1
|
Ma M, Xue Z, Li C, Zhang X, Gao J, Deng T, Gao C, Wang N. Inhibition of pseudo-allergic reactions by vitamin K3 directly targeting GAB1 in mast cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112490. [PMID: 38897121 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin K3 (VK3), a fat-soluble synthetic analog of the vitamin K family, has coagulant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. Pseudo allergy is a IgE-independent immune response associated with mast cells. This study investigated the role of VK3 in IgE-independent mast cell activation. METHODS Substance P (SP) was used to induce LAD2-cell activation in order to analyze the effects of VK3 in vitro. Cutaneous allergy and systemic allergy mouse models were used to analyze the anti-pseudo-allergic effects of VK3. Proteome microarray assays were used to analyze VK3-binding protein. Biolayer interferometry and immunoprecipitation were used to verify interaction between VK3 and its key targets. RNA interference was used to determine the role of GAB1 in LAD2cell activation. RESULTS VK3 inhibited SP-induced LAD2-cell activation, and resulted in the release of β-hexosaminidase, histamine and cytokines; VK3 inhibited SP-induced pseudo allergic reactions in mice, and serum histamine and TNF-α levels decreased. Degranulation of skin mast cells was reduced; GAB1 in mast cells was stably bound to VK3. GAB1 participated in SP-induced LAD2-cell activation. GAB1 knockdown in LAD2 cells prevented SP-induced β-hexosaminidase release, calcium mobilization and cell skeletal remodeling. VK3 directly binds to GAB1 and reduces its expression to inhibited SP-induced LAD2 cell activation. CONCLUSION The anti-pseudo-allergic activity of VK3 was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. VK3 can inhibit SP-induced mast cell activation by directly targeting GAB1. This study provides new insights on the activity of VK3 and the mechanism of pseudoallergic reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuoyin Xue
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenjia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingting Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Niu J, Wang B, Wang T, Zhou T. Mechanism of METTL3-mediated m6A modification in depression-induced cognitive deficits. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2022; 189:86-99. [PMID: 35591810 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Depressive disorder (DD) is associated with N6-methyladenosine (m6A) hypermethylation. This study sought to explore the molecular mechanism of Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) in cognitive deficits of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-treated rats and provide novel targets for DD treatment. A DD rat model was established via CUMS treatment. Cognitive deficits were assessed via body weighing and behavioral tests. METTL3, microRNA (miR)-221-3p, pri-miR-221, GRB2-associated binding protein 1 (Gab1) expressions in hippocampal tissues were detected via RT-qPCR and Western blotting. m6A, DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (DGCR8)-bound pri-miR-221 and pri-miR-221 m6A levels were measured. The binding relationship between miR-221-3p and Gab1 was testified by dual-luciferase and RNA pull-down assays. Rescue experiments were designed to confirm the role of miR-221-3p and Gab1. METTL3 was highly expressed in CUMS rats, and silencing METTL3 attenuated cognitive deficits of CUMS rats. METTL3-mediated m6A modification facilitated processing and maturation of pri-miR-221 via DGCR8 to upregulate miR-221-3p. miR-221-3p targeted Gab1. miR-221-3p overexpression or Gab1 downregulation reversed the role of silencing METTL3 in CUMS rats. Overall, METTL3-mediated m6A modification facilitated processing and maturation of pri-miR-221 to upregulate miR-221-3p and then inhibit Gab1, thereby aggravating cognitive deficits of CUMS rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Niu
- Clinical Psychology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bailing Wang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Clinical service department, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jin T, Chen R, Shao M, Yang X, Ma L, Wang F. Dorsal hippocampus- and ACC-projecting medial septum neurons differentially contribute to the recollection of episodic-like memory. FASEB J 2020; 34:11741-11753. [PMID: 32652689 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000398r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory refers to the recollection of previous experiences containing specific temporal, spatial, and emotional information. The ability to recollect episodic memory requires coordination of multiple brain regions, including the hippocampus (HPC) and the cingulate cortex. While the afferents into HPC and cingulate cortex that orchestrate the episodic memory remain unclear. The medial septum (MS), one of the anatomical location of cholinergic centers, innervates not only the dorsal HPC (dHPC), but also the cingulate and entorhinal cortices. By using "What-Where-When" episodic-like memory (ELM) behavioral model and viral tracing, we found that MS neurons projected to dHPC and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which exerted distinct impacts on ELM recollection. Chemogenetic inhibition of the dHPC-projecting MS neurons disrupted "What-Where-When" ELM recollection