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The Discovery of Endoplasmic Reticulum Storage Disease. The Connection between an H&E Slide and the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062899. [PMID: 33809321 PMCID: PMC8001541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary evolution in science and technology over the last few decades has made it possible to face more adequately three main challenges of modern medicine: changes in old diseases, the appearance of new diseases, and diseases that are unknown (mostly genetic), despite research efforts. In this paper we review the road travelled by pathologists in search of a method based upon the use of routine instruments and techniques which once were available for research only. The application to tissue studies of techniques from immunology, molecular biology, and genetics has allowed dynamic interpretations of biological phenomena with special regard to gene regulation and expression. That implies stepwise investigations, including light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, electron microscopy, molecular histopathology, protein crystallography, and gene sequencing, in order to progress from suggestive features detectable in routinely stained preparations to more characteristic, specific, and finally, pathognomonic features. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)-stained preparations and appropriate immunohistochemical stains have enabled the recognition of phenotypic changes which may reflect genotypic alterations. That has been the case with hepatocytic inclusions detected in H&E-stained preparations, which appeared to correspond to secretory proteins that, due to genetic mutations, were retained within the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and were deficient in plasma. The identification of this phenomenon affecting the molecules alpha-1-antitrypsin and fibrinogen has led to the discovery of a new field of cell organelle pathology, endoplasmic reticulum storage disease(s) (ERSD). Over fifty years, pathologists have wandered through a dark forest of complicated molecules with strange conformations, and by detailed observations in simple histopathological sections, accompanied by a growing background of molecular techniques and revelations, have been able to recognize and identify arrays of grotesque polypeptide arrangements.
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Buzanovskii VA. Determination of proteins in blood. Part 1: Determination of total protein and albumin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079978017010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Brennan SO, Potter HC, Sheen CR, George PM. Unique albumin with two silent substitutions (540Thr→Ala and 546Ala→Ser): Insights into how albumin is recycled. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 457:125-9. [PMID: 27087420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the cause of an albumin abnormality detected by chance on electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) of whole plasma, and to assess its physiological consequences. METHOD Plasma was examined by TOF MS and tryptic mapping was used to locate mutation sites and determine the relative expression level of the variant and normal albumins. DNA sequencing was used to precisely define mutations. RESULTS Whole protein electrospray TOF MS indicated a decrease of 14Da in the mass of albumin. Peptide mass mapping and DNA sequencing established the presence of two novel heterozygous point mutations (540Thr→Ala and 546Ala→Ser) whose combined mass changes (-30 and +16Da) indicated both mutations occurred on the same allele. Peptide ratios showed the variant albumin was present at a lower level than normal with an expression ratio of approximately 1:2 (variant:normal). Phylogenetic sequence alignments show Thr540 is highly conserved while Ala546 has wide species variation, suggesting 540Thr→Ala might compromise the protein. CONCLUSION Both mutations occur close together in domain IIIB, a region involved in albumin scavenging and recycling. In particular, Thr540 is close to His535, a residue directly involved in pH-dependent binding and release of albumin from its recycling neonatal Fc receptor. Compromised receptor binding would explain the low albumin (34g/l) concentration and the diminished variant expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Brennan
- Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Molecular Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | | | - Campbell R Sheen
- Protein Science and Engineering, Callaghan Innovation, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter M George
- Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Molecular Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Brennan SO, Mackay R. Acquired and congenital fast albumin bands; insights from electrospray TOF analysis of whole plasma into drug binding and albumin recycling. Clin Biochem 2015; 49:180-2. [PMID: 26432106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define the underlying cause of unusual fast albumin bands detected on plasma protein electrophoresis of two patients. METHOD Plasma was examined by electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) to assess the possibility of congenital or acquired structural modifications. RESULTS In one patient whole protein MS indicated a drop of 486Da in the mass of 5.1% of the albumin molecules. This and the presence of an additional minor product (65,806Da) lacking a C-terminal phenylalanine (-147Da) indicated that this was albumin Rugby Park; an electrophoretically fast albumin variant caused by a splice site mutation (GT>CT) in intron 13 of the albumin gene. The second patient had an acquired alteration with a drift of albumin mobility to the anode. This severely ill patient was on intra venous antibiotics and electrospray TOF MS showed a stuttered repetition of the 66,439/66,558Da albumin isoforms at multiples of 455-459Da corresponding to the covalent attachment of 1, 2, 3 and 4 molecules of flucloxacillin. This modification of +455Da was also detected in a control on a 1g/day oral dose of flucloxacillin. CONCLUSION Both aberrations were associated with diminished albumin concentrations. The C-terminal truncation of Rugby Park (albumin, 29g/l) likely interferes with receptor binding and albumin scavenging, while the 20g/l albumin in the second patient was mostly due to renal disease. In both cases electrospray TOF MS proved a rapid (5min) sensitive (0.2μl plasma) and highly informative way of analysing whole plasma or serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Brennan
- Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; University of Otago, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Richard Mackay
- Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Novel silent albumin variant (191Ala→Thr) detected by TOF MS of whole plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 440:40-3. [PMID: 25444746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum protein electrophoresis occasionally reveals multiple albumin bands referred to as bis- or alloalbuminaemia, and whilst the condition can be inherited it may also be acquired. METHODS We present a new high resolution approach to the investigation of qualitative changes in albumin structure. The on-line reverse phase time-of-flight mass spectrometry procedure (TOF MS) elaborated here requires <0.2 μl of plasma and takes ~10 min to perform. Two plasma samples with classical bisalbuminaemia were used to verify the efficacy of the procedure for detecting genetic variants. When a novel mutation was detected, mass mapping of native unreduced albumin was used to pinpoint its location and inform targeted DNA sequencing of the albumin gene. RESULTS Normal serum albumin showed its expected major isoform at 66,439 Da and the electrophoretic variants showed co-equal expression of additional components at -14 and +744 Da respectively. Surprisingly, one of the supposed controls showed paired albumin peaks at 66,439 and 66,469 Da and this 30 Da increase in mass was localised to between Arg(114) and Arg(197) and confirmed as being due to a novel 191Ala→Thr (+30 Da) substitution through DNA sequencing. CONCLUSIONS The electrospray TOF MS approach developed here provides a rapid, sensitive and extremely precise method of revealing minute changes in albumin primary structure.
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Sondej M, Denny PA, Xie Y, Ramachandran P, Si Y, Takashima J, Shi W, Wong DT, Loo JA, Denny PC. Glycoprofiling of the Human Salivary Proteome. Clin Proteomics 2008; 5:52-68. [PMID: 20161393 DOI: 10.1007/s12014-008-9021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is important for a number of biological processes and is perhaps the most abundant and complicated of the known post-translational modifications found on proteins. This work combines two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and lectin blotting to map the salivary glycome, and mass spectrometry to identity the proteins that are associated with the glycome map. A panel of 15 lectins that recognize six sugar-specific categories was used to visualize the type and extent of glycosylation in saliva from two healthy male individuals. Lectin blots were compared to 2-D gels stained either with Sypro Ruby (protein stain) or Pro-Q Emerald 488 (glycoprotein stain). Each lectin shows a distinct pattern, even those belonging to the same sugar-specific category. In addition, the glycosylation profiles generated from the lectin blots show that most of the salivary proteins are glycosylated and that the pattern is more widespread than is demonstrated by the glycoprotein stained gel. Finally, the co-reactivity between two lectins was measured to determine the glycan structures that are most and least often associated with one another along with the population variation of the lectin reactivity for 66 individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Sondej
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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Aldini G, Gamberoni L, Orioli M, Beretta G, Regazzoni L, Maffei Facino R, Carini M. Mass spectrometric characterization of covalent modification of human serum albumin by 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1149-61. [PMID: 16888752 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Several pieces of evidence indicate that albumin modified by HNE is a promising biomarker of systemic oxidative stress and that HNE-modified albumin may contribute to the immune reactions triggered by lipid peroxidation-derived antigens. In this study, we found by HPLC analysis that HNE is rapidly quenched by human serum albumin (HSA) because of the covalent adduction to the different accessible nucleophilic residues of the protein, as demonstrated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) direct infusion experiments (one to nine HNE adducts, depending on the molar ratio used, from 1:0.25 to 1:5 HSA:HNE). An LC-ESI-MS/MS approach was then applied to enzymatically digested HNE-modified albumin, which permitted the identification of 11 different HNE adducts, 8 Michael adducts (MA) and 3 Schiff bases (SB), involving nine nucleophilic sites, namely: His67 (MA), His146 (MA), His242 (MA), His288 (MA), His510 (MA), Lys 195 (SB), Lys 199 (MA, SB), Lys525 (MA, SB) and Cys34 (MA). The most reactive HNE-adduction site was found to be Cys34 (MA) followed by Lys199, which primarily reacts through the formation of a Schiff base, and His146, giving the corresponding HNE Michael adduct. These albumin modifications are suitable tags of HNE-adducted albumin and could be useful biomarkers of oxidative and carbonylation damage in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Aldini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica Pietro Pratesi, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, Viale Abruzzi 42, I-20131 Milan, Italy.
