1
|
Flores-Rábago KM, Rivera-Mendoza D, Vilchis-Nestor AR, Juarez-Moreno K, Castro-Longoria E. Antibacterial Activity of Biosynthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuONPs) Using Ganoderma sessile. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1251. [PMID: 37627671 PMCID: PMC10451715 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) were synthesized using an eco-friendly method and their antimicrobial and biocompatibility properties were determined. The supernatant and extract of the fungus Ganoderma sessile yielded small, quasi-spherical NPs with an average size of 4.5 ± 1.9 nm and 5.2 ± 2.1 nm, respectively. Nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analysis. CuONPs showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for E. coli was 8.5 µg/mL, for P. aeruginosa was 4.1 µg/mL, and for S. aureus was 10.2 µg/mL. The ultrastructural analysis of bacteria exposed to CuONPs revealed the presence of small CuONPs all through the bacterial cells. Finally, the toxicity of CuONPs was analyzed in three mammalian cell lines: hepatocytes (AML-12), macrophages (RAW 264.7), and kidney (MDCK). Low concentrations (<15 µg/mL) of CuONPs-E were non-toxic to kidney cells and macrophages, and the hepatocytes were the most susceptible to CuONPs-S. The results obtained suggest that the CuONPs synthesized using the extract of the fungus G. sessile could be further evaluated for the treatment of superficial infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla M. Flores-Rábago
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (K.M.F.-R.); (D.R.-M.)
| | - Daniel Rivera-Mendoza
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (K.M.F.-R.); (D.R.-M.)
| | | | - Karla Juarez-Moreno
- Center for Applied Physics and Advanced Technology, UNAM, Juriquilla 76230, Mexico;
| | - Ernestina Castro-Longoria
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (K.M.F.-R.); (D.R.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eckl DB, Landgraf N, Hoffmann AK, Eichner A, Huber H, Bäumler W. Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria in Ionic Environments Using the Photosensitizer SAPYR and the Chelator Citrate. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:716-731. [PMID: 36004389 DOI: 10.1111/php.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many studies show that photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a powerful tool for the fight against pathogenic, multi-resistant bacteria and the closing of hygiene gaps. However, PDI studies have been frequently performed under standardized in vitro conditions comprising artificial laboratory settings. Under real life conditions, however, PDI encounters substances like ions, proteins, amino acids, and fatty acids, potentially hampering the efficacy PDI to an unpredictable extent. Thus, we investigated PDI with the phenalene-1-one based photosensitizer SAPYR against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of calcium or magnesium ions, which are ubiquitous in potential fields of PDI applications like in tap water or on tissue surfaces. The addition of citrate should elucidate the potential as a chelator. The results indicate that PDI is clearly affected by such ubiquitous ions depending on its concentration and the type of bacteria. The application of citrate enhanced PDI especially for Gram-negative bacteria at certain ionic concentrations (e.g. CaCl2 or MgCl2 : 7.5 to 75 mmol l-1 ). Citrate also improved PDI efficacy in tap water (especially for Gram-negative bacteria) and synthetic sweat solution (especially for Gram-positive bacteria). In conclusion, the use of chelating agents like citrate may facilitate the application of PDI under real life conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Eckl
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg.,University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Nicole Landgraf
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Anja K Hoffmann
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Anja Eichner
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Harald Huber
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Antimicrobial Activity of a Titanium Dioxide Additivated Thermoset. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of pathogens via surfaces poses a major health problem, particularly in hospital environments. Antimicrobial surfaces can interrupt the path of spread, while photocatalytically active titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have emerged as an additive for creating antimicrobial materials. Irradiation of such particles with ultraviolet (UV) light leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that can inactivate bacteria. The aim of this research was to incorporate TiO2 nanoparticles into a cellulose-reinforced melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF) to obtain a photocatalytic antimicrobial thermoset, to be used, for example, for device enclosures or tableware. To this end, composites of MF with 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt% TiO2 were produced by ultrasonication and hot pressing. The incorporation of TiO2 resulted in a small decrease in tensile strength and little to no decrease in Shore D hardness, but a statistically significant decrease in the water contact angle. After 48 h of UV irradiation, a statistically significant decrease in tensile strength for samples with 0 and 10 wt% TiO2 was measured but with no statistically significant differences in Shore D hardness, although a statistically significant increase in surface hydrophilicity was measured. Accelerated methylene blue (MB) degradation was measured during a further 2.5 h of UV irradiation and MB concentrations of 12% or less could be achieved. Samples containing 0, 10, and 20 wt% TiO2 were investigated for long-term UV stability and antimicrobial activity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed no changes in the chemical structure of the polymer, due to the incorporation of TiO2, but changes were detected after 500 h of irradiation, indicating material degradation. Specimens pre-irradiated with UV for 48 h showed a total reduction in Escherichia coli when exposed to UV irradiation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ghaddar N, Ghali K. Ten questions concerning the paradox of minimizing airborne transmission of infectious aerosols in densely occupied spaces via sustainable ventilation and other strategies in hot and humid climates. