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Lipták N, Gál Z, Biró B, Hiripi L, Hoffmann OI. Rescuing lethal phenotypes induced by disruption of genes in mice: a review of novel strategies. Physiol Res 2021; 70:3-12. [PMID: 33453719 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 35 % of the mouse genes are indispensable for life, thus, global knock-out (KO) of those genes may result in embryonic or early postnatal lethality due to developmental abnormalities. Several KO mouse lines are valuable human disease models, but viable homozygous mutant mice are frequently required to mirror most symptoms of a human disease. The site-specific gene editing systems, the transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeat-associated Cas9 nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) made the generation of KO mice more efficient than before, but the homozygous lethality is still an undesired side-effect in case of many genes. The literature search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science databases until June 30th, 2020. The following terms were combined to find relevant studies: "lethality", "mice", "knock-out", "deficient", "embryonic", "perinatal", "rescue". Additional manual search was also performed to find the related human diseases in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database and to check the citations of the selected studies for rescuing methods. In this review, the possible solutions for rescuing human disease-relevant homozygous KO mice lethal phenotypes were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lipták
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Gödöllő, Hungary.
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2
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CDG biochemical screening: Where do we stand? Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Schiff M, Roda C, Monin ML, Arion A, Barth M, Bednarek N, Bidet M, Bloch C, Boddaert N, Borgel D, Brassier A, Brice A, Bruneel A, Buissonnière R, Chabrol B, Chevalier MC, Cormier-Daire V, De Barace C, De Maistre E, De Saint-Martin A, Dorison N, Drouin-Garraud V, Dupré T, Echenne B, Edery P, Feillet F, Fontan I, Francannet C, Labarthe F, Gitiaux C, Héron D, Hully M, Lamoureux S, Martin-Coignard D, Mignot C, Morin G, Pascreau T, Pincemaille O, Polak M, Roubertie A, Thauvin-Robinet C, Toutain A, Viot G, Vuillaumier-Barrot S, Seta N, De Lonlay P. Clinical, laboratory and molecular findings and long-term follow-up data in 96 French patients with PMM2-CDG (phosphomannomutase 2-congenital disorder of glycosylation) and review of the literature. J Med Genet 2017; 54:843-851. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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4
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Bruneel A, Habarou F, Stojkovic T, Plouviez G, Bougas L, Guillemet F, Brient N, Henry D, Dupré T, Vuillaumier-Barrot S, Seta N. Two-dimensional electrophoresis highlights haptoglobin beta chain as an additional biomarker of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 470:70-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Thiesler CT, Cajic S, Hoffmann D, Thiel C, van Diepen L, Hennig R, Sgodda M, Weiβmann R, Reichl U, Steinemann D, Diekmann U, Huber NMB, Oberbeck A, Cantz T, Kuss AW, Körner C, Schambach A, Rapp E, Buettner FFR. Glycomic Characterization of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from a Patient Suffering from Phosphomannomutase 2 Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (PMM2-CDG). Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1435-52. [PMID: 26785728 PMCID: PMC4824866 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.054122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PMM2-CDG, formerly known as congenital disorder of glycosylation-Ia (CDG-Ia), is caused by mutations in the gene encoding phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2). This disease is the most frequent form of inherited CDG-diseases affecting protein N-glycosylation in human. PMM2-CDG is a multisystemic disease with severe psychomotor and mental retardation. In order to study the pathophysiology of PMM2-CDG in a human cell culture model, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts of a PMM2-CDG-patient (PMM2-iPSCs). Expression of pluripotency factors and in vitro differentiation into cell types of the three germ layers was unaffected in the analyzed clone PMM2-iPSC-C3 compared with nondiseased human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), revealing no broader influence of the PMM2 mutation on pluripotency in cell culture. Analysis of gene expression by deep-sequencing did not show obvious differences in the transcriptome between PMM2-iPSC-C3 and nondiseased hPSCs. By multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis coupled to laser induced fluorescence detection (xCGE-LIF) we could show that PMM2-iPSC-C3 exhibit the common hPSC N-glycosylation pattern with high-mannose-type N-glycans as the predominant species. However, phosphomannomutase activity of PMM2-iPSC-C3 was 27% compared with control hPSCs and lectin staining revealed an overall reduced protein glycosylation. In addition, quantitative