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Saveleva L, Sima M, Klema J, Krejčík Z, Vartiainen P, Sitnikova V, Belaya I, Malm T, Jalava PI, Rössner P, Kanninen KM. Transcriptomic alterations in the olfactory bulb induced by exposure to air pollution: Identification of potential biomarkers and insights into olfactory system function. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 104:104316. [PMID: 37981204 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated how exposure to the ubiquitous air pollution component, ultrafine particles (UFPs), alters the olfactory bulb (OB) transcriptome. The study utilised a whole-body inhalation chamber to simulate real-life conditions and focused on UFPs due to their high translocation and deposition ability in OBs as well as their prevalence in ambient air. Female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to clean air or to freshly generated combustion derived UFPs for two weeks, after which OBs were dissected and mRNA transcripts were investigated using RNA sequencing analysis. For the first time, transcriptomics was applied to determine changes in mRNA expression levels occurring after subacute exposure to UFPs in the OBs. We found forty-five newly described mRNAs to be involved in air pollution-induced responses, including genes involved in odorant binding, synaptic regulation, and myelination signalling pathway, providing new gene candidates for future research. This study provides new insights for the environmental science and neuroscience fields and nominates future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Saveleva
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michal Sima
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Klema
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Jugoslávských partyzánů 1580/3, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Krejčík
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Vartiainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Valeriia Sitnikova
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Belaya
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pavel Rössner
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Melis M, Tomassini Barbarossa I, Crnjar R, Sollai G. Olfactory Sensitivity Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Polymorphism in the Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels Kv1.3. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234986. [PMID: 36501016 PMCID: PMC9736683 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Smell strongly contributes to food choice and its hedonistic evaluation. A reduction or loss of smell has been related to malnutrition problems, resulting in excessive weight loss or gain. Voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1.3 are widely expressed in the olfactory bulb, and contribute mainly to the value of the resting membrane potential and to the frequency of action potentials. Mutations in the Kv1.3 gene are associated with alterations in glycemic homeostasis and olfactory sensitivity. We evaluated the olfactory performance in 102 healthy subjects and its association with BMI and polymorphism in the human Kv1.3 gene. Olfactory performance, based on the olfactory threshold, discrimination and identification scores and their summed score (TDI), was measured using the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. Subjects were genotyped for the rs2821557 polymorphism of the Kv1.3 gene, whose major allele T was associated with a super-smeller phenotype, lower plasma glucose levels and resistance to diet-induced obesity as compared with the minor allele C. Based on the Kv1.3 genotype, the TDI and I olfactory scores obtained by the subjects were the following: TT > TC > CC. Subjects who were TT homozygous or heterozygous exhibited lower BMIs and reached higher olfactory scores than those with the CC genotype. The results were sex-dependent: heterozygous females performed better than heterozygous males. These findings show an inverse relationship between olfactory function and BMI, and a significant effect of the Kv1.3 genotypes on the olfactory functions and on the BMIs of the subjects. Finally, they suggest that the sex-related differences in the olfactory function can be partially ascribed to the Kv1.3 gene’s polymorphism.