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 214:108901. [PMID: 35197667 PMCID: PMC8853966 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Airborne disease transmission in indoor spaces and resulting cross-contamination has been a topic of broad concern for years - especially recently with the outbreak of COVID-19. Global recommendations on this matter consist of increasing the outdoor air supply in the aim of diluting the indoor air. Nonetheless, a paradoxical relationship has risen between increasing amount of outdoor air and its impact on increased energy consumption - especially densely occupied spaces. The paradox is more critical in hot and humid climates, where large amounts of energy are required for the conditioning of the outdoor air. Therefore, many literature studies investigated new strategies for the mitigation of cross-contamination with little-to-no additional cost of energy. These strategies mainly consist of the dilution and/or the capture and removal of contaminants at the levels of macroenvironment room air and occupant-adjacent microenvironment. On the macroenvironment level, the dilution occurs by the supply of large amounts of outdoor air in a sustainable way using passive cooling systems, and the removal of contaminants happens via filtering. Similarly, the microenvironment of the occupant can be diluted using localized ventilation techniques, and contaminants can be captured and removed by direct exhaust near the source of contamination. Thus, this work answers ten questions that explore the most prevailing technologies from the above-mentioned fronts that are used to mitigate cross-contamination in densely occupied spaces located in hot and humid climates at minimal energy consumption. The paper establishes a basis for future work and insights for new research directives for macro and microenvironment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nesreen Ghaddar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Kamel Ghali
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Personnel follow hospital policies and regulatory guidelines to prevent surgical site infections. However, a potentially contaminated item may be overlooked-the linen. When perioperative team members transport patients to the OR, the linen on the beds and transport carts can contain a variety of microorganisms. Textile surfaces can serve as reservoirs for microorganisms that can be transferred to health care providers, patients, and the environment. These pathogens may then infect patients, particularly those who are immunocompromised or have direct portals of entry (eg, catheters, incision sites). This article provides an overview of how microorganisms that cause health care-associated infections can survive and thrive on hospital linen and related equipment; discusses the linen laundering, transport, and storage processes and best practices; and discusses antimicrobial interventions-including a silver-ion laundering additive that was added as an infection prevention measure to the laundry production cycle at a medical center's contracted laundry facility.
Collapse
|
6
|
Toplitsch D, Lackner JM, Schwan AM, Hinterer A, Stögmüller P, Horn K, Fritzlar N, Pfuch A, Kittinger C. Antimicrobial Activity of a Novel Cu(NO 3) 2-Containing Sol-Gel Surface under Different Testing Conditions. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216488. [PMID: 34772014 PMCID: PMC8585195 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, assessment of the antimicrobial activity of a novel, plasma-cured 2.5% (w/v) Cu(NO3)2-containing sol–gel surface was performed. In contrast to state-of-the-art sol–gel coatings, the plasma curing led to a gradient in cross-linking with the highest values at the top of the coating. As a result, the coating behaved simultaneously hard, scratch-resistant, and tough, the latter due to the more flexible bulk of the coating toward the substrate. Further, the diffusion and permeation through the coating also increased toward the substrate. In our study, tests according to ISO 22196 showed antibacterial activity of the 2.5% (w/v) Cu(NO3)2-containing sol–gel surface against all bacterial strains tested, and we expanded the testing further using a “dry” evaluation without an aqueous contact phase, which confirmed the antimicrobial efficacy of the 2.5% (w/v) Cu(NO3)2-containing sol–gel surface. However, further investigation under exposure to soiling with the addition of 0.3% albumin, used to simulate organic load, led to a significant impairment in the antibacterial effect under both tested conditions. Furthermore, re-testing of the surface after disinfection with 70% ethanol led to a total loss of antibacterial activity. Our results showed that besides the mere application of an antimicrobial agent to a surface coating, it is also necessary to consider the future use of these surfaces in the experimental phase combining industry and science. Therefore, a number of tests corresponding to the utilization of the surface should be obligative on the basis of this assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Toplitsch
- D&R-Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Jürgen Markus Lackner
- Joanneum Research Forschungsges m.b.H., Institute of Surface Technologies and Photonics, Laser and Plasma Processing, Leobner Str. 94, 8712 Niklasdorf, Austria; (J.M.L.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Alexander Michael Schwan
- Joanneum Research Forschungsges m.b.H., Institute of Surface Technologies and Photonics, Laser and Plasma Processing, Leobner Str. 94, 8712 Niklasdorf, Austria; (J.M.L.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Andreas Hinterer
- Inocon Technologie Gesellschaft m.b.H., 4800 Attnang-Puchheim, Austria; (A.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Philipp Stögmüller
- Inocon Technologie Gesellschaft m.b.H., 4800 Attnang-Puchheim, Austria; (A.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Kerstin Horn
- INNOVENT e.V. Technologieentwicklung, 07745 Jena, Germany; (K.H.); (N.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Natalie Fritzlar
- INNOVENT e.V. Technologieentwicklung, 07745 Jena, Germany; (K.H.); (N.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Pfuch
