human Communication Research group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
| | - Cédric Pichat
- Department of Psychology, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPNC UMR 51055105Grenoble, France
| | - Juan R Vidal
- Department of Psychology, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPNC UMR 51055105Grenoble, France
| | - Monica Baciu
- Department of Psychology, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPNC UMR 51055105Grenoble, France
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14
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Zhou W, Wang X, Xia Z, Bi Y, Li P, Shu H. Neural Mechanisms of Dorsal and Ventral Visual Regions during Text Reading. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1399. [PMID: 27695434 PMCID: PMC5023685 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When reading a narrative text, both the dorsal and ventral visual systems are activated. To illustrate the patterns of interactions between the dorsal and ventral visual systems in text reading, we conducted analyses of functional connectivity (FC) and effective connectivity (EC) in a left-hemispheric network for reading-driven functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data. In reading-driven fMRI (Experiment 1), we found significant FCs among the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG), the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and the visual word form area (VWFA), and there were top–down effects from the left MFG to the left IPS, from the left MFG to the VWFA, and from the left IPS to the VWFA. In rs-fMRI (Experiment 2), we identified FCs and ECs for MFG-IPS and IPS-VWFA connections. In addition, the brain–behavior relationship in resting states showed that the dorsal connection was more associated with reading fluency relative to lexical decision. The combination of two experiments revealed that the MFG-IPS and the VWFA-IPS connections were shared connections both in reading-driven fMRI and rs-fMRI, and that the MFG-VWFA was specific connectivity in reading-driven fMRI. These results suggest that top–down effects from the dorsal visual system to ventral visual system play an important role in text reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Beijing Key Lab of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an, China
| | - Zhichao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Yanchao Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA
| | - Hua Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
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15
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Zhu L, Niu Z, Nie Y, Yang Y, Li K, Jin Z, Wei J. The Brain Effective Connectivity of Chinese during Rhyming Task. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162158. [PMID: 27583349 PMCID: PMC5008726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With regard to brain language processing, the activation patterns have been well studied, and recently there are great interest in the connectivity models. The crucial brain areas for phonological processing involves left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), left inferior parietal lobule (LIPL) and left posterior middle temporal gyrus (LpMTG). Specially in Chinese processing, the left middle frontal gyrus (LMFG) is considered as an essential region. However, the connectivity pattern among these brain areas is not well understood. In this study, a rhyming experiment of Chinese was conducted, and the Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) and the Bayesian model selection (BMS) were used to examine the interaction between brain regions and choose the best model for rhyming task of Chinese. By examining the interactions, it was found that LMFG exerted inhibitory modulation on LIPL and LIFG; the phonological processing enhanced the connection from LIPL to LIFG and LMFG, which suggested the important roles of these connections for the increased phonological load; And LpMTG modulated LIFG and LMFG negatively, and LIPL positively under rhyming judgment task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Niu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yaoxin Nie
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Linguistics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ke Li
- The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jieyao Wei
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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16
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Keller C, Kell CA. Asymmetric intra- and interhemispheric interactions during covert and overt sentence reading. Neuropsychologia 2016; 93:448-465. [PMID: 27055948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Covert and overt sentence reading evoke lateralized activations in overall bihemispheric networks. We assumed that the study of functional connectivity may reveal underlying principles of functional lateralization. Left-lateralized activations could relate to stronger reading-related modulation of intrahemispheric functional connectivity in the left than the right hemisphere. Alternatively, left-lateralization could result from suppression of contralateral processing and thus reflect asymmetric interhemispheric interactions. To address this issue, this functional MRI study investigated the regional lateralization of covert and overt German sentence reading in 39 healthy participants. Further, it revealed the modulation of the lateralized brain regions' functional connectivity and their contralateral homotopes by covert and overt reading (psychophysiological interactions). Left-lateralization during covert reading was associated with stronger intrahemispheric coupling particularly in the left dorsal stream rather than with suppression of contralateral processing. Lateralization during overt sentence reading instead went along with additional recruitment of right perisylvian cortices involved in articulation by asymmetric positive heterotopic interhemispheric interactions. Given the paucity of interhemispheric anti-correlations with homotopic regions, functional lateralization is likely a consequence of a task-dependent interplay between asymmetric positive intra- and interhemispheric coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Keller
- Brain Imaging Center and Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian A Kell
- Brain Imaging Center and Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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17
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Hirshorn EA, Wrencher A, Durisko C, Moore MW, Fiez JA. Fusiform Gyrus Laterality in Writing Systems with Different Mapping Principles: An Artificial Orthography Training Study. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:882-94. [PMID: 26918586 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Writing systems vary in many ways, making it difficult to account for cross-linguistic neural differences. For example, orthographic processing of Chinese characters activates the mid-fusiform gyri (mFG) bilaterally, whereas the processing of English words predominantly activates the left mFG. Because Chinese and English vary in visual processing (holistic vs. analytical) and linguistic mapping principle (morphosyllabic vs. alphabetic), either factor could account for mFG laterality differences. We used artificial orthographies representing English to investigate the effect of mapping principle on mFG lateralization. The fMRI data were compared for two groups that acquired foundational proficiency: one for an alphabetic and one for an alphasyllabic artificial orthography. Greater bilateral mFG activation was observed in the alphasyllabic versus alphabetic group. The degree of bilaterality correlated with reading fluency for the learned orthography in the alphasyllabic but not alphabetic group. The results suggest that writing systems with a syllable-based mapping principle recruit bilateral mFG to support orthographic processing. Implications for individuals with left mFG dysfunction will be discussed.