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Mastinu M, Melis M, Yousaf NY, Barbarossa IT, Tepper BJ. Emotional responses to taste and smell stimuli: Self-reports, physiological measures, and a potential role for individual and genetic factors. J Food Sci 2022; 88:65-90. [PMID: 36169921 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Taste and olfaction elicit conscious feelings by direct connection with the neural circuits of emotions that affects physiological responses in the body (e.g., heart rate and skin conductance). While sensory attributes are strong determinants of food liking, other factors such as emotional reactions to foods may be better predictors of consumer choices even for products that are equally-liked. Thus, important insights can be gained for understanding the full spectrum of emotional reactions to foods that inform the activities of product developers and marketers, eating psychologist and nutritionists, and policy makers. Today, self-reported questionnaires and physiological measures are the most common tools applied to study variations in emotional perception. The present review discusses these methodological approaches, underlining their different strengths and weaknesses. We also discuss a small, emerging literature suggesting that individual differences and genetic variations in taste and smell perception, like the genetic ability to perceive the bitter compound PROP, may also play a role in emotional reactions to aromas and foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Mastinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.,Center for Sensory Sciences & Innovation & Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Neeta Y Yousaf
- Center for Sensory Sciences & Innovation & Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Beverly J Tepper
- Center for Sensory Sciences & Innovation & Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Avanipully JN, Thekkekkara D, M S, Parihar VK, Manjula SN. The Role of Olfactory System in the Etiogenesis of Parkinson’s Diseases: An Overview. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0976500x221085802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) mainly affects the dopaminergic neuronal networks of the substantia nigra, which leads to both motor and nonmotor symptoms of the disease. Based on the reports from the previous studies, 95% of the cases are presented along with olfactory dysfunction. The relevant publications from 2002 to 2021 were searched and shortlisted using PubMed and Google Scholar. In this review, we have discussed the correlation between olfactory dysfunction and PD. Olfactory damage presents earlier than the motor symptoms. Because there are no current methodologies for the early detection of PD, olfactory dysfunction can be used as a potential marker for the early detection of PD and hence paving the way for better therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dithu Thekkekkara
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSSAHER, Mysuru-570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Sahyadri M
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSSAHER, Mysuru-570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Vipan K. Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPER-Hajipur, Bihar-844102, India
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5
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Sollai G, Melis M, Tomassini Barbarossa I, Crnjar R. A polymorphism in the human gene encoding OBPIIa affects the perceived intensity of smelled odors. Behav Brain Res 2022; 427:113860. [PMID: 35341882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the factors that contribute to the physiological variability of the olfactory function of individuals, an important role seems to be played by the OBPs present in the mucus that bathes the ciliated terminals of the olfactory sensory neurons, facilitating the access of odorants to the olfactory receptors. It was recently highlighted that the rs2590498 polymorphism in the odor binding-protein (OBPIIa) gene it is associated with the olfactory threshold in healthy individuals. Aim of this study was to evaluate: 1) the presence of a relationship between the threshold olfactory performance of healthy subjects and the intensity with which they perceive the smelled odorants, and 2) the effect of the rs2590498 polymorphism of the OBPIIa gene on perceived intensity. We found a positive correlation between threshold olfactory and perceived intensity, and that AA homozygous subjects reported a perceived intensity higher than heterozygous and GG homozygous subjects. By showing a positive effect of the rs2590498 polymorphism of the hOBPIIa gene on the intensity perceived, these results suggest that it allows a larger number of molecules in an odorous mixture to reach the olfactory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sect. of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sect. of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sect. of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Italy
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Rosa A, Pinna I, Masala C. Role of body weight and sex in the olfactory and gustatory pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity of a lipid‐rich food. J SENS STUD 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Cagliari Italy
| | - Ilenia Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Cagliari Italy
| | - Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Cagliari Italy