- INNOVENT e.V. Technologieentwicklung, 07745 Jena, Germany; (K.H.); (N.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Clemens Kittinger
- D&R-Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-73600
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Perez-Gavilan A, de Castro JV, Arana A, Merino S, Retolaza A, Alves SA, Francone A, Kehagias N, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Cocina D, Mortera R, Crapanzano S, Pelegrín CJ, Garrigos MC, Jiménez A, Galindo B, Araque MC, Dykeman D, Neves NM, Marimón JM. Antibacterial activity testing methods for hydrophobic patterned surfaces. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6675. [PMID: 33758227 PMCID: PMC7988007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85995-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One strategy to decrease the incidence of hospital-acquired infections is to avoid the survival of pathogens in the environment by the development of surfaces with antimicrobial activity. To study the antibacterial behaviour of active surfaces, different approaches have been developed of which ISO 22916 is the standard. To assess the performance of different testing methodologies to analyse the antibacterial activity of hydrophobic surface patterned plastics as part of a Horizon 2020 European research project. Four different testing methods were used to study the antibacterial activity of a patterned film, including the ISO 22916 standard, the immersion method, the touch-transfer inoculation method, and the swab inoculation method, this latter developed specifically for this project. The non-realistic test conditions of the ISO 22916 standard showed this method to be non-appropriate in the study of hydrophobic patterned surfaces. The immersion method also showed no differences between patterned films and smooth controls due to the lack of attachment of testing bacteria on both surfaces. The antibacterial activity of films could be demonstrated by the touch-transfer and the swab inoculation methods, that more precisely mimicked the way of high-touch surfaces contamination, and showed to be the best methodologies to test the antibacterial activity of patterned hydrophobic surfaces. A new ISO standard would be desirable as the reference method to study the antibacterial behaviour of patterned surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Perez-Gavilan
- Biodonostia, Infectious Diseases Area, Respiratory Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Group, Microbiology Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Joana Vieira de Castro
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute On Biomaterials, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence On Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal and The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ainara Arana
- Biodonostia, Infectious Diseases Area, Respiratory Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Group, Microbiology Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Santos Merino
- Tekniker. Iñaki Goenaga 5, 20600, Eibar, Spain.,Departamento de Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad Del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | | | | | - Achille Francone
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nikolaos Kehagias
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clivia M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Donato Cocina
- Propagroup S.P.a. - R&D Department, via Genova 5/b, 10098, Rivoli (Turin), Italy
| | - Renato Mortera
- Propagroup S.P.a. - R&D Department, via Genova 5/b, 10098, Rivoli (Turin), Italy
| | - Salvatore Crapanzano
- Propagroup S.P.a. - R&D Department, via Genova 5/b, 10098, Rivoli (Turin), Italy
| | - Carlos Javier Pelegrín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Carmen Garrigos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alfonso Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Begoña Galindo
- AIMPLAS Technological Institute of Polymers, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Araque
- AIMPLAS Technological Institute of Polymers, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Donna Dykeman
- Materials Business Unit, Collaborative R&D Department, Ansys Inc, Cambridge, CB17EG, UK
| | - Nuno M Neves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute On Biomaterials, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence On Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal and The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jose Maria Marimón
- Biodonostia, Infectious Diseases Area, Respiratory Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Group, Microbiology Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain. .,Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Paseo Dr Beguiristain s/n, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Harris D, Taylor KP, Napierkowski K, Zechmann B. Indoor Finish Material Influence on Contamination, Transmission, and Eradication of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). HERD-HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL 2020; 14:118-129. [PMID: 32867539 PMCID: PMC7464060 DOI: 10.1177/1937586720952892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate environmental surface materials used in healthcare environments for material composition, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) viability, and a comparison of two disinfectants, a bleach germicidal cleaner and Decon7, a novel disinfectant. Background: Contaminated environmental surfaces have been associated with outbreaks of healthcare-associated illness (HAIs). One in every 20 patients in U.S. acute care hospitals acquire a healthcare-associated illness, leading to consequences such as elevated morbidity, mortality, and a decrease in quality of life. In the patient environment, MRSA can remain viable from hours to up to 14 days. Methods: Environmental surface materials were evaluated as new and worn. Material composition and properties were assessed to evaluate surface integrity and the influence on the disinfection of MRSA. Inoculated materials were used to assess MRSA viability over time and the efficacy of a manufacturer’s recommended cleaning and disinfection product compared to a novel disinfectant. Results: Environmental surface materials respond differently in appearance and roughness, when mechanically worn. When measuring MRSA survival, at 24 hr, MRSA colony forming unit (CFU) counts were reduced on the copper sheet surface and solid surface with cupric oxide. By 72 hr, all MRSA counts were zero. Bleach and the novel disinfectant were equally effective at disinfecting MRSA from all surface types. Conclusions: This study highlights a gap in knowledge about the impact of type and wear of environmental surface materials used in healthcare environments on contamination with epidemiologically important organisms. In conclusion, environmental surface material wear, properties, and cleaning and disinfection efficacy are important factors to consider when addressing HAIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debra Harris