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18
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Higuchi H, Moriguchi Y, Murakami H, Katsunuma R, Mishima K, Uno A. Neural basis of hierarchical visual form processing of Japanese Kanji characters. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00413. [PMID: 26807339 PMCID: PMC4714641 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the neural processing of reading Japanese Kanji characters, which involves unique hierarchical visual processing, including the recognition of visual components specific to Kanji, such as "radicals." METHODS We performed functional MRI to measure brain activity in response to hierarchical visual stimuli containing (1) real Kanji characters (complete structure with semantic information), (2) pseudo Kanji characters (subcomponents without complete character structure), (3) artificial characters (character fragments), and (4) checkerboard (simple photic stimuli). RESULTS As we expected, the peaks of the activation in response to different stimulus types were aligned within the left occipitotemporal visual region along the posterior-anterior axis in order of the structural complexity of the stimuli, from fragments (3) to complete characters (1). Moreover, only the real Kanji characters produced functional connectivity between the left inferotemporal area and the language area (left inferior frontal triangularis), while pseudo Kanji characters induced connectivity between the left inferotemporal area and the bilateral cerebellum and left putamen. CONCLUSIONS Visual processing of Japanese Kanji takes place in the left occipitotemporal cortex, with a clear hierarchy within the region such that the neural activation differentiates the elements in Kanji characters' fragments, subcomponents, and semantics, with different patterns of connectivity to remote regions among the elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Higuchi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba Laboratory of Advanced Research D 1-1-1 Tennodai TsukubaIbaraki 305-8577 Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Research Fellow Kojimachi Business Center Building 5-3-1 Kojimachi Chiyoda Tokyo 102-0083 Japan; Department of Psychophysiology National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi Kodaira Tokyo 187-0031 Japan
| | - Yoshiya Moriguchi
- Department of Psychophysiology National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi Kodaira Tokyo 187-0031 Japan; Integrative Brain Imaging Center National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi Kodaira Tokyo 187-0031 Japan
| | - Hiroki Murakami
- Department of Psychophysiology National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi Kodaira Tokyo 187-0031 Japan; Department of Psychology Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Ruri Katsunuma
- Department of Psychophysiology National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi Kodaira Tokyo 187-0031 Japan; Integrative Brain Imaging Center National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi Kodaira Tokyo 187-0031 Japan
| | - Kazuo Mishima
- Department of Psychophysiology National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi Kodaira Tokyo 187-0031 Japan
| | - Akira Uno
- Faculty of Human Sciences University of Tsukuba Laboratory of Advanced Research D 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
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19
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Twomey T, Waters D, Price CJ, Kherif F, Woll B, MacSweeney M. Identification of the regions involved in phonological assembly using a novel paradigm. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 150:45-53. [PMID: 26335996 PMCID: PMC4669302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we adopt a novel strategy to investigate phonological assembly. Participants performed a visual lexical decision task in English in which the letters in words and letterstrings were delivered either sequentially (promoting phonological assembly) or simultaneously (not promoting phonological assembly). A region of interest analysis confirmed that regions previously associated with phonological assembly, in studies contrasting different word types (e.g. words versus pseudowords), were also identified using our novel task that controls for a number of confounding variables. Specifically, the left pars opercularis, the superior part of the ventral precentral gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus were all recruited more during sequential delivery than simultaneous delivery, even when various psycholinguistic characteristics of the stimuli were controlled. This suggests that sequential delivery of orthographic stimuli is a useful tool to explore how readers, with various levels of proficiency, use sublexical phonological processing during visual word recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Twomey
- ESRC Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College London, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Dafydd Waters
- ESRC Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College London, UK
| | - Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
| | - Ferath Kherif
- LREN, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bencie Woll
- ESRC Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College London, UK
| | - Mairéad MacSweeney
- ESRC Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College London, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK.