assessment of N-glycosylation by xCGE-LIF showed an up to 40% reduction of high-mannose-type N-glycans in PMM2-iPSC-C3, which was in concordance to the observed reduction of the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 lipid-linked oligosaccharide compared with control hPSCs. Thus we could model the PMM2-CDG disease phenotype of hypoglycosylation with patient derived iPSCs in vitro. Knock-down of PMM2 by shRNA in PMM2-iPSC-C3 led to a residual activity of 5% and to a further reduction of the level of N-glycosylation. Taken together we have developed human stem cell-based cell culture models with stepwise reduced levels of N-glycosylation now enabling to study the role of N-glycosylation during early human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina T Thiesler
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; §Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- ¶Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmann
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; ‖Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Thiel
- **Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department Kinderheilkunde I, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura van Diepen
- ‡‡Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - René Hennig
- ¶Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; §§glyXera GmbH, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Malte Sgodda
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; ¶¶Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Weiβmann
- ‡‡Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- ¶Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Doris Steinemann
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; ‖‖Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulf Diekmann
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas M B Huber
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; §Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Oberbeck
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; §Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; ¶¶Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas W Kuss
- ‡‡Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Körner
- **Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department Kinderheilkunde I, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; ‖Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- ¶Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; §§glyXera GmbH, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; §Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
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Jaeken J, Lefeber D, Matthijs G. Clinical utility gene card for: Phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 22:ejhg2013298. [PMID: 24424124 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jaeken
- Centre for Metabolic Disease, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Matthijs
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Mild Clinical and Biochemical Phenotype in Two Patients with PMM2-CDG (Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation Ia). THE CEREBELLUM 2011; 11:557-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Miller BS, Freeze HH, Hoffmann GF, Sarafoglou K. Pubertal development in ALG6 deficiency (congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ic). Mol Genet Metab 2011; 103:101-3. [PMID: 21334936 PMCID: PMC3869397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Information on the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis in congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) females is scarce. Varying hormonal profiles and degrees of virilization in CDG females suggest a spectrum of yet unidentified mechanisms affected by impaired N-glycosylation. We describe an ALG6D woman who completed puberty with normal gonadotropins and testosterone levels, no virilization, and regular menses. Hormonal follow-up of CDG females is necessary to improve our understanding of the role of glycosylation in pubertal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Miller
- The Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Amplatz Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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9
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Shanti B, Silink M, Bhattacharya K, Howard NJ, Carpenter K, Fietz M, Clayton P, Christodoulou J. Congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia: heterogeneity in the clinical presentation from multivisceral failure to hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia as leading symptoms in three infants with phosphomannomutase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32 Suppl 1:S241-51. [PMID: 19396570 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe three patients with congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) type Ia, all of whom had persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia responding to diazoxide therapy as a common feature. The first patient, an infant girl, presented with recurrent vomiting, failure to thrive, liver impairment, hypothyroidism and a pericardial effusion. The