- Human Sciences and Design, College of Health and Human Sciences, 14643Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Keyanna P Taylor
- College of Health and Human Sciences, 14643Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, 14643Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chaudhury A, Korompili G, Mitra M, Chronis N. A 3D-printed, touch-activated, sanitizer dispensing device for reducing healthcare-acquired infections. JOURNAL OF 3D PRINTING IN MEDICINE 2020; 4:91-104. [DOI: 10.2217/3dp-2020-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
Aim: We present a touch-activated, sanitizer dispensing (TSD) device, intended to be mounted on high-touch surfaces, that aims to reduce nosocomial infections. It disinfects the person’s hand touching its surface while being self-sterilizing. Materials & methods: The TSD device consists of an array of 3D-printed, passive, miniaturized, mechanical valves that dispense a small amount of liquid sanitizer when touched. Its mechanical performance and disinfecting efficiency were quantified using simulations and experimental tests. Results & conclusion: The TSD device has a disinfecting efficiency comparable to the standard hand sanitizing approach, reducing the microbiological load by approximately 30-times. It can be easily mounted on high-touch surfaces in a healthcare setting and it is expected to greatly reduce the spread of nosocomial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ray Chaudhury
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Georgia Korompili
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Nanoscience, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Mainak Mitra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nikolaos Chronis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Nanoscience, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Vassilika Voutes GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Riordan L, Smith EF, Mills S, Hudson J, Stapley S, Nikoi ND, Edmondson S, Blair J, Peacock AF, Scurr D, Forster G, de Cogan F. Directly bonding antimicrobial peptide mimics to steel and the real world applications of these materials. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 102:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Novel photodynamic coating reduces the bioburden on near-patient surfaces thereby reducing the risk for onward pathogen transmission: a field study in two hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2019; 104:85-91. [PMID: 31369806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Near-patient surfaces are recognized as a source for hospital-acquired infections. Such surfaces act as reservoirs for microbial contamination by which pathogens can be transmitted from colonized or infected patients to susceptible patients. Routine disinfection of surfaces only results in a temporal elimination of pathogens, and recontamination inevitably occurs shortly between disinfections. AIM A novel antimicrobial coating based on photodynamics was tested under laboratory conditions and subsequently in a field study in two hospitals under real-life conditions. METHODS Identical surfaces received a photodynamic or control coating. Bacterial counts [colony-forming units (cfu)/cm2) were assessed regularly for up to 6 months. FINDINGS The laboratory study revealed a mean reduction of several human pathogens of up to 4.0 ± 0.3 log10. The field study in near-patient environments demonstrated mean bacterial values of 6.1 ± 24.7 cfu/cm2 on all control coatings. Photodynamic coatings showed a significantly lower mean value of 1.9 ± 2.8 cfu/cm2 (P<0.001). When considering benchmarks of 2.5 cfu/cm2 or 5 cfu/cm2, the relative risk for high bacterial counts on surfaces was reduced by 48% (odds ratio 0.38, P<0.001) or 67% (odds ratio 0.27, P<0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION Photodynamic coatings provide a significant and lasting reduction of bacterial counts on near-patient surfaces, particularly for high bacterial loads, in addition to routine hygiene. The promising results of this proof-of-concept study highlight the need for further studies to determine how this novel technology is correlated with the frequency of hospital-acquired infections.
Collapse
|
12
|
Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Kanamori H, Anderson D. Continuous room decontamination technologies. Am J Infect Control 2019; 47S:A72-A78. [PMID: 31146855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The contaminated surface environment in the rooms of hospitalized patients is an important risk factor for the colonization and infection of patients with multidrug-resistant pathogens. Improved terminal cleaning and disinfection have been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of health care-associated infections. In the United States, hospitals generally perform daily cleaning and disinfection of patient rooms. However, cleaning and disinfection are limited by the presence of the patient in room (eg, current ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems cannot be used) and the fact that after disinfection pathogenic bacteria rapidly recolonize surfaces and medical devices/equipment. For this reason, there has been great interest in developing methods of continuous room disinfection and/or "self-disinfecting" surfaces. This study will review the research on self-disinfecting surfaces (eg, copper-coated surfaces and persistent chemical disinfectants) and potential new room disinfection methods (eg, "blue light" and diluted hydrogen peroxide systems).
