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Moringa oleifera leaf attenuate osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats by modulating gut microbiota composition and MAPK signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114434. [PMID: 36841025 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera leaf (MLP) contains abundant complex nutrients with anti-osteoporosis potential. However, its efficacy and mechanisms against osteoporosis remain unknown. The purpose of this research is to investigate MLP's anti-osteoporotic effects and mechanisms. Animal experiments were used in this work to validate MLP's anti-osteoporotic efficacy. We investigated the mode of action of MLP, analyzed its impact on the gut microbiota, and predicted and validated its anti-osteoporosis-related molecular targets and pathways through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and western blotting. In an ovariectomized osteoporosis rat model, MLP significantly increased bone mineral density and improved bone metabolism-related indicators, bone microstructure, and lipid profile. Moreover, it improved gut microbiota composition and increased the expression of Occludin and Claudin-1 protein in the duodenum. Network pharmacology identified a total of 97 active ingredients and 478 core anti-osteoporosis targets. Of these, MAPK1 (also known as ERK2), MAPK3 (also known as ERK1), and MAPK8 (also known as JNK) were successfully docked with the active constituents of MLP. Interestingly, MLP increased ERK and VAV3 protein expression and decreased p-ERK and JNK protein expression in the femur. These findings confirm MLP's anti-osteoporotic efficacy, which could be mediated via regulation of gut microbiota and MAPK signaling.
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Chen Z, Wu J, Wang W, Tang X, Zhou L, Lv Y, Zheng Y. Investigation of the Pathogenic Mechanism of Ciprofloxacin in Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection by an Integrated Proteomics and Network Pharmacology Strategy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041270. [PMID: 36835806 PMCID: PMC9967027 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD) is a life-threatening disease worldwide. Recently, fluoroquinolones have been reported to significantly increase the risk of AAD. This study aimed to investigate the potential functional mechanism and molecular targets of fluoroquinolones in relation to AAD by an integrated proteomic and network pharmacology strategy. A total of 1351 differentially expressed proteins were identified in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) after ciprofloxacin (CIP) stimulation. The functional analysis emphasized the important roles of metabolism, extracellular matrix homeostasis, mitochondrial damage, focal adhesion, and apoptosis in CIP-stimulated VSMCs. CIP targets were predicted with online databases and verified by molecular docking. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis and module construction of the 34 potential CIP targets and 37 selected hub molecules after CIP stimulation identified four critical target proteins in the module: PARP1, RAC1, IGF1R and MKI67. Functional analysis of the PPI module showed that the MAPK signalling pathway, focal adhesion, apoptosis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and PI3K-Akt signalling pathway were significantly enriched. Our results will provide novel insights into the pathogenic mechanism of fluoroquinolones in aortic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoran Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoyue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yanze Lv
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Schäfer I, Bauch J, Wegrzyn D, Roll L, van Leeuwen S, Jarocki A, Faissner A. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3 intervenes in the migration pathway of oligodendrocyte precursor cells on tenascin-C. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1042403. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1042403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are the exclusive source of myelination in the central nervous system (CNS). Prior to myelination, OPCs migrate to target areas and mature into myelinating oligodendrocytes. This process is underpinned by drastic changes of the cytoskeleton and partially driven by pathways involving small GTPases of the Rho subfamily. In general, the myelination process requires migration, proliferation and differentiation of OPCs. Presently, these processes are only partially understood. In this study, we analyzed the impact of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Vav3 on the migration behavior of OPCs. Vav3 is known to regulate RhoA, Rac1 and RhoG activity and is therefore a promising candidate with regard to a regulatory role concerning the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Our study focused on the Vav3 knockout mouse and revealed an enhanced migration capacity of Vav3−/− OPCs on the extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein tenascin-C (TnC). The migration behavior of individual OPCs on further ECM molecules such as laminin-1 (Ln1), laminin-2 (Ln2) and tenascin-R (TnR) was not affected by the elimination of Vav3. The migration process was further investigated with regard to intracellular signal transmission by pharmacological blockade of downstream pathways of specific Rho GTPases. Our data suggest that activation of RhoA GTPase signaling compromises migration, as inhibition of RhoA-signaling promoted migration behavior. This study provides novel insights into the control of OPC migration, which could be useful for further understanding of the complex differentiation and myelination process.
