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Waller D, Putnam J, Steiner JN, Fisher B, Burcham GN, Oliver J, Smith SB, Erickson R, Remek A, Bodoeker N. Targeted metabolomics characterizes metabolite occurrence and variability in stable freshwater mussel populations. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad040. [PMID: 37701372 PMCID: PMC10494281 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater mussels (order Unionida) play a key role in freshwater systems as ecosystem engineers and indicators of aquatic ecosystem health. The fauna is globally imperilled due to a diversity of suspected factors; however, causes for many population declines and mortality events remain unconfirmed due partly to limited health assessment tools. Mussel-monitoring activities often rely on population-level measurements, such as abundance and age structure, which reflect delayed responses to environmental conditions. Measures of organismal health would enable preemptive detection of declining condition before population-level effects manifest. Metabolomic analysis can identify shifts in biochemical pathways in response to stressors and changing environmental conditions; however, interpretation of the results requires information on inherent variability of metabolite concentrations in mussel populations. We targeted metabolites in the haemolymph of two common mussels, Lampsilis cardium and Lampsilis siliquoidea, from three Indiana streams (USA) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. The influence of species, stream and sex on metabolite variability was examined with distance-based redundancy analysis. Metabolite variability was most influenced by species, followed by site and sex. Inter- and intraspecies metabolite variability among sexes was less distinct than differences among locations. We further categorized metabolites by occurrence and variability in mussel populations. Metabolites with high occurrence (Categories 1 and 2) included those indicative of energy status (catabolism versus anabolism; arginine, proline, carnitine, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid), oxidative stress (proline, glutamine, glutamate) and protein metabolism (thymidine, cytidine, inosine). Metabolites with lower occurrence (Category 3) are constituents of assorted metabolic pathways and can be important biomarkers with additional temporal sampling to characterize their variability. These data provide a reference for future temporal (before/after) monitoring and for studies of stressor-metabolite linkages in freshwater mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Waller
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
| | - Joel Putnam
- Conagen, Inc., 15 Deangelo Dr, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - J Nolan Steiner
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
| | - Brant Fisher
- Indiana Department of Natural Resources – Division of Fish & Wildlife, Atterbury Fish & Wildlife Area, 7970 South Rowe Street, Edinburgh, IN 46124, USA
| | - Grant N Burcham
- Heeke Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, 11367 East Purdue Farm Road, Dubois, IN 47527 and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John Oliver
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Richard Erickson
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
| | - Anne Remek
- 200 W Washington St, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - Nancy Bodoeker
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison St. West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Lutz NW, Bernard M. Methodological Developments for Metabolic NMR Spectroscopy from Cultured Cells to Tissue Extracts: Achievements, Progress and Pitfalls. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134214. [PMID: 35807461 PMCID: PMC9268249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a broad overview and critical review of a particular group of closely related ex vivo and in vitro metabolic NMR spectroscopic methods. The scope of interest comprises studies of cultured cells and excised tissue, either intact or after physicochemical extraction of metabolites. Our detailed discussion includes pitfalls that have led to erroneous statements in the published literature, some of which may cause serious problems in metabolic and biological interpretation of results. To cover a wide range of work from relevant research areas, we consider not only the most recent achievements in the field, but also techniques that proved to be valid and successful in the past, although they may not have generated a very significant number of papers more recently. Thus, this comparative review also aims at providing background information useful for judiciously choosing between the metabolic ex vivo/in vitro NMR methods presented. Finally, the methods of interest are discussed in the context of, and in relation to, other metabolic analysis protocols such as HR-MAS and cell perfusion NMR, as well as the mass spectrometry approach.
