Macro-thyrotropin: a case report and review of literature

CONTEXT

Isolated elevation of TSH in the absence of thyroid symptoms can be very rarely caused by a macromolecule formed between TSH and Ig (macro-TSH), confounding the interpretation of thyroid function test results.

OBJECTIVE

We described the use of several commonly available laboratory-based approaches to investigate an isolated TSH elevation [232 mIU/liter; free T(4), 10 pmol/liter (reference interval, 10.0-23.0 pmol/liter), Vitros platform] in a clinically euthyroid elderly gentleman, which led to the diagnosis of macro-TSH.

METHODS AND RESULTS

TSH concentration of the patient was significantly lower (122 mIU/liter) when measured on the Advia Centaur platform. Serial dilution of the patient's sample showed a nonlinear increase in TSH recovery at increasing dilution (nonlinearity). Polyethylene glycol precipitation and mixing the patient's sample with a hypothyroid patient sample showed reduced TSH recovery, suggesting the presence of a high molecular weight interfering substance and excess TSH binding capacity, respectively. Heterophile blocking tube studies and rheumatoid factors were negative. Gel filtration chromatography demonstrated a TSH peak fraction that approximated the molecular size of IgG; together with the excess TSH binding capacity, this indicated the presence of TSH-IgG macro-TSH. A review of 12 macro-TSH case reports showed that samples with macro-TSH produce over-recovery with dilution, return negative results on anti-animal and anti-heterophile blocking studies, and commonly have recovery of less than 20% when subjected to polyethylene glycol precipitation.

CONCLUSION

Macro-TSH is an underrecognized laboratory interference. Routine laboratory techniques described above can help diagnose this rare entity. A close dialogue between the physician and the laboratory is important in approaching such cases.

The fundamental flaws of immunoassays and potential solutions using tandem mass spectrometry

Immunoassays have made it possible to measure dozens of individual proteins and other analytes in human samples for help in establishing the diagnosis and prognosis of disease. In too many cases the results of those measurements are misleading and can lead to unnecessary treatment or missed opportunities for therapeutic interventions. These cases stem from problems inherent to immunoassays performed with human samples, which include a lack of concordance across platforms, autoantibodies, anti-reagent antibodies, and the high-dose hook effect. Tandem mass spectrometry may represent a detection method capable of alleviating many of the flaws inherent to immunoassays. We review our understanding of the problems associated with immunoassays on human specimens and describe methodologies using tandem mass spectrometry that could solve some of those problems. We also provide a critical discussion of the potential pitfalls of novel mass spectrometric approaches in the clinical laboratory.

Laboratory tests of thyroid function: uses and limitations

Laboratory tests are the most commonly used aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of individuals who have thyroid disease. This article briefly summarizes the common methods of laboratory testing relating to thyroid disease and discusses specific information for individual tests on methods of analysis, their limitations, and situations where caution should be used in interpreting the results of thyroid tests.

Valores inesperadamente elevados de TSH: a presença de formas de alto peso molecular ("macro TSH") deve ser investigada

As metodologias empregadas para a medida de TSH sérico apresentam níveis de especificidade e sensibilidade, tanto diagnósticas como analíticas, bastante elevadas. Adicionalmente, são metodologias bastante robustas, de maneira que resultados falso-positivos ou falso-negativos são raros e inesperados. Descrevemos neste trabalho dois casos de indivíduos descritos como eutiróideos, sem antecedentes de doenças autoimunes e sem referência ao uso de TSH exógeno, que apresentavam níveis de TSH de normais a muito elevados, dependendo da metodologia empregada. Em três métodos testados para a medida de TSH a diluição seriada das amostras mostrou que os níveis reais situavam-se entre 250 e 300 mUI/L. Nos dois casos, o aumento de TSH foi ocasionado pela presença de proteínas ligadoras de TSH no soro, formando formas de alto peso molecular ("macro TSH"), demonstradas por cromatografia de gel filtração em coluna de Superdex S-200. Em uma das pacientes a proteína ligadora foi caracterizada como IgG através de cromatografia em proteína G sepharose, na outra, a ligação em proteína G e em coluna de sepharose acoplada a monoclonal anti-IgM não conseguiu caracterizar a proteína ligadora sérica. Estes casos salientam a importância da correlação clínico-laboratorial e sugerem a necessidade de se pesquisar a presença de macro TSH em pacientes com níveis de TSH anormalmente elevados.