Optimization and Validation of a Facile RP-HPLC Method for Determination of Betrixaban and Lercanidipine in Pharmaceutical and Biological Matrices

White analytical insight for sensitive fluorescent determination of semaglutide and tirzepatide in pharmaceuticals and biological matrices

The present study is focused on the sensitive determination of newly FDA-approved glucagon-like-peptide agonists semaglutide (SEM) and tirzepatide (TIR). Direct, selective and label-free spectrofluorometric method was proposed and validated (according to ICH guidelines) for determination SEM and TIR in their pure form, newly approved pharmaceuticals and spiked human plasma. The developed method was based on measuring the native fluorescence of SEM and TIR in ethanol at 294.8 and 303 nm after being excited at 216 and 225 nm for SEM and TIR in order. The method sensibility allowed the quantification of both drugs in nano-scale up to 10 ng/mL. Several experimental variables including solvent type, surfactant, and pH were optimized after several attempts to get the best sensitivity for both drugs. The mean recovery percentage of SEM was compared and found in agreement with the reported method using student's t-test and the variance ratio F-test. Additionally, the greenness and whiteness profiles for this approach were evaluated using the GAPI, AGREE, and RGB algorithm; the positive results supported its use as great candidates for successful implementation in quality control labs and the pharmaceutical analysis companies.

Investigating Betrixaban Maleate drug degradation profiles, isolation and characterization of unknown degradation products by mass-triggered preparative HPLC, HRMS, and NMR

Betrixaban Maleate, a novel oral, once-daily factor Xa inhibitor drug substance, was subjected to stress testing under a wide range of degradation conditions, including acidic hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic, to determine its inherent stability. The drug was biodegradable in acidic and alkaline environments, and three new degradation products were identified. Two degraded products are formed in an acidic environment, while the third is in alkaline conditions. The three degradants were identified using UPLC-ESI/MS and isolated using mass-triggered preparative HPLC, and their structures were unambiguously elucidated using HRMS and 2D NMR techniques. Based on spectral and chromatographic data, it was firmly proven that these distinct degradation products were the betrixaban chemical's hydrolysis components. The formation of the degradants has been hypothesized through several possible mechanisms.

Microwave assisted synthesis of fluorescent hetero atom doped carbon dots for determination of betrixaban with greenness evaluation†

A simple, rapid and eco-friendly method for synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur doped carbon dots (N,S-CDs) is described. The method involved one step carbonization assisted by a green microwave irradiation route using available and cheap sources, as sucrose (source for C) and thiourea (source for N and S). The formed aqueous solution of N,S-CDs showed excellent optical and electronic properties with high compatibility and stability. The particles of the prepared dots were spherical with a narrow range of size from 1.7 to 3.7 nm with a quantum yield of 0.20. These dots act as a fluorescent probe, as they showed an intense blue fluorescence at 413 nm after excitation at 330 nm. The N,S-CDs were utilized for determination of the anticoagulant drug, betrixaban maleate (BTM), based on quenching of their fluorescence upon its gradual addition. The quenching process was found to be through an inner filter effect mechanism. The proposed method showed a good linearity over a concentration range of (1.0–100.0 μM) with LOD and LOQ values of 0.33 μM and 0.99 μM, respectively. All validation parameters met the acceptance criteria according to ICH guidelines. The high specificity and sensitivity of the performed method contributed to further assay of BTM in dosage form and spiked human plasma sample with high percent recoveries and low values of RSD. Interference from co-administered drugs was studied. Finally, the greenness of the proposed method was evaluated adopting a ComplexGapi approach, the excellent green profile has supported its applicability in quality control laboratories.

Schematic sketch clarified the stepwise synthesis process of N,S-CDs.

Development of three ecological spectroscopic methods for analysis of betrixaban either alone or in mixture with lercanidipine: greenness assessment

Three eco-friendly spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of the novel anticoagulant drug, betrixaban (BTX). The first method (method A) was based on direct analysis of BTX at 229.4 nm on the zero-order spectrum using methanol as the optimum solvent. While the second method (method B) was based on measuring difference absorption value (ΔA) of BTX at 335 nm, which was obtained from pH-induced spectral difference (difference spectra of BTX in 0.1 M NaOH versus 0.1 M HCl). The third method (method C) was based on measurement of the first-derivative amplitudes of BTX and its co-administered Ca channel blocker lercanidipine (LER) at 304 and 229 nm for simultaneous assay of BTX and LER, respectively. All methods were linear over concentration ranges of 1.0-20.0 and 8.0-80.0 µg ml^-1 for BTX in methods A and B, respectively, and of 1.0-20.0 and 1.0-25.0 µg ml^-1 for BTX and LER, respectively, in method C. The three methods were fully validated and assessed for greenness by three metrics: analytical eco-scale, green analytical procedure index and Analytical GREEnness metrics. The results indicated the validity and greenness of the proposed methods. Moreover, the methods were applied to assay the studied analytes in their dosage forms with high percentage of recovery and low percentage of relative s.d. values.