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Ponce D, Nitsch D, Ikizler TA. Strategies to Prevent Infections in Dialysis Patients. Semin Nephrol 2023; 43:151467. [PMID: 38199826 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2023.151467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Infections are the second leading cause of death among patients with end-stage kidney disease, behind only cardiovascular disease. In addition, patients on chronic dialysis are at a higher risk for acquiring infection caused by multidrug-resistant organisms and for death resulting from infection owing to their likelihood of requiring treatment that involves invasive devices, their frequent exposure to antibiotics, and their impaired immunity. Vascular access is a major risk factor for bacteremia, hospitalization, and mortality among hemodialysis (HD) patients. Catheter-related bacteremia is the most severe central venous catheter (CVC)-related infection and increases linearly with the duration of catheter use. Given the high prevalence of CVC use and its direct association with catheter-related bacteremia, which adversely impacts morbidity and mortality rates among HD patients, several prevention measures aimed at reducing the rates of CVC-related infection have been proposed and implemented. As a result, a large number of clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses have been conducted to assess the effectiveness, clinical applicability, and long-term adverse effects of such measures. Peritoneal dialysis chronic treatment without the occurence of peritonitis is rare. Although most cases of peritonitis can be treated adequately with antibiotics, some cases are complicated by hospitalization or a temporary or permanent need to abstain from using the peritoneal dialysis catheter. Severe and long-lasting peritonitis can lead to peritoneal membrane failure, requiring the treatment method to be switched to HD. Some measures as patients training, early diagnosis, and choice of antibiotics can contribute to the successful treatment of peritonitis. Finally, medical directors are key leaders in infection prevention and are an important resource to implement programs to monitor and improve infection prevention practices at all levels within the dialysis clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ponce
- Division of Internal Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine, University of São Paulo State (UNESP). Botucatu, Sao paulo, Brazil.
| | - Dorothea Nitsch
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Nephrology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Ling CW, Sud K, Patel RP, Peterson GM, Castelino RL. Stability and compatibility of antibiotics in PD solutions-call for including antibiotics for drug-resistant infections. Clin Kidney J 2022; 16:394-395. [PMID: 36755841 PMCID: PMC9900565 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamal Sud
- Department of Renal Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Nepean Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Peritoneal Dialysis Unit, Regional Dialysis Centre, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant (ANZDATA) Registry Peritoneal Dialysis Working Group, South Australia, Australia,Departments of Renal Medicine, Blacktown and Westmead Hospitals, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rahul P Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory M Peterson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia,Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ronald L Castelino
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Department of Pharmacy, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Guía clínica de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología para la prevención y tratamiento de la infección peritoneal en diálisis peritoneal. Nefrologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kussmann M, Hauer S, Pichler P, Reznicek G, Burgmann H, Poeppl W, Zeitlinger M, Wiesholzer M. Influence of different peritoneal dialysis fluids on the in vitro activity of fosfomycin against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1091-1098. [PMID: 29546637 PMCID: PMC5948293 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peritonitis is still the main infectious complication among patients on peritoneal dialysis. For treatment of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis, the intraperitoneal administration of antibiotics admixed to peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDFs) should be preferred. However, the influence of diverse PDFs on the activity of frequently used antibiotics has been investigated insufficiently. Thus, the present study set out to investigate the in vitro activity of fosfomycin against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus in commercially available PDFs. Time-kill curves in four different PDFs (Dianeal®, Extraneal®, Nutrineal®, and Physioneal®) were performed over 24 h with two different concentrations of fosfomycin (150 and 400 mg/L) and without antibiotics as control. Cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton broth (CA-MHB) was used as a comparator solution. In blank PDFs, bacterial growth of each organism evaluated was reduced when compared to CA-MHB. For S. aureus in blank Physioneal®, a reduction under the limit of detection was observed within 24 h. The activity of fosfomycin was reduced in all PDFs when compared to CA-MHB except for P. aeruginosa in Nutrineal® where the activity of fosfomycin was increased when investigated at 400 mg/L. Against E.coli, bactericidal activity was demonstrated in Extraneal®, Nutrineal®, and Physioneal®. Fosfomycin resistance (MIC > 1024 mg/L) was observed for P. aeruginosa in CA-MHB at both concentrations and in Nutrineal® at 150 mg/L. Fosfomycin is active in PDFs particularly against the frequently isolated enterobacterium E. coli. The choice of the respective PDF considerably influences the microbiological outcome in vitro. Further studies are warranted to investigate the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Kussmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Pichler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Poelten, Austria
| | | | - Heinz Burgmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Poeppl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Military Medical Cluster East, Austrian Armed Forces, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringerguertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Wiesholzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Poelten, Austria
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Chilambi GS, Gao IH, Yoon BK, Park S, Kawakami LM, Ravikumar V, Chan-Park MB, Cho NJ, Bazan GC, Kline KA, Rice SA, Hinks J. Membrane adaptation limitations inEnterococcus faecalisunderlie sensitivity and the inability to develop significant resistance to conjugated oligoelectrolytes. RSC Adv 2018; 8:10284-10293. [PMID: 35540442 PMCID: PMC9078823 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11823f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COEs are emerging antimicrobials to combat drug resistant infections and to which bacteria develop only limited resistance.
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Acinetobacter lwoffii Peritonitis in a Patient on Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Nephrol 2017; 2017:5760254. [PMID: 28815095 PMCID: PMC5549489 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5760254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter lwoffii, a nonfermentative gram-negative aerobic bacillus, which presents in the normal flora of the oropharynx and skin, has recently been reported as a cause of human infection. Herein, the authors present a case report of peritonitis related to automated peritoneal dialysis caused by A. lwoffii.
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Pan Q, Cai J, Peng Y, Xiao H, Zhang L, Chen J, Liu H. Protective effect of a novel antibody against TLR2 on zymosan-induced acute peritonitis in NF-κB transgenic mice. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:692-699. [PMID: 28337297 PMCID: PMC5340704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to antibiotic therapy for treatment of peritonitis, biologics have also been found to exhibit both anti-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving properties. Here, we first developed NF-κB transgenic mice with zymosan-induced acute peritonitis to investigate the effects of a novel anti-Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 antibody (anti-T20). In this mouse model, anti-T20 treatment significantly attenuated the increase of peritoneal NF-κB activity and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in a dose-dependent manner compared to mice treated with isotype control antibody. Additionally, anti-T20 treatment significantly reduced MCP-1 levels as well as the leukocyte and total protein concentrations in the peritoneal exudates of peritonitis mice. Moreover, anti-T20 treatment significantly reduced TLR2 signal transduction in the leukocytes in peritoneal exudates from the experimental peritonitis mice. In conclusion, we developed a zymosan-induced acute peritonitis mouse model that facilitated visualization of NF-κB activity and demonstrated that anti-T20 treatment plays a protective role in this model concomitant with the inhibition of the zymosan-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Pan
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanxia Peng
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Augusta University1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinying Chen
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
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