as well as object location, object-in-place, and recency recognition memories recollection, while chemogenetic inhibition of the ACC-projecting MS neurons only disrupted "What-Where-When" ELM recollection. Moreover, neither dHPC- nor ACC-projecting MS neurons were involved in novel object recognition memory recollection or locomotor activity. Immunostaining showed that ACC- and dHPC-projecting MS neurons are partially overlapped populations. These findings reveal an unsuspected division of ELM processing and provide the potential mechanism that the recollection of episodic memory need the coordination of MS neurons projecting to dHPC and ACC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingshuo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yao KX, Lyu H, Liao MH, Yang L, Gao YP, Liu QB, Wang CK, Lu YM, Jiang GJ, Han F, Wang P. Effect of low-dose Levamlodipine Besylate in the treatment of vascular dementia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18248. [PMID: 31796756 PMCID: PMC6890753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a complex disorder caused by reduced blood flow in the brain. However, there is no effective pharmacological treatment option available until now. Here, we reported that low-dose levamlodipine besylate could reverse the cognitive impairment in VaD mice model of right unilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (rUCCAO). Oral administration of levamlodipine besylate (0.1 mg/kg) could reduce the latency to find the hidden platform in the MWM test as compared to the vehicle group. Furthermore, vehicle-treated mice revealed reduced phospho-CaMKII (Thr286) levels in the hippocampus, which can be partially restored by levamlodipine besylate (0.1 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg) treatment. No significant outcome on microglia and astrocytes were observed following levamlodipine besylate treatment. This data reveal novel findings of the therapeutic potential of low-dose levamlodipine besylate that could considerably enhance the cognitive function in VaD mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Xin Yao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Lyu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei-Hua Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin-Ping Gao
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi-Bing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Cheng-Kun Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Jun Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Feng Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shao LX, Jiang Q, Liu XX, Gong DM, Yin YX, Wu G, Sun NH, Wang CK, Chen QZ, Yu C, Shi WX, Fan HY, Fukunaga K, Chen Z, Lu YM, Han F. Functional coupling of Tmem74 and HCN1 channels regulates anxiety-like behavior in BLA neurons. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1461-1477. [PMID: 30886335 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, but their pathogenic mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we report that transmembrane protein 74 (TMEM74), which contains two putative transmembrane domains and exhibits high levels of mRNA in the brain, is closely associated with the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. TMEM74 was decreased in the serum of patients with anxiety and the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BLA) in chronic stress mice. Furthermore, genetic deletion of Tmem74 or selective knockdown of Tmem74 in BLA pyramidal neurons resulted in anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Whole-cell recordings in BLA pyramidal neurons revealed lower hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) and greater input resistance and excitability in Tmem74-/- neurons than in wild-type neurons. Accordingly, surface expression of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 1 (HCN1) channels was also lower in the BLA of Tmem74-/- mice. The Ih current blocker ZD7288 mimicked these effects in BLA pyramidal neurons in wild-type mice but not in Tmem74-/- mice. Consistent with the improvement in anxiety-like behaviors, Tmem74 overexpression restored HCN1 channel trafficking and pyramidal neuron excitability in the BLA of Tmem74-/- and chronic stress mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that interactions between Tmem74 and HCN1 are physiologically relevant and that transmembrane domain 1 (TM1) is essential for the cellular membrane localization of Tmem74 to enhance Ih. Together, our findings suggest that Tmem74 coupling with HCN1 acts as a critical component in the pathophysiology of anxiety and is a potential target for new treatments of anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xiao Shao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Mei Gong
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Yin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning-He Sun
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Kun Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Zhen Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Xing Shi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Basic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Heng-Yu Fan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