second patient, also female, had a milder disease with single organ involvement, presenting as isolated hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia, not associated with any cognitive impairment. The third patient, a boy presented with multi-organ manifestations including congenital hypothyroidism, persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia, coagulopathy, olivopontocerebellar hypoplasia and recurrent pancreatitis. All three patients had a type 1 serum transferrin isoform pattern, and were subsequently found to have low phosphomannomutase activity, confirming the diagnosis of CDG type Ia. Our findings emphasize that CDG should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia and that it may even occasionally be the leading symptom in CDG Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shanti
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
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10
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Denecke J. Biomarkers and diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 3:395-409. [DOI: 10.1517/17530050902878023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Grünewald S. The clinical spectrum of phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency (CDG-Ia). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:827-34. [PMID: 19272306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders resulting from abnormal glycosylation of various glycoconjugates. The first description of congenital disorders of glycosylation was published in the early 80s and once screening tests for glycosylation disorders (CDGs) became readily available, CDG-Ia became the most frequently diagnosed CDG subtype. CDG-Ia is pan-ethnic and the spectrum of the clinical manifestations is still evolving: it spans from severe hydrops fetalis and fetal loss to a (nearly) normal phenotype. However, the most common presentation in infancy is of a multisystem disorder with central nervous system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Grünewald
- Metabolic Medicine Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust with the UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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12
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Engbers HM, Berger R, van Hasselt P, de Koning T, de Sain-van der Velden MGM, Kroes HY, Visser G. Yield of additional metabolic studies in neurodevelopmental disorders. Ann Neurol 2008; 64:212-7. [PMID: 18570304 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The timing and yield of metabolic studies for patients with neurodevelopmental disorders is a matter of continuing debate. We determined the yield of additional or repeated metabolic studies in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. Patients referred to a tertiary diagnostic center for patients with unexplained neurodevelopmental disorders were included. Initial metabolic studies had been performed in most patients (87%) before referral. Additional/repeated metabolic studies were individually tailored. Twelve metabolic diseases of 433 patients studied (2.8%) were diagnosed, despite normal initial metabolic studies before referral. Specific metabolic investigations lead to a greater diagnostic yield in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelie M Engbers
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Pérez-Cerdá C, Quelhas D, Vega AI, Ecay J, Vilarinho L, Ugarte M. Screening Using Serum Percentage of Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation in Children with Suspected Metabolic Disease. Clin Chem 2008; 54:93-100. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.093450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Diagnoses of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are based on clinical suspicion and analysis of transferrin (Tf) isoforms. Here we present our experience of CDG screening in children with a suspected metabolic disease by determination of serum percentage of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT) in tandem with isoelectric focusing (IEF) analysis of Tf and α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT).
Methods: We performed approximately 8000 serum %CDT determinations using %CDT turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA). In selected samples, IEF analysis of Tf and α1-AT was carried out on an agarose gel (pH 4–8) using an electrophoresis unit. The isoforms were detected by Western blotting and visualized by color development. We performed neuraminidase digestion of serum to detect polymorphic variants of Tf.
Results: We established a cutoff value for serum %CDT of 2.5% in our pediatric population. Sixty-five patients showed consistently high values of serum %CDT. In accordance with Tf and α1-AT IEF profiles, enzyme assays, and mutation analysis, we made the following diagnoses: 23 CDG-Ia, 1 CDG-Ib, and 1 conserved oligomeric Golgi 1 (COG-1) deficiency. In addition, we identified 13 CDG-Ix non Ia, non-Ib; 3 CDG-Ix; and 9 CDG-IIx cases, albeit requiring further characterization; 9 patients with a secondary cause of hypoglycosylation and 6 with a polymorphic Tf variant were also detected.