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Single and combined effects of the "Deadly trio" hypoxia, hypercapnia and warming on the cellular metabolism of the great scallop Pecten maximus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 243-244:110438. [PMID: 32251734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the ocean the main climate drivers affecting marine organisms are warming, hypercapnia, and hypoxia. We investigated the acute effects of warming (W), warming plus hypercapnia (WHc, ~1800 μatm CO2), warming plus hypoxia (WHo, ~12.1 kPa O2), and a combined exposure of all three drivers (Deadly Trio, DT) on king scallops (Pecten maximus). All exposures started at 14 °C and temperature was increased by 2 °C once every 48 h until the lethal temperature was reached (28 °C). Gill samples were taken at 14 °C, 18 °C, 22 °C, and 26 °C and analyzed for their metabolic response by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Scallops were most tolerant to WHc and most susceptible to oxygen reduction (WHo and DT). In particular under DT, scallops' mitochondrial energy metabolism was affected. Changes became apparent at 22 °C and 26 °C involving significant accumulation of glycogenic amino acids (e.g. glycine and valine) and anaerobic end-products (e.g. acetic acid and succinate). In line with these observations the LT50 was lower under the exposure to DT (22.5 °C) than to W alone (~ 25 °C) indicating a narrowing of the thermal niche due to an imbalance between oxygen demand and supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L. Waller
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA
| | - W. Gregory Cope
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695-7617 USA
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Cao C, Wang WX. Chronic effects of copper in oysters Crassostrea hongkongensis under different exposure regimes as shown by NMR-based metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2428-2435. [PMID: 28252223 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Traditional metal toxicity tests on organisms have mainly focused on continuous exposure at a fixed concentration. However, organisms are more likely exposed to pollutants intermittently in estuarine environments that are significantly impacted by anthropogenic activity. The present study examined whether different copper (Cu) exposure regimes at an equivalent dose can induce different metabolomics effects on the oysters. An estuarine oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis was exposed to Cu continuously or intermittently at an equal dose (time × concentration) for 6 wk. Continuous exposure regimes included 2 doses of 3.3 μg/L for 24 h and 20 μg/L for 24 h, with corresponding equal doses of 2 intermittent exposure regimes of 20 μg/L for 4 h and 120 μg/L for 4 h, respectively. Time-course measurements suggested that Cu bioaccumulation was comparable at equal low doses between the continuous regime (3.3 μg/L for 24 h) and the intermittent regime (20 μg/L for 4 h), but there was considerable difference for the high dose under different regimes. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics suggested that continuous and intermittent Cu exposures led to similar metabolite variation pattern in gills at an equal high dose, including decreased amino acids (e.g., aspartate, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine), lower energy-related compounds (e.g., adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate, acetate, citrate, and glycogen), and altered osmolytes (e.g., homarine and taurine). These biomarkers indicated disturbance of osmotic regulation and energy metabolism induced by Cu exposure regardless of regime. In addition, the 4-h intermittent Cu exposure resulted in slightly fewer adverse effects compared with the corresponding equal-dose continuous exposure. Oysters appeared to recover during the intervals of Cu exposure. The results indicated that metabolomic effects induced by Cu were more dose dependent than the Cu exposure regime. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2428-2435. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cao
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Marine Environmental Laboratory, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Marine Environmental Laboratory, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Cao C, Wang WX. Copper-induced metabolic variation of oysters overwhelmed by salinity effects. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:331-341. [PMID: 28183059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In estuarine environments, Cu (copper) contamination is simultaneously coupled with salinity variation. In this study, 1H NMR was applied to investigate the metabolic disturbance of estuarine oysters Crassostrea hongkongensis under both Cu and salinity stresses. Oysters were exposed to dissolved Cu (50 μg L-1) at different salinities (10, 15 and 25 psu) for six weeks, and the Cu accumulation in the oyster tissues was higher at lowered salinity. Based on the NMR-metabolomics results, disturbances induced by Cu and salinity was mainly related to osmotic regulation, energy metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism, as indicated by the alteration of important metabolic biomarkers such as alanine, citrate, glucose, glycogen, betaine, taurine, hypotaurine and homarine in the gills. At lower salinity, oysters accumulated higher energy related compounds (e.g., glucose and glycogen) and amino acids (e.g., aspartate, dimethylglycine and lysine), with the enhancement of ATP/ADP production and accumulation of oxidizable amino acids catabolized from protein breakdown. With Cu exposure, the synthesis from glycine to dimethylglycine was observed to cope with severe osmotic stress, together with the elevation of lysine and homarine. The effects induced by Cu were much similar for each salinity treatment, but the combination of Cu and salinity turned out to be consistent with the singular salinity effects. Therefore, salinity played a dominant role in affecting the metabolites of oysters when combined with Cu exposure. This study indicated that salinity should be taken into consideration in order to predict the Cu toxicity in estuarine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cao
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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