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Matboli M, Hasanin AH, Hamady S, Khairy E, Mohamed RH, Aboul-Ela YM, Raafat MH, Elsebay SAG, Emam HY, Shamekh RS, Agwa SHA. Anti-inflammatory effect of trans-anethol in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113070. [PMID: 35658236 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion injury (MI/R) is considered a main risk factor for global cardiac mortality and morbidity, for which no effective treatment exists. Both inflammation and epigenetic regulation play a pivotal role in the early stage of MI/R. The present study aimed at investigating the prospective anti-inflammatory role of trans-anethole (TNA) in targeting MI/R and its related mechanism in upregulating the expression of the inflammatory and cardiac-related gene (VAV3), and its epigenetic regulators (lncRNA-JRKL-AS1 and miR-1298) that were retrieved from in-silico data analysis in an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rat model. MATERIALS & METHODS TNA was administered in 3 doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg), 15 min prior to coronary ligation in male Wistar rats. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and dP/dtmax were assessed. Histopathological, biochemical, and molecular analyses were performed to assess the effects of TNA pre-treatment on the I/R rats model. RESULTS TNA alleviated the I/R-induced cardiac injury pathologically and improved the cardiac function tests and enzymes. At the molecular level, TNA upregulated the expression level of the retrieved RNA-based panel (VAV3 mRNA/miR-1298/lncRNA JRKL-AS1). At the protein level, TNA decreased the cardiac content of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. CONCLUSION TNA has demonstrated a potential ability to alleviate the cardiac injury and attenuate the inflammatory response following ischemia-reperfusion in the rat model through modulation of the expression of RNA panel (VAV3 mRNA/miR-1298/lncRNA JRKL-AS1) and TNF- α protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Matboli
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amany Helmy Hasanin
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shaimaa Hamady
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman Khairy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Reham Hussein Mohamed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Yasmin M Aboul-Ela
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona Hussien Raafat
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Hossam Y Emam
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | | | - Sara H A Agwa
- Clinical Pathology and Molecular Genomics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Li M, Jiao Q, Xin W, Niu S, Liu M, Song Y, Wang Z, Yang X, Liang D. The Emerging Role of Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors in Cardiovascular Disorders: Insights Into Atherosclerosis: A Mini Review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:782098. [PMID: 35047576 PMCID: PMC8761945 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.782098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease accounts for one-third of global deaths. However, the mechanism of atherosclerosis is not fully understood. It is well-known that the Rho GTPase family, especially Rho A, plays a vital role in the development and progression of arteriosclerosis. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rho GEFs), which act upstream of Rho GTPases, are also involved in the atheromatous pathological process. Despite some research on the role of Rho GEFS in the regulation of atherosclerosis, the number of studies is small relative to studies on the essential function of Rho GEFs. Some studies have preliminarily revealed Rho GEF regulation of atherosclerosis by experiments in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we review the advances in research on the relationship and interaction between Rho GEFs and atheroma to provide a potential reference for further study of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingzheng Jiao
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Gucheng County Hospital, Hengshui Gucheng, Hebei, China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shulin Niu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Department of Neurology and Immunology, Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxin Song
- Department of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zengguang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Zengguang Wang
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Xinyu Yang
| | - Degang Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Degang Liang
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Badaoui M, Zoso A, Idris T, Bacchetta M, Simonin J, Lemeille S, Wehrle-Haller B, Chanson M. Vav3 Mediates Pseudomonas aeruginosa Adhesion to the Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelium. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107842. [PMID: 32640241 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) represents the leading cause of airway infection in cystic fibrosis (CF). Early airways colonization can be explained by enhanced adhesion of Pa to the respiratory epithelium. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on fully differentiated primary cultures of airway epithelial cells from CF and non-CF donors predict that VAV3, β1 INTEGRIN, and FIBRONECTIN genes are significantly enriched in CF. Indeed, Vav3 is apically overexpressed in CF, associates with active β1 integrin luminally exposed, and increases fibronectin deposition. These luminal microdomains, rich in fibronectin and β1 integrin and regulated by Vav3, mediate the increased Pa adhesion to the CF epithelium. Interestingly, Vav3 inhibition normalizes the CF-dependent fibronectin and β1-integrin ectopic expression, improves the CF epithelial integrity, and prevents the enhanced Pa trapping to the CF epithelium. Through its capacity to promote a luminal complex with active β1 integrin and fibronectin that favors bacteria trapping, Vav3 may represent a new target in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Badaoui