Conclusion: The combined use of CDT immunoassay with IEF of Tf and α1-AT is a useful 1st-line screening tool for identifying CDG patients with an N-glycosylation defect. Additional molecular investigations must of course be carried out to determine the specific genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Pérez-Cerdá
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Dpto. de Biología Molecular CBM-SO, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras
| | - Dulce Quelhas
- Medical Genetic Institute, Clinical Biology Department, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana I Vega
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Dpto. de Biología Molecular CBM-SO, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras
| | - Jesús Ecay
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Dpto. de Biología Molecular CBM-SO, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras
| | - Laura Vilarinho
- Medical Genetic Institute, Clinical Biology Department, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Ugarte
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Dpto. de Biología Molecular CBM-SO, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras
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Vermeer S, Kremer HPH, Leijten QH, Scheffer H, Matthijs G, Wevers RA, Knoers NAVM, Morava E, Lefeber DJ. Cerebellar ataxia and congenital disorder of glycosylation Ia (CDG-Ia) with normal routine CDG screening. J Neurol 2007; 254:1356-8. [PMID: 17694350 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-007-0546-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia can have many genetic causes among which are the congenital disorders of glycosylation type I (CDG-I). In this group of disorders, a multisystem phenotype is generally observed including the involvement of many organs, the endocrine, hematologic and central nervous systems. A few cases of CDG-Ia have been reported with a milder presentation, namely cerebellar hypoplasia as an isolated abnormality. To identify patients with a glycosylation disorder, isofocusing of plasma transferrin is routinely performed. Here, we describe two CDG-Ia patients,who presented with mainly ataxia and cerebellar hypoplasia and with a normal or only slightly abnormal transferrin isofocusing result. Surprisingly, the activity of the corresponding enzyme phosphomannomutase was clearly deficient in both leucocytes and fibroblasts. Therefore, in patients presenting with apparently recessive inherited ataxia caused by cerebellar hypoplasia and an unknown genetic aetiology after proper diagnostic work-up, we recommend the measurement of phosphomannomutase activity when transferrin isofocusing is normal or inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vermeer
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Marklová E, Albahri Z. Screening and diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 385:6-20. [PMID: 17716641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review the diagnostics of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), an ever expanding group of diseases. Development delay, neurological, and other clinical abnormalities as well as various non-specific laboratory changes can lead to the first suspicion of the disease. Still common screening test for most CDG types, including CDG Ia, is isoelectric focusing/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF). IEF demonstrates the hypoglycosylation of various glycoproteins, usually serum transferrin. Other methods, such as agarose electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, micro-column separation combined with turbidimetry, enzyme-(EIA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) have also been used for screening. However, these methods do not recognize all CDG defects, so other approaches including analysis of membrane-linked markers and urine oligosaccharides should be taken. Confirmation of diagnosis and detailed CDG subtyping starts with thorough structure analysis of the affected lipid-linked oligosaccharide or protein-(peptide)-linked-glycan using metabolic labeling and various (possibly mass-spectrometry combined) techniques. Decreased enzyme activity in peripheral leukocytes/cultured fibroblasts or analysis of affected transporters and other functional proteins combined with identification of specific gene mutations confirm the diagnosis. Prenatal diagnosis, based on enzyme assay or mutation analysis, is also available. Peri-/post-mortem investigations of fatal cases are important for genetic counseling. Evaluation of various analytical approaches and proposed algorithms for investigation complete the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Marklová
- Charles University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Collins AE, Ferriero DM. The expanding spectrum of congenital disorders of glycosylation. J Pediatr 2005; 147:728-30. [PMID: 16356420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Marklová E, Albahri Z. Pitfalls and drawbacks in screening of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004; 42:583-9. [PMID: 15259372 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2004.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation include a group of diseases, each of them caused by different protein (mostly enzyme) impairment due to a specific gene defect. The many subtypes are classified according to clinical features, enzymology and molecular genetic analyses. Problems in diagnostics arise from the great diversity in clinical presentation, usually age-related, and different severities of individual types of these, by far underdiagnosed, diseases. Also the biochemical findings tend to vary, even within a single type. No one screening test, common for all types, is available so far. Several methods of choice may be used in the first approach; other procedures must follow for detailed typing of the defect. Possible drawbacks and pitfalls in the diagnostics from the viewpoint of our 3-year studies and practical screening experience are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Marklová