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Beck JL, Ambahera S, Yong SR, Sheil MM, de Jersey J, Ralph SF. Direct observation of covalent adducts with Cys34 of human serum albumin using mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2005; 325:326-36. [PMID: 14751268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of the unpaired thiol residue (Cys34) of human serum albumin (HSA) with low-molecular-weight thiols and an Au(I)-based antiarthritic drug have been examined using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Early measurements of the amount of HSA containing Cys34 as the free thiol suggested that up to 30% of circulating HSA bound cysteine as a mixed disulfide. It has also been suggested that reaction of HSA with cysteine, occurs only on handling and storage of plasma. In our experiments, there were three components of HSA in freshly collected plasma from normal volunteers, HSA, HSA+cysteine, and HSA+glucose in the ratio approximately 50:25:25. We addressed this controversy by using iodoacetamide to block the free thiol of HSA in fresh plasma, preventing its reaction with plasma cysteine. When iodoacetamide was injected into a vacutaner tube as blood was collected, the HSA was modified by iodoacetamide, with 20-30% present as the mixed disulfide with cysteine (HSA+cys). These data provide strong evidence that 20-30% of HSA in normal plasma contains one bound cysteine. Reaction of HSA with [Au(S(2)O(3))(2)](3-) resulted in formation of the adducts HSA+Au(S(2)O(3)) and HSA+Au. Reaction of HSA with iodoacetamide prior to treatment with [Au(S(2)O(3))(2)](3-) blocked the formation of gold adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Beck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia.
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Brennan SO, George PM. Three truncated forms of serum albumin associated with pancreatic pseudocyst. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1481:337-43. [PMID: 11018725 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasma from a patient with chronic pancreatic pseudocyst showed an additional more negative albumin band (18%) on agarose gel electrophoresis. Both components bound (63)Ni(2+), indicating intact N-terminals; however, electrospray ionisation analysis of the intact proteins showed the mass of more negative albumin was 1254 Da less than the control and that the apparently normal band was 112 Da less. Reverse phase mapping and mass analysis of CNBr peptides showed three proteolytically modified forms of the C-terminal peptide indicating that some 81% of the albumin molecules lacked the C-terminal Leu residue, that 18% lacked the C-terminal KKLVAASQAALGL and that approximately 1% lacked the QAALGL sequence. These findings were further verified by tryptic mapping of the aberrant CNBr peptides. The truncations probably result from exposure of the albumin to 'leaking' pancreatic endo and exoproteases. During less acute phases of the disease, the 13 and 6 residue truncated forms together decreased to less than 1%, while the des-Leu(585) form made up the balance; no normal albumin was detected. This suggested that the des-Leu(585) form might be present at low levels in the plasma of normal individuals and CNBr mapping confirmed that it constituted 4-15% of the albumin from normal plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Brennan
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch Hospital, PO Box 151, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Brennan SO, Fellowes AP, George PM. Albumin banks peninsula: a new termination variant characterised by electrospray mass spectrometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1433:321-6. [PMID: 10446380 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Albumin Banks Peninsula is an electrophoretically fast variant that is expressed at only 2% of the total serum albumin. Electrospray ionisation analysis indicated a mass decrease of 755 Da relative to normal albumin and carboxypeptidase A digestion, together with CNBr peptide mapping, indicated a C-terminal truncation. This was confirmed by PCR and DNA sequence analysis which showed the introduction of a new AG acceptor splice site near the 3' end of intron 13. Predictably this results in the replacement of the C-terminal GKKLVAASQAALGL sequence by SLCSG and would be associated with an 861 Da decrease in molecular mass. We surmised that the new Cys was most probably cysteinylated as this albumin species would have a mass decrease of 742 Da and be very close to the measured value of 755 Da. Cysteinylation was confirmed when a mass decrease of 863 Da was measured between the proteins after reduction of their disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Brennan
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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