State-of-the-art: functional fluorescent probes for bioimaging and pharmacological research. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:717-723. [PMID: 30487651 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cancers seriously endanger human health. Mechanistic and pharmacological mechanisms of candidate drugs are central to the translational paradigm. Since many signal transduction and molecular events are implicated in these diseases, a novel method to interrogate the key pharmacological mechanisms is required to accelerate innovative drug discovery. Much attention now focuses on the real-time visualization of molecular disease events to yield new insights to the pathogenesis of the diseases. This review focuses on recent advances in the development of chemical probes for imaging pathological events to facilitate the study of the underlying pharmacodynamics and toxicity involved. As reviewed here, optical imaging is now frequently viewed as an indispensable technique in the field of biological research. Promoting interdisciplinary collaboration among chemistry, biology and medicine, is necessary to further refine functional fluorescent probes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tan C, Lu NN, Wang CK, Chen DY, Sun NH, Lyu H, Körbelin J, Shi WX, Fukunaga K, Lu YM, Han F. Endothelium-Derived Semaphorin 3G Regulates Hippocampal Synaptic Structure and Plasticity via Neuropilin-2/PlexinA4. Neuron 2019; 101:920-937.e13. [PMID: 30685224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The proper interactions between blood vessels and neurons are critical for maintaining the strength of neural circuits and cognitive function. However, the precise molecular events underlying these interactions remain largely unknown. Here, we report that the selective knockout of semaphorin 3G (Sema3G) in endothelial cells impaired hippocampal-dependent memory and reduced dendritic spine density in CA1 neurons in mice; these effects were reversed after restoration of Sema3G levels in the hippocampus by AAV transfection. We further show that Sema3G increased excitatory synapse density via neuropilin-2/PlexinA4 signaling and through activation of Rac1. These results provide the first evidence that, in the central nervous system, endothelial Sema3G serves as a vascular-derived synaptic organizer that regulates synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memory. Our findings highlight the role of vascular endothelial cells in regulating cognitive function through intercellular communication with neurons in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nan-Nan Lu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cheng-Kun Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan-Yang Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ning-He Sun
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hang Lyu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany; Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Wei-Xing Shi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Basic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, CA 92350, USA
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China; Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Feng Han
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liang XG, Tan C, Wang CK, Tao RR, Huang YJ, Ma KF, Fukunaga K, Huang MZ, Han F. Myt1l induced direct reprogramming of pericytes into cholinergic neurons. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:801-809. [PMID: 29453933 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cholinergic deficit is thought to underlie progressed cognitive decline in Alzheimer Disease. The lineage reprogramming of somatic cells into cholinergic neurons may provide strategies toward cell-based therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we found that a combination of neuronal transcription factors, including Ascl1, Myt1l, Brn2, Tlx3, and miR124 (5Fs) were capable of directly converting human brain vascular pericytes (HBVPs) into cholinergic neuronal cells. Intriguingly, the inducible effect screening of reprogramming factors showed that a single reprogramming factor, Myt1l, induced cells to exhibit similarly positive staining for Tuj1, MAP2, ChAT, and VAChT upon lentivirus infection with the 5Fs after 30 days. HBVP-converted neurons were rarely labeled even after long-term incubation with BrdU staining, suggesting that induced neurons were directly converted from HBVPs rather than passing through a proliferative state. In addition, the overexpression of Myt1l induced the elevation of Ascl1, Brn2, and Ngn2 levels that contributed to reprogramming. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provided proof of the principle that cholinergic neurons could be produced from HBVPs by reprogramming factor-mediated fate instruction. Myt1l was a critical mediator of induced neuron cell reprogramming. HBVPs represent another excellent alternative cell resource for cell-based therapy to treat neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Guang Liang
- Central Laboratory, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Kun Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Rong Tao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jie Huang
- Central Laboratory, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kui-Fen Ma
- Central Laboratory, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ming-Zhu Huang
- Central Laboratory, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Han
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|