AQbD-Oriented UHPLC/MS/MS Method Development for Glycopeptides Assessment in Pharmaceutical Forms

A brief review on application of design of experiment for the analysis of pharmaceuticals using HPLC

The quality pioneer Dr. Joseph M. Juran first proposed the idea of quality by design. According to him, pharmaceutical quality by design is an organised approach to product development that starts with predetermined goals and places an emphasis on product, process understanding, control based on reliable science and quality risk management. The quality of a product or process can typically be affected by a number of input elements. Design of experiments has been employed widely recently to understand the impacts of multidimensional and interactions of input parameters on the output responses of analytical procedures and pharmaceutical goods. Depending on the design of experiments objectives, screening, characterization, or optimization of the process and formulation, a variety of designs, such as factorial or mixture, can be used. The most popular designs used in the stage of screening or factor selection are the 2-Level Factorial and Plackett-Burman designs, both of which have two levels for each factor (k), both economical and effective, and in optimization widely used designs in this step are full factorial at three levels, central composite, Box-Behnken design. The analysis of variance, regression significance, and lack of fit of the regression model were some of the key topics covered in the discussion of the main components of multiple regression model adjustment. Design of experiments is thus the primary element of the formulation and analytical quality by design. The details about design of experiments used for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulation using HPLC.

Development and Optimization of a New UPLC-UV/MS Method through DoE and MLR for Detecting Substandard Drug Products to Treat Tuberculosis

Drug products used for treating tuberculosis are one of the most widely reported medicines to be classified as falsified or substandard in low- and middle-income countries, representing a major hazard to health. The aim of this study was, firstly, to develop an ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method which is able to analyze fixed combination tablets with up to four active pharmaceutical ingredients, including isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin, and ethambutol. Secondly, we aimed to optimize it through the design of experiments and multi-linear regression based on a central composite design and to validate it according to the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization. The application of this tools enabled the identification of the influential factors (flow rate, formic acid, and temperature) and their effects on the studied responses (retention factor and percentage for each drug) as part of the quality by design approach. The method proved to be to be linear in the range from 5.0 to 15 µg/mL for isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampicin, being precise (<1%) and accurate (97−101%). In addition, the method validated for ethambutol proved to be linear from 1.4 to 4.2 µg/mL, as well as precise (0.54%) and accurate (97.3%). The method was stability indicated for all the active pharmaceutical ingredients studied and was able to detect two substandard formulations sampled on the African market.