Collapse
|
13
|
Valiei A, Okshevsky M, Lin N, Tufenkji N. Anodized Aluminum with Nanoholes Impregnated with Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Can Kill Pathogenic Bacteria within Seconds of Contact. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41207-41214. [PMID: 30395430 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of surfaces results in the spread of pathogens in public spaces such as hospitals and public transport. The development of antibacterial surfaces that rapidly kill bacteria is therefore highly desirable. Here, we investigate the antibacterial efficacy of a novel anodized aluminum surface featuring nanoholes impregnated with quaternary ammonium compounds, referred to as A3S. The antimicrobial activity of A3S was assessed using both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a novel assay which simulates pathogen transfer from a contaminated "finger" to a clean finger in a real-world scenario. Enumeration of colony-forming units shows that the number of viable bacteria on the second "finger" contacting A3S is significantly reduced compared to a control surface. Furthermore, bacterial contact with the A3S material results in compromised cell membranes in less than 1 min, and a kill zone assay shows that an exposure time as short as 5 s is sufficient to kill pathogenic bacteria. The rapid antimicrobial action of A3S was particularly evident against Gram-positive bacteria, that account for more than 70% of nosocomial infections. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that A3S is a promising candidate for the fabrication of antibacterial surfaces that can be used in a wide range of clinical and commercial applications to stop the spread of harmful bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Valiei
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , 3610 University Street , Montréal , Québec H3A 0C5 , Canada
| | - Mira Okshevsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , 3610 University Street , Montréal , Québec H3A 0C5 , Canada
| | - Nicholas Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , 3610 University Street , Montréal , Québec H3A 0C5 , Canada
| | - Nathalie Tufenkji
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , 3610 University Street , Montréal , Québec H3A 0C5 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effect of copper-impregnated linens on multidrug-resistant organism acquisition and Clostridium difficile infection at a long-term acute-care hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018; 39:1384-1386. [PMID: 30231949 PMCID: PMC7063582 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Copper-impregnated surfaces and linens have been shown to reduce
infections and multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) acquisition in healthcare
settings. However, retrospective analyses of copper linen deployment at a 40-bed
long-term acute-care hospital demonstrated no significant reduction in
incidences of healthcare facility-onset Clostridium difficile
infection or MDRO acquisition.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gomart G, Denis J, Bourcier T, Dory A, Abou-Bacar A, Candolfi E, Sauer A. In Vitro Amoebicidal Activity of Titanium Dioxide/UV-A Combination AgainstAcanthamoeba. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:4567-4571. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Gomart
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Denis
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tristan Bourcier
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Dory
- Service de Pharmacie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ahmed Abou-Bacar
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ermanno Candolfi
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Arnaud Sauer
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
New insights on antimicrobial efficacy of copper surfaces in the healthcare environment: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:1130-1138. [PMID: 29605564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a major public health issue. The potential of antimicrobial copper surfaces in reducing HAIs' rates is of interest but remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review of studies assessing the activity of copper surfaces (colony-forming unit (CFU)/surface, both in vitro and in situ) as well as clinical studies. In vitro study protocols were analysed through a tailored checklist developed specifically for this review, in situ studies and non-randomized clinical studies were assessed using the ORION (Outbreak Reports and Intervention studies Of Nosocomial infection) checklist and randomized clinical studies using the CONSORT guidelines. METHODS The search was conducted using PubMed database with the keywords 'copper' and 'surfaces' and 'healthcare associated infections' or 'antimicrobial'. References from relevant articles, including reviews, were assessed and added when appropriate. Articles were added until 30 August 2016. Overall, 20 articles were selected for review including 10 in vitro, eight in situ and two clinical studies. RESULTS Copper surfaces were found to have variable antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in situ, although the heterogeneity in the designs and the reporting of the results prevented conclusions from being drawn regarding their spectrum and activity/time compared to controls. Copper effect on HAIs incidence remains unclear because of the limited published data and the lack of robust designs. Most studies have potential conflicts of interest with copper industries. CONCLUSIONS Copper surfaces have demonstrated an antimicrobial activity but the implications of this activity in healthcare settings are still unclear. No clear effect on healthcare associated infections has been demonstrated yet.
Collapse
|
18
|
Investigation of Polyaniline and a Functionalised Derivative as Antimicrobial Additives to Create Contamination Resistant Surfaces. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11030436. [PMID: 29547572 PMCID: PMC5873015 DOI: 10.3390/ma11030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial surfaces can be applied to break transmission pathways in hospitals. Polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3-aminobenzoic acid) (P3ABA) are novel antimicrobial agents with potential as non-leaching additives to provide contamination resistant surfaces. The activity of PANI and P3ABA were investigated in suspension and as part of absorbent and non-absorbent surfaces. The effect of inoculum size and the presence of organic matter on surface activity was determined. PANI and P3ABA both demonstrated bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in suspension and as part of an absorbent surface. Only P3ABA showed antimicrobial activity in non-absorbent films. The results that are presented in this work support the use of P3ABA to create contamination resistant surfaces.
Collapse
|
19
|
'No touch' technologies for environmental decontamination: focus on ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 29:424-31. [PMID: 27257798 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews 'no touch' methods for disinfection of the contaminated surface environment of hospitalized patients' rooms. The focus is on studies that assessed the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) light devices, hydrogen peroxide systems, and self-disinfecting surfaces to reduce healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). RECENT FINDINGS The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus. Multiple clinical trials have now demonstrated the effectiveness of UV light devices and hydrogen peroxide systems to reduce HAIs. A limited number of studies have suggested that 'self-disinfecting' surfaces may also decrease HAIs. SUMMARY Many studies have demonstrated that terminal cleaning and disinfection with germicides is often inadequate and leaves environmental surfaces contaminated with important nosocomial pathogens. 'No touch' methods of room decontamination (i.e., UV devices and hydrogen peroxide systems) have been demonstrated to reduce key nosocomial pathogens on inoculated test surfaces and on environmental surfaces in actual patient rooms. Further UV devices and hydrogen peroxide systems have been demonstrated to reduce HAI. A validated 'no touch' device or system should be used for terminal room disinfection following discharge of patients on contact precautions. The use of a 'self-disinfecting' surface to reduce HAI has not been convincingly demonstrated.