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology & Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Alice Zoso
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology & Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Tahir Idris
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology & Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bacchetta
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology & Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Juliette Simonin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology & Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Lemeille
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Marc Chanson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology & Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
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Genome Wide Epistasis Study of On-Statin Cardiovascular Events with Iterative Feature Reduction and Selection. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10040212. [PMID: 33171725 PMCID: PMC7712544 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) is an evidence-based practice that incorporates lifestyle, history, and other risk factors. Statins reduce risk for MACE by decreasing lipids, but it is difficult to stratify risk following initiation of a statin. Genetic risk determinants for on-statin MACE are low-effect size and impossible to generalize. Our objective was to determine high-level epistatic risk factors for on-statin MACE with GWAS-scale data. Controlled-access data for 5890 subjects taking a statin collected from Vanderbilt University Medical Center's BioVU were obtained from dbGaP. We used Random Forest Iterative Feature Reduction and Selection (RF-IFRS) to select highly informative genetic and environmental features from a GWAS-scale dataset of patients taking statin medications. Variant-pairs were distilled into overlapping networks and assembled into individual decision trees to provide an interpretable set of variants and associated risk. 1718 cases who suffered MACE and 4172 controls were obtained from dbGaP. Pathway analysis showed that variants in genes related to vasculogenesis (FDR = 0.024), angiogenesis (FDR = 0.019), and carotid artery disease (FDR = 0.034) were related to risk for on-statin MACE. We identified six gene-variant networks that predicted odds of on-statin MACE. The most elevated risk was found in a small subset of patients carrying variants in COL4A2, TMEM178B, SZT2, and TBXAS1 (OR = 4.53, p < 0.001). The RF-IFRS method is a viable method for interpreting complex "black-box" findings from machine-learning. In this study, it identified epistatic networks that could be applied to risk estimation for on-statin MACE. Further study will seek to replicate these findings in other populations.
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Ulc A, Zeug A, Bauch J, van Leeuwen S, Kuhlmann T, ffrench-Constant C, Ponimaskin E, Faissner A. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3 modulates oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation and supports remyelination in white matter lesions. Glia 2018; 67:376-392. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Ulc
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| | - Andre Zeug
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Centre for Physiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Juliane Bauch
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| | - Simon van Leeuwen
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Hospital Münster; Germany
| | | | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Centre for Physiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
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Ulc A, Gottschling C, Schäfer I, Wegrzyn D, van Leeuwen S, Luft V, Reinhard J, Faissner A. Involvement of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3 in central nervous system development and plasticity. Biol Chem 2017; 398:663-675. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Small GTP-hydrolyzing enzymes (GTPases) of the RhoA family play manifold roles in cell biology and are regulated by upstream guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Herein, we focus on the GEFs of the Vav subfamily. Vav1 was originally described as a proto-oncogene of the hematopoietic lineage. The GEFs Vav2 and Vav3 are more broadly expressed in various tissues. In particular, the GEF Vav3 may play important roles in the developing nervous system during the differentiation of neural stem cells into the major lineages, namely neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. We discuss its putative regulatory roles for progenitor differentiation in the developing retina, polarization of neurons and formation of synapses, migration of oligodendrocyte progenitors and establishment of myelin sheaths. We propose that Vav3 mediates the response of various neural cell types to environmental cues.