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Dupré T, Lavieu G, Moore S, Seta N. Les anomalies congénitales de glycosylation des N-glycosylprotéines. Med Sci (Paris) 2004; 20:331-8. [PMID: 15067579 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2004203331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation is a widely occurring and vital posttranslational modification in mammalian cells. Although the molecular machinery that is involved in the biosynthesis of these glycoconjugates has been largely identified, the recent discovery of a family of rare inborn diseases in which glycoproteins are abnormally glycosylated has both changed some of our ideas concerning glycoprotein biosynthesis, and given us new insights into this complex process. Advances in the diagnosis of the congenital disorders of glycosylation are well under way and mutations in several of the genes involved in the biosynthesis and maturation of N-linked glycans have been shown to underlie these diseases. By contrast, the chain of events that lead from faulty protein glycosylation to the often severe clinical presentation is an as yet unexplored aspect of these metabolic disorders, and represents a challenge for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Dupré
- Service de Biochimie A, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, 16, rue Henri Huchard, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, France
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Fang J, Peters V, Assmann B, Körner C, Hoffmann GF. Improvement of CDG diagnosis by combined examination of several glycoproteins. J Inherit Metab Dis 2004; 27:581-90. [PMID: 15669673 DOI: 10.1023/b:boli.0000042982.82131.a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) represent a family of genetic diseases with broad clinical presentation. Initial diagnosis is currently mainly based on the identification of hyposialylated serum transferrin (TF) by isoelectric focusing (IEF). To improve the diagnosis of known CDG types and to identify so far unknown CDG cases, additional glycoproteins, alpha1-antitrypsin titrypsin (alpha1-AT) and alpha1-antichymotrypsin (alpha1-ACT), were studied. According to the patterns of transferrin, enzyme assays and mutation analysis, 16 patients with various clinical symptoms suspicious for CDG were divided into three groups: group A (n = 6) with confirmed CDG; group B (n = 4) with clear abnormal TF-IEF patterns of unknown origin (all known CDG types were excluded) and group C (n = 6) with borderline TF-IEF patterns; 164 samples served as a control group. Automated IEF of TF, alpha1-AT and alpha1-ACT was carried out using a PhastSystem. CDG patients with glycosylation defects of known origin (group A) and patients with abnormal TF-IEF patterns due to glycosylation defects of as yet unknown origin (group B) showed abnormal IEF patterns of all three glycoproteins. These results confirmed generalized defects of glycosylation. Furthermore, the IEF pattern of alpha1-ACT seems to allow a differentiation between CDG Ia and CDG Ic. However, patients with borderline TF-IEF pattern (group C) showed a normal alpha1-AT-IEF pattern. Four of these six patients also showed a normal alpha1-ACT-IEF pattern; this constellation suggests that CDG can most likely be excluded. In the two remaining patients of group C with a borderline TF-IEF pattern an abnormal pattern of alpha1-ACT-IEF was obtained which needs further investigations. We conclude that the combined investigation of three glycoproteins provides additional information in the diagnostic work-up of patients with possible CDG. The suspicion of CDG in patients with apparent glycosylation defects of unknown origin or borderline TF-IEF pattern can be either substantiated or weakened.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fang
- Universitäts-Kinderklinik, Sektion für Metabolische und Endokrinologische Erkrankungen, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Genes that cause human disorders in N-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis have appeared much faster than animal model systems to study them. In most models, a single gene is altered or deleted while other genes and the environment are held constant. Since humans have variable genetic backgrounds and environments, model systems may only partially mimic the actual disorders. Mutations in seven of the 30-40 genes needed for the synthesis and transfer of oligosaccharides from the lipid donor to the nascent protein acceptors in the endoplasmic reticulum cause Type I Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG). Since all of these gene products ultimately contribute to the same final step, one might suspect that all the diseases would be very similar. However, even patients with mutations in the same gene show considerable phenotypic variability. Modifier, or susceptibility genes in the background likely explain some variations of the "primary" gene chosen for study. Add to this the stress of infections, dietary insufficiencies, and the demands of growth itself. These issues are particularly important during development when the temporal and spatial specific interplay of cell adhesions and signals has only a single opportunity. Multiple hypomorphic alleles of genes in the same pathway may have synergistic effects. Investigators designing model systems to study human glycosylation disorders may want to construct strains with several heterozygous hypomorphic alleles in rate-limiting steps in the glycosylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson H Freeze
- Glycobiology and Carbohydrate Chemistry Program, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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