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
"Life-like" assessment of antimicrobial surfaces by a new touch transfer assay displays strong superiority of a copper alloy compared to silver containing surfaces. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187442. [PMID: 29135999 PMCID: PMC5685567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of bacteria from inanimate surfaces in healthcare associated environments is an important source of hospital acquired infections. A number of commercially available medical devices promise to fulfill antibacterial activity to reduce environmental contamination. In this study we developed a touch transfer assay modeling fingerprint transmission to investigate the antibacterial activity of surfaces, with confirmed antibacterial activity by a modified ISO 22196 (JIS Z 2801) assay to test such surfaces under more realistic conditions. Bacteria were taken up from a dry standardized primary contaminated surface (PCS) with disinfected fingers or fingers covered with sterile and moistened cotton gloves. Subsequently, bacteria were transferred by pressing on secondary contaminated surfaces (SCS) with or without potential antibacterial activity and the relative reduction rate was determined after 24 h. A stable transmission rate between PCS and SCS was observed using moistened sterile gloves. A copper containing alloy displayed at least a tenfold reduction of the bacterial load consistently reaching less than 2.5 cfu/cm2. In contrast, no significant reduction of bacterial contamination by silver containing surfaces and matured pure silver was observed in the touch transfer assay. With the touch transfer assay we successfully established a new reproducible method modeling cross contamination. Using the new method we were able to demonstrate that several surfaces with confirmed antimicrobial activity in a modified ISO 22196 (JIS Z 2801) assay lacked effectiveness under defined ambient conditions. This data indicate that liquid based assays like the ISO 22196 should be critically reviewed before claiming antibacterial activity for surfaces in the setting of contamination of dry surfaces by contact to the human skin. We suggest the newly developed touch transfer assay as a new additional tool for the assessment of potential antimicrobial surfaces prior utilization in hospital environments.
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Carling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Carney Hospital, 2100 Dorchester Avenue, Boston, MA 02124, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Effectiveness of surface coatings containing silver ions in bacterial decontamination in a recovery unit. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017. [PMID: 28630685 PMCID: PMC5470207 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HAIs remain a frequent complication for hospitalised patients and pose a challenge that must be tackled by our health systems. Methods Quasi-experimental study. In order to determine the antimicrobial effectiveness of surface coating agents containing silver ions (BactiBlock®) the degree of contamination of several surfaces in two ICU wards was compared. The association between application of Bactiblock® and surface contamination was analysed using a relative risk (RR). Multivariate logistic regressions were performed for each product applied and each sampling location to adjust for the RR of the contamination of surfaces treated with Bactiblock® for the independent variables. Results Surface contamination was observed in 31.5% of treated samples and 27.4 of untreated samples. Contamination was equally prominent on bedside Tables (38.7%), bed rails (38.4%) and sinks (38.3%), while the walls showed minimum contamination (2.6%). For beds under isolation protocols, contamination was higher (32.6%) than when no protocol was followed (26.5%) but the difference was not significant (p = 0.148). After stratification for application method and adjusting the multivariate models for period of the study and presence of isolated patients, the risk of contamination after the intervention increased when the coating agent was applied using a spray (OR = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.08-2.95, particularly in a dry and rugged surface such as that of bedside Tables (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.22-5.52); and decreased when the product was applied using a roller on a smooth and continuously cleaned (or wet) Surface (OR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.19-0.92). Conclusion Coating of hospital surfaces with substances containing silver ions may reduce bacterial growth. However, the effectiveness of the coating agent is affected by application method and environmental conditions and the type and cleanness of the surface.