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P21-Activated Kinase Inhibitors FRAX486 and IPA3: Inhibition of Prostate Stromal Cell Growth and Effects on Smooth Muscle Contraction in the Human Prostate. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153312. [PMID: 27071060 PMCID: PMC4829229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate smooth muscle tone and hyperplastic growth are involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Available drugs are characterized by limited efficacy. Patients' adherence is particularly low to combination therapies of 5α-reductase inhibitors and α1-adrenoceptor antagonists, which are supposed to target contraction and growth simultaneously. Consequently, molecular etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and new compounds interfering with smooth muscle contraction or growth in the prostate are of high interest. Here, we studied effects of p21-activated kinase (PAK) inhibitors (FRAX486, IPA3) in hyperplastic human prostate tissues, and in stromal cells (WPMY-1). In hyperplastic prostate tissues, PAK1, -2, -4, and -6 may be constitutively expressed in catecholaminergic neurons, while PAK1 was detected in smooth muscle and WPMY-1 cells. Neurogenic contractions of prostate strips by electric field stimulation were significantly inhibited by high concentrations of FRAX486 (30 μM) or IPA3 (300 μM), while noradrenaline- and phenylephrine-induced contractions were not affected. FRAX486 (30 μM) inhibited endothelin-1- and -2-induced contractions. In WPMY-1 cells, FRAX486 or IPA3 (24 h) induced concentration-dependent (1-10 μM) degeneration of actin filaments. This was paralleled by attenuation of proliferation rate, being observed from 1 to 10 μM FRAX486 or IPA3. Cytotoxicity of FRAX486 and IPA3 in WPMY-1 cells was time- and concentration-dependent. Stimulation of WPMY-1 cells with endothelin-1 or dihydrotestosterone, but not noradrenaline induced PAK phosphorylation, indicating PAK activation by endothelin-1. Thus, PAK inhibitors may inhibit neurogenic and endothelin-induced smooth muscle contractions in the hyperplastic human prostate, and growth of stromal cells. Targeting prostate smooth muscle contraction and stromal growth at once by a single compound is principally possible, at least under experimental conditions.
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Wang Y, Kunit T, Ciotkowska A, Rutz B, Schreiber A, Strittmatter F, Waidelich R, Liu C, Stief CG, Gratzke C, Hennenberg M. Inhibition of prostate smooth muscle contraction and prostate stromal cell growth by the inhibitors of Rac, NSC23766 and EHT1864. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2905-17. [PMID: 25631101 PMCID: PMC4439884 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Medical therapy of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) targets smooth muscle contraction in the prostate, or prostate growth. However, current therapeutic options are insufficient. Here, we investigated the role of Rac in the control of smooth muscle tone in human prostates and growth of prostate stromal cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Experiments were performed using human prostate tissues from radical prostatectomy and cultured stromal cells (WPMY-1). Expression of Rac was examined by Western blot and fluorescence staining. Effects of Rac inhibitors (NSC23766 and EHT1864) on contractility were assessed in the organ bath. The effects of Rac inhibitors were assessed by pull-down, cytotoxicity using a cell counting kit, cytoskeletal organization by phalloidin staining and cell growth using an 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay. KEY RESULTS Expression of Rac1-3 was observed in prostate samples from each patient. Immunoreactivity for Rac1-3 was observed in the stroma, where it colocalized with the smooth muscle marker, calponin. NSC23766 and EHT1864 significantly reduced contractions of prostate strips induced by noradrenaline, phenylephrine or electrical field stimulation. NSC23766 and EHT1864 inhibited Rac activity in WPMY-1 cells. Survival of WPMY-1 cells ranged between 64 and 81% after incubation with NSC23766 (50 or 100 μM) or EHT1864 (25 μM) for 24 h. NSC23766 and EHT1864 induced cytoskeletal disorganization in WPMY-1 cells. Both inhibitors impaired the growth of WPMY-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Rac may be a link connecting the control of prostate smooth muscle tone with proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Improvements in LUTS suggestive of BPH by Rac inhibitors appears possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - T Kunit
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
- University Hospital for Urology and AndrologySalzburg, Austria
| | - A Ciotkowska
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - B Rutz
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - A Schreiber
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - F Strittmatter
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - R Waidelich
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - C Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - C G Stief
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - C Gratzke
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - M Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
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The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3 regulates differentiation of progenitor cells in the developing mouse retina. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:423-440. [PMID: 25501893 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The seven main cell types in the mammalian retina arise from multipotent retinal progenitor cells, a process that is tightly regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic signals. However, the molecular mechanisms that control proliferation, differentiation and cell-fate decisions of retinal progenitor cells are not fully understood yet. Here, we report that the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3, a regulator of Rho-GTPases, is involved in retinal development. We demonstrate that Vav3 is expressed in the mouse retina during the embryonic period. In order to study the role of Vav3 in the developing retina, we generate Vav3-deficient mice. The loss of Vav3 results in an accelerated differentiation of retinal ganglion cells and cone photoreceptors during early and late embryonic development. We provide evidence that more retinal progenitor cells express the late progenitor marker Sox9 in Vav3-deficient mice than in wild-types. This premature differentiation is compensated during the postnatal period and late-born cell types such as bipolar cells and Müller glia display normal numbers. Taken together, our data imply that Vav3 is a regulator of retinal progenitor cell differentiation, thus highlighting a novel role for guanine nucleotide exchange factors in retinogenesis.