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Zambom-Ferraresi F, Zambom-Ferraresi F, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Lachén-Montes M, Cartas-Cejudo P, Lasarte JJ, Casares N, Fernández S, Cedeño-Veloz BA, Maraví-Aznar E, Uzcanga-Lacabe MI, Galbete A, Santamaría E, Martínez-Velilla N. Olfactory Characterization and Training in Older Adults: Protocol Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:757081. [PMID: 34867284 PMCID: PMC8637846 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.757081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present the research protocol for a prospective cohort study that will assess the olfactory function and the effect of an intervention based on olfactory training in healthy very old adults (≥75 years old). A convenience sample of 180 older people (50% female) will be recruited in three different environments: hospitalized control group (CH) with stable acute illness (n = 60); ambulatory control group (CA) of community-based living (n = 60); and an experimental odor training group (EOT) from nursing homes (n = 60). The odor training (OT) intervention will last 12 weeks. All the volunteers will be assessed at baseline; CA and EOT groups will also be assessed after 12 weeks. The primary end point will be change in olfactory capacity from baseline to 12 weeks period of intervention or control. The intervention effects will be assessed with the overall score achieved in Sniffin Sticks Test (SST) – Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification (TDI) extended version. Secondary end points will be changes in cognitive tasks, quality of life, mood, immune status, and functional capacity. All these measurements will be complemented with an immune fitness characterization and a deep proteome profiling of the olfactory epithelium (OE) cultured ex vivo. The current study will provide additional evidence to support the implementation of olfactory precision medicine and the development of immunomodulatory nasal therapies based on non-invasive procedures. The proposed intervention will also intend to increase the knowledge about the olfactory function in very elderly people, improve function and quality of life, and promote the recovery of the health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Zambom-Ferraresi
- Geriatric Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fabricio Zambom-Ferraresi
- Geriatric Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Lachén-Montes
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paz Cartas-Cejudo
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Secundino Fernández
- Department of Otolaryngology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Maraví-Aznar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Arkaitz Galbete
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nicolás Martínez-Velilla
- Geriatric Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Pamplona, Spain
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8
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Bontempi C, Jacquot L, Brand G. Sex Differences in Odor Hedonic Perception: An Overview. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:764520. [PMID: 34733137 PMCID: PMC8558558 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.764520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor hedonic evaluation (pleasant/unpleasant) is considered as the first and one of the most prominent dimension in odor perception. While sex differences in human olfaction have been extensively explored, gender effect in hedonic perception appears to be less considered. However, a number of studies have included comparisons between men and women, using different types of measurements (psychophysical, psychophysiological,…). This overview presents experimental works with non-specific and body odors separately presented as well as experimental studies comparing healthy participants vs patients with psychiatric disorders. Contrary to sensitivity, identification or discrimination, the overall literature tends to prove that no so clear differences occur in odor hedonic judgment between men and women. On the whole, gender effect appears more marked for body than non-specific odors and is almost never reported in psychiatric diseases. These findings are discussed in relation to the processes classically implied in pleasantness rating and emotional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bontempi
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive – UR481, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Laurence Jacquot
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive – UR481, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Gérard Brand
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive – UR481, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- CSGA Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
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9
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Solla P, Masala C, Pinna I, Ercoli T, Loy F, Orofino G, Fadda L, Defazio G. Frequency and Determinants of Olfactory Hallucinations in Parkinson's Disease Patients. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070841. [PMID: 34202903 PMCID: PMC8301996 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Olfactory dysfunctions and hallucinations are considered common nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Visual and auditory hallucinations are well-known; however, olfactory hallucinations (OHs) are not fully investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate OHs in PD patients, and their correlation to motor impairment, cognitive abilities, visual and auditory hallucinations, and olfactory and gustatory function. Methods: A sample of 273 patients was enrolled: 141 PD patients (mean age ± SD: 70.1 ± 9.5 years) and 132 healthy controls (mean age ± SD: 69.4 ± 9.6 years). In all patients, the following parameters were evaluated: motor symptoms (UPDRS-III), olfactory function, cognitive abilities, and occurrence of OH, gustatory hallucinations (GHs), and visual/auditory hallucinations. Results: OHs were found only in PD patients with a percentage of 11.3%. Among PD patients with OHs, 2.8% also presented GHs. High significant frequencies of females, the presence of visual/auditory hallucinations, and a high mean UPDRS-III score were found in patients with OHs related to patients without them. Binary logistic regression evidenced the presence of visual/auditory hallucinations and sex as main variables predicting the presence of OHs. Conclusions: Our data indicated that OHs occur frequently in PD patients, especially in women, and often concomitant with visual and auditory hallucinations, without any association with olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Solla
- Department of Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (I.P.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Ilenia Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (I.P.); (F.L.)
| | - Tommaso Ercoli
- Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4.500, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (T.E.); (G.O.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (I.P.); (F.L.)