Collapse
|
24
|
Sifri CD, Burke GH, Enfield KB. Reduced health care-associated infections in an acute care community hospital using a combination of self-disinfecting copper-impregnated composite hard surfaces and linens. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44:1565-1571. [PMID: 27692785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of copper-impregnated composite hard surfaces and linens in an acute care hospital to reduce health care-associated infections (HAIs). METHODS We performed a quasiexperimental study with a control group, assessing development of HAIs due to multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs) and Clostridium difficile in the acute care units of a community hospital following the replacement of a 1970s-era clinical wing with a new wing outfitted with copper-impregnated composite hard surfaces and linens. RESULTS The study was conducted over a 25.5-month time period that included a 3.5-month washout period. HAI rates obtained from the copper-containing new hospital wing (14,479 patient-days; 72 beds) and the unmodified hospital wing (19,177 patient-days) were compared with those from the baseline period (46,391 patient-days). The new wing had 78% (P = .023) fewer HAIs due to MDROs or C difficile, 83% (P = .048) fewer cases of C difficile infection, and 68% (P = .252) fewer infections due to MDROs relative to the baseline period. No changes in rates of HAI were observed in the unmodified hospital wing. CONCLUSIONS Copper-impregnated composite hard surfaces and linens may be useful technologies to prevent HAIs in acute care hospital settings. Additional studies are needed to determine whether reduced HAIs can be attributed to the use of copper-containing antimicrobial hard and soft surfaces.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zonta W, Mauroy A, Farnir F, Thiry E. Virucidal Efficacy of a Hydrogen Peroxide Nebulization Against Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus, Two Surrogates of Human Norovirus. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:275-282. [PMID: 27384526 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are amongst the leading causes of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and can be transmitted via person-to-person contact, via contact with contaminated surfaces or by consumption of contaminated food. Contaminated surfaces in healthcare settings contribute to the transmission of viruses. No-touch automated room disinfection systems might prevent such a spread of contamination and thus their virucidal effect needs to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a nebulization system spraying hydrogen peroxide on two main surrogates of HuNoV, namely murine norovirus (MNV) and feline calicivirus (FCV). The viruses were dried on cover glasses and on stainless steel discs and exposed to nebulization. The number of infectious viral particles and genomic copies before and after the nebulization was compared. The efficacy in reducing infectivity of both surrogates was demonstrated. For the infectious viral titre of MNV and FCV, a log10 reduction factor ≥4.84 and 4.85 was observed after nebulization, respectively, for tests on cover glasses and ≥3.90 and 5.30, respectively, for tests on stainless steel discs. Only low reductions in genomic copy numbers were observed for both surrogates. The nebulization of hydrogen peroxide showed a clear virucidal effect on both HuNoV surrogates, MNV and FCV, on two different carriers and the use of nebulization should be promoted in complementarity with conventional disinfection methods in healthcare settings and food processing facilities to reduce viral load and spread of contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Zonta
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Axel Mauroy
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frederic Farnir
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Applied to Veterinary Science, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Olmsted RN. Prevention by Design: Construction and Renovation of Health Care Facilities for Patient Safety and Infection Prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2016; 30:713-28. [PMID: 27515144 PMCID: PMC7126634 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The built environment supports the safe care of patients in health care facilities. Infection preventionists and health care epidemiologists have expertise in prevention and control of health care-associated infections (HAIs) and assist with designing and constructing facilities to prevent HAIs. However, design elements are often missing from initial concepts. In addition, there is a large body of evidence that implicates construction and renovation as being associated with clusters of HAIs, many of which are life threatening for select patient populations. This article summarizes known risks and prevention strategies within a framework for patient safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell N Olmsted
- Clinical Intelligence, Unified Clinical Organization, Trinity Health, Mailstop W3B, 20555 Victor Parkway, Livonia, MI 48152, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Boyce JM. Modern technologies for improving cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in hospitals. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2016; 5:10. [PMID: 27069623 PMCID: PMC4827199 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-016-0111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Experts agree that careful cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces are essential elements of effective infection prevention programs. However, traditional manual cleaning and disinfection practices in hospitals are often suboptimal. This is often due in part to a variety of personnel issues that many Environmental Services departments encounter. Failure to follow manufacturer’s recommendations for disinfectant use and lack of antimicrobial activity of some disinfectants against healthcare-associated pathogens may also affect the efficacy of disinfection practices. Improved hydrogen peroxide-based liquid surface disinfectants and a combination product containing peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide are effective alternatives to disinfectants currently in widespread use, and electrolyzed water (hypochlorous acid) and cold atmospheric pressure plasma show potential for use in hospitals. Creating “self-disinfecting” surfaces by coating medical equipment with metals such as copper or silver, or applying liquid compounds that have persistent antimicrobial activity surfaces are additional strategies that require further investigation. Newer “no-touch” (automated) decontamination technologies include aerosol and vaporized hydrogen peroxide, mobile devices that emit continuous ultraviolet (UV-C) light, a pulsed-xenon UV light system, and use of high-intensity narrow-spectrum (405 nm) light. These “no-touch” technologies have been shown to reduce bacterial contamination of surfaces. A micro-condensation hydrogen peroxide system has been associated in multiple studies with reductions in healthcare-associated colonization or infection, while there is more limited evidence of infection reduction by the pulsed-xenon system. A recently completed prospective, randomized controlled trial of continuous UV-C light should help determine the extent to which this technology can reduce healthcare-associated colonization and infections. In conclusion, continued efforts to improve traditional manual disinfection of surfaces are needed. In addition, Environmental Services departments should consider the use of newer disinfectants and no-touch decontamination technologies to improve disinfection of surfaces in healthcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Boyce
