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Sim S, Kim YM, Park YJ, Siddiqui MX, Gang Y, Lee J, Lee C, Suh HJ. Determination of Polyvinyl Acetate in Chewing Gum Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Evaporative Light Scattering Detector and Pyrolyzer-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101473. [PMID: 33076536 PMCID: PMC7602758 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) is used in various adhesive, paint, and transparent tape applications. It is also used as a food additive in food manufacturing to make chewing gum and fruit and vegetable glazes; however, guidelines on the amount of food additives that is used have not yet been established. In this study, a method was developed for analysis of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) using high-performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC–ELSD) and pyrolyzer–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS). The analytical methods were applied to commercially available chewing gum. In the HPLC–ELSD analysis, the linearity was acceptable (R2 > 0.999), and the limits of detection and quantification were 22.2 and 67.3 µg/mL, respectively. The accuracies of PVAc were 87–115% at spike levels of 200–1000 µg/mL for the intra- and inter-day tests. The contents of PVAc in the chewing gum samples were n.d. (not detected)—13.8 g/kg. The presence of PVAc in chewing gum was verified with Py–GC–MS analysis, finding the typical pyrolysates of PVAc, such as acetic acid, benzene, toluene, styrene, indane, naphthalene, and acenaphthene. The developed analytical methods can be applied for successful identification of PVAc in chewing gum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sim
- Department of Food Science, Sun Moon University, Asan, Chungchengnam-do 31460, Korea; (S.S.); (Y.-J.P.)
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38543, Korea;
| | - Yeong-Ju Park
- Department of Food Science, Sun Moon University, Asan, Chungchengnam-do 31460, Korea; (S.S.); (Y.-J.P.)
| | - Mohammed Xain Siddiqui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (M.X.S.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yejin Gang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (M.X.S.); (Y.G.)
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Seodong-daero, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Korea;
| | - Chan Lee
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Seodong-daero, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Korea;
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (H.-J.S.); Tel.: +82-41-530-2267 (H.-J.S.); Fax: +82-41-530-2917 (H.-J.S.)
| | - Hee-Jae Suh
- Department of Food Science, Sun Moon University, Asan, Chungchengnam-do 31460, Korea; (S.S.); (Y.-J.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (H.-J.S.); Tel.: +82-41-530-2267 (H.-J.S.); Fax: +82-41-530-2917 (H.-J.S.)
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Suzuki Y, Ishizawa F, Honda K. Semiquantitative screening of trace combustion-derived volatile substances in the blood of fire victims using NeedlEx® headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:228-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Puchinger L, Stachelberger H. Pyrolyse-gaschromatographische Prüfung organischer Rohstoffe am Beispiel der Wachse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19900920609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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