| | - Gianni Orofino
- Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4.500, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (T.E.); (G.O.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Laura Fadda
- Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4.500, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (T.E.); (G.O.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Giovanni Defazio
- Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4.500, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (T.E.); (G.O.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
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Melis M, Haehner A, Mastinu M, Hummel T, Tomassini Barbarossa I. Molecular and Genetic Factors Involved in Olfactory and Gustatory Deficits and Associations with Microbiota in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084286. [PMID: 33924222 PMCID: PMC8074606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in olfaction and taste are among the most frequent non-motor manifestations in Parkinson’s disease (PD) that start very early and frequently precede the PD motor symptoms. The limited data available suggest that the basis of the olfactory and gustatory dysfunction related to PD are likely multifactorial and may include the same determinants responsible for other non-motor symptoms of PD. This review describes the most relevant molecular and genetic factors involved in the PD-related smell and taste impairments, and their associations with the microbiota, which also may represent risk factors associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Mariano Mastinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Iole Tomassini Barbarossa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-675-4144
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Sollai G, Melis M, Mastinu M, Paduano D, Chicco F, Magri S, Usai P, Hummel T, Barbarossa IT, Crnjar R. Olfactory Function in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Is Associated with Their Body Mass Index and Polymorphism in the Odor Binding-Protein (OBPIIa) Gene. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020703. [PMID: 33671721 PMCID: PMC7926749 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smell strongly contributes to food choice and intake, influencing energy balance and body weight; its reduction or loss has been related to malnutrition problems. Some patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mainly Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are underweight, while others are overweight. Some studies suggest that changes in eating habits could be linked to specific disorders of the olfactory functions. We assessed the olfactory performance in 199 subjects (healthy control (HC) n = 99, IBD n = 100), based on the olfactory Threshold, Discrimination and Identification score (TDI score), measured with the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. Subjects were genotyped for the rs2590498 polymorphism of the OBPIIa gene. IBD patients showed both a slightly, but significantly, lower olfactory function and a higher BMI compared to HC subjects. Threshold (in both population) and Discrimination (in IBD patients) olfactory score were affected by the OBPIIa genotype. BMI was influenced by both health status and OBPIIa genotype. A lower olfactory function may delay the satiety sensation and thus increase meal duration and body weight in IBD patients. However, the AA genotype of the OBPIIa seems to “protect” IBD patients from more severe olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.T.B.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-6754160
| | - Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.T.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Mariano Mastinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.T.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Danilo Paduano
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (D.P.); (F.C.); (S.M.); (P.U.)
| | - Fabio Chicco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (D.P.); (F.C.); (S.M.); (P.U.)
| | - Salvatore Magri
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (D.P.); (F.C.); (S.M.); (P.U.)
| | - Paolo Usai
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (D.P.); (F.C.); (S.M.); (P.U.)
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, 01067 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Iole Tomassini Barbarossa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.T.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.T.B.); (R.C.)
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Melis M, Pintus S, Mastinu M, Fantola G, Moroni R, Pepino MY, Tomassini Barbarossa I. Changes of Taste, Smell and Eating Behavior in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: Associations with PROP Phenotypes and Polymorphisms in the Odorant-Binding Protein OBPIIa and CD36 Receptor Genes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010250. [PMID: 33467165 PMCID: PMC7830302 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the most effective long-term treatment for severe obesity and related comorbidities. Although patients who underwent bariatric surgery report changes of taste and smell perception, results from sensory studies are discrepant and limited. Here, we assessed taste and smell functions in 51 patients before, one month, and six months after undergoing bariatric surgery. We used taste strip tests to assess gustatory function (including sweetness, saltiness, sourness, umaminess, bitterness and oleic acid, a fatty stimulus), the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test to assess olfactory identification and the 3-Factor Eating Questionnaire to assess eating behavior. We also explored associations between these phenotypes and flavor-related genes. Results showed an overall improvement in taste function (including increased sensitivity to oleic acid and the bitterness of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP)) and in olfactory function (which could be related to the increase in PROP and oleic acid sensitivity), an increase in cognitive restraint, and a decrease in disinhibition and hunger after bariatric surgery. These findings indicate that bariatric surgery can have a positive impact on olfactory and gustatory functions and eating behavior (with an important role of genetic factors, such PROP tasting), which in turn might contribute to the success of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (M.M.); (I.T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-675-4142
| | - Stefano Pintus
- Obesity Surgical Unit ARNAS G. Brotzu, 09121 Cagliari, Italy; (S.P.); (G.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Mariano Mastinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (M.M.); (I.T.B.)
| | - Giovanni Fantola
- Obesity Surgical Unit ARNAS G. Brotzu, 09121 Cagliari, Italy; (S.P.); (G.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Moroni
- Obesity Surgical Unit ARNAS G. Brotzu, 09121 Cagliari, Italy; (S.P.); (G.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Marta Yanina Pepino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Iole Tomassini Barbarossa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (M.M.); (I.T.B.)
