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Riffat I, Shah A. Electrochemical and optical protocols for the detection and removal of an antibiotic drug rifaximin from wastewater. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22867-22876. [PMID: 39035716 PMCID: PMC11259106 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04309j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Improper disposal of pharmaceutical drugs is increasing the pollution level of water reservoirs which in turn adversely impacts the ecosystem. The current study presents an electrochemical scaffold that comprises a glassy carbon electrode modified with amino-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (NH2-fMWCNTs) for the detection of a pharmaceutical drug rifaximin in wastewater. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic characterization revealed efficient charge transport through the modified electrode surface. Square wave voltammetry was employed for probing the electro-oxidation of antibiotic rifaximin. Under optimized experimental conditions, the designed sensor demonstrated the qualities of sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility as required for the practical applicability of the sensing device. After the detection of a contaminant, its removal from water is imperative. In this regard an adsorption method using ZnO nanoparticles as adsorbents was developed that led to the removal of rifaximin from wastewater. At lower adsorbate concentration, adsorption was found to occur according to the Langmuir model while at higher concentration adsorption data followed the Freundlich model. The rate of rifaximin adsorption over ZnO nanoparticles followed pseudo-second-order kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifra Riffat
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
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Avigo L, Furman C, Ghinet A, Sandu T, Wynendaele E, Wielgomas B, De Spiegeleer B, Lipka E. Evaluation of greenness and analytical performances of separative methods for chiral separation of novel lactam-based P2RX7-antagonists. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:218-233. [PMID: 37794622 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a preparative supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method was first developed to separate a series of chiral compounds evaluated as lactam-based P2RX7 antagonists. Subsequently, high-performance liquid chromatography, SFC, and capillary electrophoresis (CE) were comparatively investigated as QC tools to determine the enantiomeric purity of the separated isomers, including analytical performance and greenness. The screening of the best conditions was carried out in liquid and SFC on the nine derivatives and the amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase was found to be highly efficient. The same screening was carried out in CE and very different conditions, either in acidic or basic background electrolyte and different cyclodextrins used as chiral selectors, allowed the separation of six of the nine derivatives. 1-((3,4-Dichlorophenyl)carbamoyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (compound 1) was chosen as a probe, and its semi-preparative separation by SFC and enantiomeric verification using the three techniques are presented. Its limit of detection and limit of quantification are calculated for each method. Finally, the greenness of each quality control method was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Avigo
- Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Inserm U1167-Risk Factors and Molecular, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Furman
- Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Inserm U1167-Risk Factors and Molecular, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alina Ghinet
- Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Inserm U1167-Risk Factors and Molecular, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - Teodora Sandu
- Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Inserm U1167-Risk Factors and Molecular, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Lipka
- Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Inserm U1167-Risk Factors and Molecular, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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Qiu X, Hou X, Yang Y, Fang H, Cui F, Yang X. An in-line method for high-throughput screening of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O inhibitors by capillary electrophoresis based on electrophoretically mediated microanalysis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464511. [PMID: 38007841 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO) plays an important role in inflammation-related pathways and has become an emerging drug target. In this study, we developed an in-line capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the investigation of the enzymatic activity of PTPRO, which was based on electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA). After a thorough method validation of the optimized conditions, this protocol was successfully employed to determine the kinetics of PTPRO as well as the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of two typical PTPRO inhibitors. The final results were consistent with the values obtained through classical ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry. Our new method exhibited improved accuracy and reduced consumption, avoiding the disadvantages of traditional methods. This work provides a new strategy for PTPRO enzyme kinetic studies as well as inhibitory activity determination through capillary electrophoresis for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xuben Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fei Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xinying Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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Sinzervinch A, Lustosa IA, Kogawa AC. Review of Analytical Methods for Evaluating Azithromycin in the Context of Green Analytical Chemistry. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2369-2376. [PMID: 37859323 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128271482231010053929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azithromycin (AZT) is an antimicrobial available in different pharmaceutical forms and many people can have access to this medicine. Therefore, the existence of adequate and reliable analytical methods for evaluating the quality of AZT and AZT-based products is essential. OBJECTIVE/METHODS The purpose of this review is to discuss the analytical methods for evaluating AZT present in the literature and official compendia in the context of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). RESULTS Among the methods found in the literature for evaluating AZT, the most used method is HPLC (62%) followed by TLC (14%) and the microbiological method by agar diffusion (14%). Even pharmacopoeias recommend the analysis of AZT by HPLC or agar diffusion. Acetonitrile and methanol account for 35% of the most used solvents in the analyses, followed by buffer. CONCLUSION AZT lacks analytical methods in the context of GAC. Both physical-chemical and microbiological methods can contemplate the environmentally friendly way to analyze AZT and AZT-based products, depending only on the chosen conditions. Ethanol, purified water, acetic acid instead of methanol, acetonitrile, buffer, formic acid in the physical-chemical methods are excellent alternatives. However, in the microbiological method, turbidimetry is a great option instead of agar diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Sinzervinch
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Isadora Alves Lustosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Kogawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Kogawa AC, Mendonça JN, Lopes NP, Salgado HRN. Eco-Friendly Pharmaceutical Analysis of Rifaximin in Tablets by HPLC-MS and Microbiological Turbidimetry. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:597-605. [PMID: 33942054 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rifaximin, an antimicrobial used for the treatment of various diseases, lacks analytical methods in official compendia for evaluation of the final product. This paper presents an eco-friendly protocol for rifaximin tablets by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The method was completely validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and developed following the concept of Quality by Design. The separation was achieved using a C18 column, purified water +0.1% glacial acetic acid and ethyl alcohol, 52:48 (v/v), as mobile phase, 0.9 mL min-1 at 290 nm and ambient room temperature. Mass spectral analyses were performed using electrospray ionization (ESI) ion source and ion trap mass analyzer. The method was linear over the concentration range of 5-50 μg mL-1. The sample was subjected to acidic, basic, neutral, oxidative and photolytic degradation. Degradation products did not interfere in the quantification of the rifaximin, so the method can be considered indicative of stability. Degradation products were also evaluated individually by microbiological method using Escherichia coli. The validated method could be used promisingly as green analytical strategies for detection and quantification of rifaximin in tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Kogawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), CEP 14800-903 Campus Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, CEP 74605-170 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Nakau Mendonça
- Center for Research in Natural and Synthetic Products, Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão, Preto, Brazil
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Center for Research in Natural and Synthetic Products, Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão, Preto, Brazil
| | - Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), CEP 14800-903 Campus Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Manganese dioxide (MnO2)/Fullerene-C60-Modified Electrodes for the Voltammetric Determination of Rifaximin. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Řemínek R, Foret F. Capillary electrophoretic methods for quality control analyses of pharmaceuticals: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:19-37. [PMID: 32901975 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis represents a promising technique in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. The presented review provides a summary of capillary electrophoretic methods suitable for routine quality control analyses of small molecule drugs published since 2015. In total, more than 80 discussed methods are sorted into three main sections according to the applied electroseparation modes (capillary zone electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and micellar, microemulsion, and liposome-electrokinetic chromatography) and further subsections according to the applied detection techniques (UV, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection, and mass spectrometry). Key parameters of the procedures are summarized in four concise tables. The presented applications cover analyses of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their related substances such as degradation products or enantiomeric impurities. The contribution of reported results to the current knowledge of separation science and general aspects of the practical applications of capillary electrophoretic methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Řemínek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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