- J.M. Boyce Consulting, LLC, 62 Sonoma Lane, Middletown, CT 06457 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bactericidal activity and mechanism of action of copper-sputtered flexible surfaces against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5945-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
29
|
Physicochemical properties of copper important for its antibacterial activity and development of a unified model. Biointerphases 2016; 11:018902. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4935853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
30
|
Alvarez E, Uslan DZ, Malloy T, Sinsheimer P, Godwin H. It is time to revise our approach to registering antimicrobial agents for health care settings. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44:228-32. [PMID: 26559737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
31
|
Strategies to optimize photosensitizers for photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 150:2-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
32
|
Touchless Technologies for Decontamination in the Hospital: a Review of Hydrogen Peroxide and UV Devices. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2015; 17:498. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-015-0498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
33
|
Otter J, Vickery K, Walker J, deLancey Pulcini E, Stoodley P, Goldenberg S, Salkeld J, Chewins J, Yezli S, Edgeworth J. Surface-attached cells, biofilms and biocide susceptibility: implications for hospital cleaning and disinfection. J Hosp Infect 2015; 89:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
34
|
Carling PC, Perkins J, Ferguson J, Thomasser A. Evaluating a new paradigm for comparing surface disinfection in clinical practice. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35:1349-55. [PMID: 25333429 DOI: 10.1086/678424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite an increasing understanding of the importance of near-patient surfaces in the transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens, there remains a need to define the relative clinical effectiveness of disinfection interventions. DESIGN A serial 2-phase evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of 2 surface disinfectants. SETTING A general acute care hospital. METHODS A unique system for quantifying bioburden reduction while monitoring the possible impact of differences in cleaning thoroughness was used to compare the clinical effectiveness of a traditional quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and a novel peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide disinfectant (ND) as part of terminal room cleaning. RESULTS As a result of QAC cleaning, 93 (40%) of 237 cleaned surfaces confirmed by fluorescent marker (DAZO) removal were found to have complete removal of aerobic bioburden. During the ND phase of the study, bioburden was removed from 211 (77%) of 274 cleaned surfaces. Because there was no difference in the thoroughness of cleaning with either disinfectant (65.3% and 66.4%), the significant ([Formula: see text]) difference in bioburden reduction can be attributed to better cleaning efficacy with the ND. CONCLUSIONS In the context of the study design, the ND was 1.93 times more effective in removing bacterial burden than the QAC ([Formula: see text]). Furthermore, the study design represents a new research paradigm in which 2 interventions can be compared by concomitantly and objectively analyzing both the product and process variables in a manner that can be used to define the relative effectiveness of all disinfection cleaning interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Carling
- Carney Hospital and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mann EE, Manna D, Mettetal MR, May RM, Dannemiller EM, Chung KK, Brennan AB, Reddy ST. Surface micropattern limits bacterial contamination. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2014; 3:28. [PMID: 25232470 PMCID: PMC4166016 DOI: 10.1186/2047-2994-3-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial surface contamination contributes to transmission of nosocomial infections. Chemical cleansers used to control surface contamination are often toxic and incorrectly implemented. Additional non-toxic strategies should be combined with regular cleanings to mitigate risks of human error and further decrease rates of nosocomial infections. The Sharklet micropattern (MP), inspired by shark skin, is an effective tool for reducing bacterial load on surfaces without toxic additives. The studies presented here were carried out to investigate the MP surfaces capability to reduce colonization of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) compared to smooth control surfaces. METHODS The MP and smooth surfaces produced in acrylic film were compared for remaining bacterial contamination and colonization following inoculation. Direct sampling of surfaces was carried out after inoculation by immersion, spray, and/or touch methods. Ultimately, a combination assay was developed to assess bacterial contamination after touch transfer inoculation combined with drying (persistence) to mimic common environmental contamination scenarios in the clinic or hospital environment. The combination transfer and persistence assay was then used to test antimicrobial copper beside the MP for the ability to reduce MSSA and MRSA challenge. RESULTS The MP reduced bacterial contamination with log reductions ranging from 87-99% (LR = 0.90-2.18; p < 0.05) compared to smooth control surfaces. The MP was more effective than the 99.9% pure copper alloy C11000 at reducing surface contamination of S. aureus (MSSA and MRSA) through transfer and persistence of bacteria. The MP reduced MSSA by as much as 97% (LR = 1.54; p < 0.01) and MRSA by as much as 94% (LR = 1.26; p < 0.005) compared to smooth controls. Antimicrobial copper had no significant effect on MSSA contamination, but reduced MRSA contamination by 80% (LR = 0.70; p < 0.005). CONCLUSION The assays developed in this study mimic hospital environmental contamination events to demonstrate the performance of a MP to limit contamination under multiple conditions. Antimicrobial copper has been implemented in hospital room studies to evaluate its impact on nosocomial infections and a decrease in HAI rate was shown. Similar implementation of the MP has potential to reduce the incidence of HAIs although future clinical studies will be necessary to validate the MP's true impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan E Mann
- Sharklet Technologies, Inc, 12635 E. Montview Blvd, Suite 160, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dipankar Manna
- Sharklet Technologies, Inc, 12635 E. Montview Blvd, Suite 160, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael R Mettetal
- Sharklet Technologies, Inc, 12635 E. Montview Blvd, Suite 160, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rhea M May
- Sharklet Technologies, Inc, 12635 E. Montview Blvd, Suite 160, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elisa M Dannemiller
- Sharklet Technologies, Inc, 12635 E. Montview Blvd, Suite 160, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth K Chung
- Sharklet Technologies, Inc, 12635 E. Montview Blvd, Suite 160, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anthony B Brennan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shravanthi T Reddy
- Sharklet Technologies, Inc, 12635 E. Montview Blvd, Suite 160, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|