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Melis M, Tomassini Barbarossa I, Hummel T, Crnjar R, Sollai G. Effect of the rs2890498 polymorphism of the OBPIIa gene on the human ability to smell single molecules. Behav Brain Res 2021; 402:113127. [PMID: 33422593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Most odors of foods and drinks are mixtures of molecules. By means of the coupled Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O) technique, single components of flavor mixtures can be separated, identified and verbally evaluated by subjects. The number of single molecules smelled by subjects during GC-O analysis (i.e., the number of odor-active compounds) was previously found to be linearly correlated with odor Threshold (T) score. Using the "Sniffin' Sticks" test, the same subjects were classified as normosmic or hyposmic. Hydrophobic odorants are captured and transported through the mucus layer by the odorant binding proteins (OBPs), particularly expressed in the olfactory cleft and associated with the olfactory function. In this study, subjects were genotyped for the rs2590498 (A/G) polymorphism of the OBPIIa gene, whose major allele A is associated with a higher olfactory sensitivity as compared to the minor allele G. One-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of the genotype of the OBPIIa locus on the: a) T score; b) number of odor-active compounds smelled; c) intensity perceived when sniffing the complex odor of banana. In conclusion, the threshold olfactory performance, but also the individual ability to smell single molecules, can be attributed, partly at least, to the rs2590498 polymorphism of the OBPIIa gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, 09042, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, 09042, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, 09042, Italy.
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Masala C, Loy F, Piras R, Liscia A, Fadda L, Moat A, Solla P, Defazio G. Effect of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction and Motor Symptoms on Body Weight in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10040218. [PMID: 32272584 PMCID: PMC7226465 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) are often associated with a negative impact on the patients' quality of life and on their weight regulation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, apathy, fatigue, depression, and motor symptoms on weight regulation in PD patients. METHODS We analyzed 112 participants, 63 PD patients (mean age ± SD: 69.2 ± 10.1), and 49 controls (mean age ± SD: 68 ± 9.6). For each participant we collected age, weight, height, BMI, olfactory and gustatory function, cognitive performance, apathy and fatigue. RESULTS Our data showed that 61.9% (n = 39) of PD patients had hyposmia, while 38.1% (n = 24) had anosmia. In PD patients, we observed a significant effect of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), apathy, odor threshold, sweet perception and fatigue on weight regulation. Instead, there was no significant effect for depression and levodopa equivalent daily dosage (LEDD). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that PD non-motor symptoms such as olfactory/gustatory deficits and mood disorders may influence body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.L.); (R.P.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0039-0706754156
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.L.); (R.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Raffaella Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.L.); (R.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Anna Liscia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.L.); (R.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Laura Fadda
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Center, Institute of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4.500, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (L.F.); (P.S.); (G.D.)
| | - Alan Moat
- Medical Faculty, University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4.500, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Paolo Solla
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Center, Institute of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4.500, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (L.F.); (P.S.); (G.D.)
| | - Giovanni Defazio
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Center, Institute of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4.500, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (L.F.); (P.S.); (G.D.)