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Wu JH, Fanaroff AC, Sharma KC, Smith LS, Brian L, Eipper BA, Mains RE, Freedman NJ, Zhang L. Kalirin promotes neointimal hyperplasia by activating Rac in smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:702-8. [PMID: 23288169 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kalirin is a multifunctional protein that contains 2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor domains for the GTPases Rac1 and RhoA. Variants of KALRN have been associated with atherosclerosis in humans, but Kalirin's activity has been characterized almost exclusively in the central nervous system. We therefore tested the hypothesis that Kalirin functions as a Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor in arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs). APPROACH AND RESULTS Kalirin-9 protein is expressed abundantly in aorta and bone marrow, as well as in cultured SMCs, endothelial cells, and macrophages. Moreover, arterial Kalirin was upregulated during early atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. In cultured SMCs, signaling was affected similarly in 3 models of Kalirin loss-of-function: heterozygous Kalrn deletion, Kalirin RNAi, and treatment with the Kalirin Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor -1 inhibitor 1-(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione. With reduced Kalirin function, SMCs showed normal RhoA activation but diminished Rac1 activation, assessed as reduced Rac-GTP levels, p21-activated kinase autophosphorylation, and SMC migration. Kalrn(-/+) SMCs proliferated 30% less rapidly than wild-type SMCs. Neointimal hyperplasia engendered by carotid endothelial denudation was ≈60% less in Kalrn(-/+) and SMC-specific Kalrn(-/+) mice than in control mice. CONCLUSIONS Kalirin functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 in SMCs, and promotes SMC migration and proliferation both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Hui Wu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Signaling Mechanisms of Vav3, a Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor and Androgen Receptor Coactivator, in Physiology and Prostate Cancer Progression. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Kather JN, Kroll J. Rho guanine exchange factors in blood vessels: fine-tuners of angiogenesis and vascular function. Exp Cell Res 2012; 319:1289-97. [PMID: 23261542 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The angiogenic cascade is a multi-step process essential for embryogenesis and other physiological and pathological processes. Rho family GTPases are binary molecular switches and serve as master regulators of various basic cellular processes. Rho GTPases are known to exert important functions in angiogenesis and vascular physiology. These functions demand a tight and context-specific control of cellular processes requiring superordinate control by a multitude of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). GEFs display various features enabling them to fine-tune the actions of Rho GTPases in the vasculature: (1) GEFs regulate specific steps of the angiogenic cascade; (2) GEFs show a spatio-temporally specific expression pattern; (3) GEFs differentially regulate endothelial function depending on their subcellular location; (4) GEFs mediate crosstalk between complex signaling cascades and (5) GEFs themselves are regulated by another layer of interacting proteins. The aim of this review is to provide an overview about the role of GEFs in regulating angiogenesis and vascular function and to point out current limitations as well as clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Chiu WC, Juang JM, Chang SN, Wu CK, Tsai CT, Tseng CD, Tseng YZ, Su MJ, Chiang FT. Differential baseline expression and angiotensin II-stimulation of leukemia-associated RhoGEF in vascular smooth muscle cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5929-39. [PMID: 23233801 PMCID: PMC3518287 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s36700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Studies to explore angiotensin II (Ang II) and its downstream signaling pathways via Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) and RhoA signaling are crucial to understanding the mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction leading to hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the Ang II–induced expression of RhoGEFs in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and to identify the possible regulator associated with hypertension. Methods Cultured VSMCs of the aorta from SHRs and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated with or without Ang II or Ang II plus Ang II type 2 receptor antagonists. The expression levels of RhoGEF messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were determined. To evaluate the changes of aortic ring contractile force in response to Ang II, a nonviral carrier system was adopted to deliver the leukemia-associated RhoGEF (LARG) small interfering RNA via nanoparticles into aortic rings. Results The baseline mRNA levels of three RhoGEFs in cultured VSMCs of WKY rats did not increase with age, but they were significantly higher in 12-week-old SHRs than in 5-week-old SHRs. Expression levels of LARG mRNA were higher in SHRs than in age-matched WKY rats. The baseline LAGR protein of 12-week-old SHRs was about four times higher than that of WKY rats of the same age. After Ang II–stimulation, LAGR protein expression was significantly increased in 12-week-old WKY rats but remained unchanged in 12-week-old SHRs. LARG small interfering RNA was successfully delivered into aortic rings using nanoparticles. LARG knockdown resulted in 12-week-old SHRs showing the greatest reduction in aortic ring contraction. Conclusion There were differences in age-related RhoGEF expression at baseline and in response to Ang II–stimulation between SHRs and WKY rats in this study. Nanotechnology can assist in studying the silencing of LARG in tissue culture. The findings of this study indicate that LARG gene expression may be associated with the genesis of hypertension in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chiao Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Attenuation of Monocrotaline-induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Rats by Rosuvastatin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 60:219-26. [PMID: 22592772 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31825cce63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cario-Toumaniantz C, Ferland-McCollough D, Chadeuf G, Toumaniantz G, Rodriguez M, Galizzi JP, Lockhart B, Bril A, Scalbert E, Loirand G, Pacaud P. RhoA guanine exchange factor expression profile in arteries: evidence for a Rho kinase-dependent negative feedback in angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 302:C1394-404. [PMID: 22322975 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00423.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sustained overactivation of RhoA is a common component for the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension. Although activity of Rho proteins depends on Rho exchange factors (Rho-GEFs), the identity of Rho-GEFs expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and participating in the control of Rho protein activity and Rho-dependent functions remains unknown. To address this question, we analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR the expression profile of 28 RhoA-GEFs in arteries of normotensive (saline-treated) and hypertensive (ANG II-treated) rats. Sixteen RhoA-GEFs were downregulated in mesenteric arteries of hypertensive rats, among which nine are also downregulated in cultured VSMC stimulated by ANG II (100 nM, 48 h), suggesting a direct effect of ANG II. Inhibition of type 1 ANG II receptors (losartan, 1 μM) or Rho kinase (fasudil, 10 μM) prevented ANG II-induced RhoA-GEF downregulation. Functionally, ANG II-induced downregulation of RhoA-GEFs is associated with decreased Rho kinase activation in response to endothelin-1, norepinephrine, and U-46619. This work thus identifies a group of RhoA-GEFs that controls RhoA and RhoA-dependent functions in VSMC, and a negative feedback of RhoA/Rho kinase activity on the expression of these RhoA-GEFs that may play an adaptative role to limit RhoA/Rho kinase activation.
