Topiramate: A Review of Analytical Approaches for the Drug Substance, Its Impurities and Pharmaceutical Formulations

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods for Determining the Purity of Drugs with Weak UV Chromophores - A Review

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most useful techniques for the separation and determination of new drugs with a complex nature. The selection of an HPLC detector depends on the chemical nature of molecules, potential impurities, matrix of the sample, sensitivity, availability, and/or cost of the detector. HPLC methods with UV/Vis detectors are the most used and simple analytical procedures in pharmaceutical applications, but it is limited to compounds that possess a chromophore. Hence, this review provides an overview on the development of analytical methods for compounds with weak chromophores. The review described selected papers about HPLC based methods in the PubMed, Scopus, Semantic Scholar and ScienceDirect databases, basically between 2006 and 2023. Of the analytical studies, the HPLC methods with UV-Vis, FLD, CAD, ELSD, RID, ECD, CLND and MS detection were found. This study is a comparison of different types of detection that are described in scientific literature and are routinely used for compounds with weak chromophores. It is expected that this review will be helpful for scientists in the analytical development fields to improve research related to the drug candidates and to ensure its quality according to regulatory levels.

Antiepileptic Drugs-Induced Enuresis in Children: An Overview

Objective: To evaluate enuresis-induced antiepileptic drugs in children. Data Sources: A PubMed search (1917 to July 2020) was performed using the following keywords and associated medical subject headings: antiepileptic drugs, enuresis, pediatric population, drug-induced enuresis, and epilepsy. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The search was conducted to find the role of antiepileptic drugs-induced enuresis in children in studies published in English. Data Synthesis: Enuresis or bedwetting is an underreported adverse drug reaction of antiepileptic drugs. Owing to that fact, it is a condition that is outgrown with age and also could cause embarrassment. As antiepileptic drugs sometimes need to be taken for a long duration until epilepsy relapses, the occurrence of enuresis in this situation can be troublesome for both the child and the caretaker. Even though enuresis is proposed to have a significant effect on the child's psychology, it is still considered to be a condition that is outgrown with age. This article includes a review of antiepileptic drugs reported to have caused enuresis in children. Conclusions: If a child develops enuresis as an adverse drug reaction, this adds further challenges to their life. A better understanding of this potential adverse effect may help prevent unwanted stress. Though the exact mechanisms are not known, the hypothesis generated is from the occurred cases, most of which relapsed when the drug was withdrawn. Considering the gravity of epilepsy in children, more detailed studies need to be conducted on this adverse effect to ensure a safe and effective treatment in children.