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Oppo V, Melis M, Melis M, Tomassini Barbarossa I, Cossu G. "Smelling and Tasting" Parkinson's Disease: Using Senses to Improve the Knowledge of the Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:43. [PMID: 32161534 PMCID: PMC7052524 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Among non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's Disease (PD), peripheral, sensory symptoms are particularly relevant. Smell dysfunction starts very early and frequently precedes the PD motor symptoms by years (being often a cue to the diagnosis). Moreover, olfactory system could be, together with gut, one of those peripheral sites where PD pathology first develops. Unlike smell loss, the relationship between PD and taste impairment is far less established. It can start early in the course of the disease but more frequently appears in advanced stages, in parallel with the advent of MCI, likely reflecting cortical involvement. Among PD patients has been demonstrated an increase in the frequency of the non-tasters for PROP (prototypical gustatory stimulus, 6- n-propylthiouracil), a genetically determined bitter taste which is mediated by TAS2RS38 receptor, and a significant increase of the recessive non-testing variant of this receptor. TAS2R38 receptors are expressed also in other tissues, such as in the epithelia of the gut and nasal cavities, where they can influence epithelial immunity ad its interaction with microbiota. Those pieces of evidence suggest that not only systematic assessment of taste and smell can be of a remarkable help for clinicians in the early diagnosis, but also that understanding the mechanisms of sensory involvement in PD could increase the knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Oppo
- Department of Neuroscience, Brotzu Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta Melis
- Department of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Cossu
- Department of Neuroscience, Brotzu Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
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Solla P, Masala C, Liscia A, Piras R, Ercoli T, Fadda L, Hummel T, Haenher A, Defazio G. Sex-related differences in olfactory function and evaluation of possible confounding factors among patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2019; 267:57-63. [PMID: 31555978 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of specific sex-related patterns in olfactory dysfunctions of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of specific sex-related patterns in olfactory dysfunctions excluding the possibility of confounding effects in patients with Parkinson's disease. One hundred and sixty-eight participants (99 PD patients and 69 controls) were enrolled and evaluated using Sniffin' Sticks Extended test (SSET). There was no significant sex difference in the control group for the SSET parameters. By contrast, in the PD group male patients scored significantly lower on odor discrimination (OD), identification (OI), and Threshold-Discrimination-Identification (TDI) score than females. On multivariable linear regression analysis, the only significant predictors of TDI score were sex and apathy. Among PD patients, men showed a significantly greater impairment compared to women in OI, OD and TDI score, but not in odor threshold (OT). These findings highlighted the possible role of sex differences in the development of associated PD non-motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Solla
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Center, Institute of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Masala
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - A Liscia
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - R Piras
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - T Ercoli
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Center, Institute of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - L Fadda
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Center, Institute of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - T Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Haenher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - G Defazio
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Center, Institute of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Sollai G, Melis M, Magri S, Usai P, Hummel T, Tomassini Barbarossa I, Crnjar R. Association between the rs2590498 polymorphism of Odorant Binding Protein (OBPIIa) gene and olfactory performance in healthy subjects. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112030. [PMID: 31195037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory function varies by several orders of magnitude among healthy individuals, who may exhibit a reduced sensitivity (hyposmia), a high sensitivity (hyperosmia), or an olfactory blindness (anosmia). Environmental and genetic factors seem to account for this variability. Most of odorant molecules are hydrophobic and it has been suggested that odorants are transported to the olfactory receptors by means of odorant binding proteins (OBPs). Aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of a relationship between the olfactory performance of healthy subjects and the polymorphism in the odor binding-protein (OBPIIa) gene, the only OBP found in the olfactory epithelium of humans. Using the "Sniffin' Sticks" Extended Test we assessed the olfactory performance in 69 subjects, who were genotyped for the rs2590498 polymorphism of the OBPIIa gene, whose major allele A has been associated with a higher retronasal perception as compared to the minor allele G. We found that subjects homozygous for the A-allele exhibited threshold scores higher than subjects homozous for the G-allele or heterozygous. In addition, subjects classified as normosmic and hyposmic differed on the basis of genotype distribution and allelic frequencies. In fact, a normosmic condition was associated with genotype AA and allele A and a hyposmic condition was associated with genotype GG and allele G. In conclusion, our results show that a relationship exists between the physiological variations of olfactory performance and the OBPIIa gene polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sect. of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sect. of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Magri
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Usai
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Presidio Policlinico of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sect. of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Italy
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