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20
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Time-varying effective connectivity during visual object naming as a function of semantic demands. J Neurosci 2015; 35:8768-76. [PMID: 26063911 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4888-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that visual object understanding involves a rapid feedforward sweep, after which subsequent recurrent interactions are necessary. The extent to which recurrence plays a critical role in object processing remains to be determined. Recent studies have demonstrated that recurrent processing is modulated by increasing semantic demands. Differentially from previous studies, we used dynamic causal modeling to model neural activity recorded with magnetoencephalography while 14 healthy humans named two sets of visual objects that differed in the degree of semantic accessing demands, operationalized in terms of the values of basic psycholinguistic variables associated with the presented objects (age of acquisition, frequency, and familiarity). This approach allowed us to estimate the directionality of the causal interactions among brain regions and their associated connectivity strengths. Furthermore, to understand the dynamic nature of connectivity (i.e., the chronnectome; Calhoun et al., 2014) we explored the time-dependent changes of effective connectivity during a period (200-400 ms) where adding semantic-feature information improves modeling and classifying visual objects, at 50 ms increments. First, we observed a graded involvement of backward connections, that became active beyond 200 ms. Second, we found that semantic demands caused a suppressive effect in the backward connection from inferior frontal cortex (IFC) to occipitotemporal cortex over time. These results complement those from previous studies underscoring the role of IFC as a common source of top-down modulation, which drives recurrent interactions with more posterior regions during visual object recognition. Crucially, our study revealed the inhibitory modulation of this interaction in situations that place greater demands on the conceptual system.
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21
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Xu M, Wang T, Chen S, Fox PT, Tan LH. Effective connectivity of brain regions related to visual word recognition: An fMRI study of Chinese reading. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2580-91. [PMID: 25788100 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Past neuroimaging studies have focused on identifying specialized functional brain systems for processing different components of reading, such as orthography, phonology, and semantics. More recently, a few experiments have been performed to look into the integration and interaction of distributed neural systems for visual word recognition, suggesting that lexical processing in alphabetic languages involves both ventral and dorsal neural pathways originating from the visual cortex. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we tested the multiple pathways model with Chinese character stimuli and examined how the neural systems interacted in reading Chinese. Using dynamic causal modeling, we demonstrated that visual word recognition in Chinese engages the ventral pathway from the visual cortex to the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex, but not the dorsal pathway from the visual cortex to the left parietal region. The ventral pathway, however, is linked to the superior parietal lobule and the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) so that a dynamic neural network is formed, with information flowing from the visual cortex to the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex to the parietal lobule and then to the left MFG. The findings suggest that cortical dynamics is constrained by the differences in how visual orthographic symbols in writing systems are linked to spoken language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Detection and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen, China.,School of Humanities, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Detection and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siping Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Detection and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peter T Fox
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Li Hai Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Detection and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Pattamadilok C, Bulnes LC, Devlin JT, Bourguignon M, Morais J, Goldman S, Kolinsky R. How Early Does the Brain Distinguish between Regular Words, Irregular Words, and Pseudowords during the Reading Process? Evidence from Neurochronometric TMS. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:1259-74. [PMID: 25603024 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive theories on reading propose that the characteristics of written stimuli determine how they are processed in the brain. However, whether the brain distinguishes between regular words, irregular words, and pseudowords already at an early stage of the reading process is still subject to debate. Here we used chronometric TMS to address this issue. During the first 140 msec of regular word, irregular word, and pseudoword reading, TMS was used to disrupt the function of the ventral occipitotemporal, posterior middle temporal, and supramarginal gyri, which are key areas involved in orthographic, semantic, and phonological processing, respectively. Early TMS stimulation delivered on posterior middle temporal and supramarginal gyri affected regular and irregular word, but not pseudoword, reading. In contrast, ventral occipitotemporal disruption affected both word and pseudoword reading. We thus found evidence for an early distinction between word and pseudoword processing in the semantic and phonological systems, but not in the orthographic system.
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23
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Klepousniotou E, Gracco VL, Pike GB. Pathways to lexical ambiguity: fMRI evidence for bilateral fronto-parietal involvement in language processing. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2014; 131:56-64. [PMID: 24183467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous functional neuroimaging studies reported increased activity in the pars opercularis and the pars triangularis (Brodmann's areas 44 and 45) of the left hemisphere during the performance of linguistic tasks. The role of these areas in the right hemisphere in language processing is not understood and, although there is evidence from lesion studies that the right hemisphere is involved in the appreciation of semantic relations, no specific anatomical substrate has yet been identified. This event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study compared brain activity during the performance of language processing trials in which either dominant or subordinate meaning activation of ambiguous words was required. The results show that the ventral part of the pars opercularis both in the left and the right hemisphere is centrally involved in language processing. In addition, they highlight the bilateral co-activation of this region with the supramarginal gyrus of the inferior parietal lobule during the processing of this type of linguistic material. This study, thus, provides the first evidence of co-activation of Broca's region and the inferior parietal lobule, succeeding in further specifying the relative contribution of these cortical areas to language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Klepousniotou
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Centre for Research on Language, Mind, and Brain, McGill University, 3640 de la Montagne, Montreal, QC H3G 2A8, Canada.
| | - Vincent L Gracco
- Centre for Research on Language, Mind, and Brain, McGill University, 3640 de la Montagne, Montreal, QC H3G 2A8, Canada; School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, 1266 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3G 1A8, Canada
| | - G Bruce Pike
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Centre for Research on Language, Mind, and Brain, McGill University, 3640 de la Montagne, Montreal, QC H3G 2A8, Canada
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