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Momotani K, Artamonov MV, Utepbergenov D, Derewenda U, Derewenda ZS, Somlyo AV. p63RhoGEF couples Gα(q/11)-mediated signaling to Ca2+ sensitization of vascular smooth muscle contractility. Circ Res 2011; 109:993-1002. [PMID: 21885830 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.248898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In normal and diseased vascular smooth muscle (SM), the RhoA pathway, which is activated by multiple agonists through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), plays a central role in regulating basal tone and peripheral resistance. This occurs through inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase, leading to increased phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain. Although it is thought that specific agonists and GPCRs may couple to distinct RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), thus raising the possibility of selective targeting of specific GEFs for therapeutic use, this notion is largely unexplored for SM contraction. OBJECTIVE We examine whether p63RhoGEF, known to couple specifically to Gα(q/11) in vitro, is functional in blood vessels as a mediator of RhoA activation and if it is selectively activated by Gα(q/11) coupled agonists. METHODS AND RESULTS We find that p63RhoGEF is present across SM tissues and demonstrate that silencing of the endogenous p63RhoGEF in mouse portal vein inhibits contractile force induced by endothelin-1 to a greater extent than the predominantly Gα(12/13)-mediated thromboxane analog U46619. This is because endothelin-1 acts on Gα(q/11) as well as Gα(12/13). Introduction of the exogenous isolated pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain of p63RhoGEF (residues 331-580) into permeabilized rabbit portal vein inhibited Ca2+ sensitized force and activation of RhoA, when phenylephrine was used as an agonist. This reinforces the results based on endothelin-1, because phenylephrine is thought to act exclusively through Gα(q/11). CONCLUSION We demonstrate that p63RhoGEF selectively couples Gα(q/11) but not Gα(12/13), to RhoA activation in blood vessels and cultured cells and thus mediates the physiologically important Ca2+ sensitization of force induced with Gα(q/11)-coupled agonists. Our results suggest that signaling through p63RhoGEF provides a novel mechanism for selective regulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Momotani
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0736, USA
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Sun L, Zhang T, Yu X, Xin W, Lan X, Zhang D, Huang C, Du G. Asymmetric dimethylarginine confers the communication between endothelial and smooth muscle cells and leads to VSMC migration through p38 and ERK1/2 signaling cascade. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2727-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Majka S, Hagen M, Blackwell T, Harral J, Johnson JA, Gendron R, Paradis H, Crona D, Loyd JE, Nozik-Grayck E, Stenmark KR, West J. Physiologic and molecular consequences of endothelial Bmpr2 mutation. Respir Res 2011; 12:84. [PMID: 21696628 PMCID: PMC3141420 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is thought to be driven by dysfunction of pulmonary vascular microendothelial cells (PMVEC). Most hereditary PAH is associated with BMPR2 mutations. However, the physiologic and molecular consequences of expression of BMPR2 mutations in PMVEC are unknown. Methods In vivo experiments were performed on adult mice with conditional endothelial-specific expression of the truncation mutation Bmpr2delx4+, with age-matched transactivator-only mice as controls. Phenotype was assessed by RVSP, counts of muscularized vessels and proliferating cells, and staining for thromboses, inflammatory cells, and apoptotic cells. The effects of BMPR2 knockdown in PMVEC by siRNA on rates of apoptosis were assessed. Affymetrix expression arrays were performed on PMVEC isolated and cultured from triple transgenic mice carrying the immortomouse gene, a transactivator, and either control, Bmpr2delx4+ or Bmpr2R899X mutation. Results Transgenic mice showed increased RVSP and corresponding muscularization of small vessels, with histologic alterations including thrombosis, increased inflammatory cells, increased proliferating cells, and a moderate increase in apoptotic cells. Expression arrays showed alterations in specific pathways consistent with the histologic changes. Bmpr2delx4+ and Bmpr2R899X mutations resulted in very similar alterations in proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and adhesion; Bmpr2delx4+ cells showed upregulation of platelet adhesion genes and cytokines not seen in Bmpr2R899X PMVEC. Bmpr2 mutation in PMVEC does not cause a loss of differentiation markers as was seen with Bmpr2 mutation in smooth muscle cells. Conclusions Bmpr2 mutation in PMVEC in vivo may drive PAH through multiple, potentially independent, downstream mechanisms, including proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Majka
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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RhoA phosphorylation induces Rac1 release from guanine dissociation inhibitor alpha and stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:4786-96. [PMID: 20696841 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00381-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although overactivation of RhoA is recognized as a common component of vascular disorders, the molecular mechanisms regulating RhoA activity in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are still unclear. We have previously shown that in VSMC, RhoA is phosphorylated on Ser188 by nitric oxide (NO)-stimulated cGMP-dependent kinase (PKG), which leads to RhoA-Rho kinase pathway inhibition. In this study, we showed that expression of phosphoresistant RhoA mutants prevented the stimulation of VSMC migration and adhesion induced by NO-PKG pathway activation. In contrast, under basal conditions, phosphomimetic RhoA mutants stimulated VSMC adhesion and migration through a signaling pathway requiring Rac1 and the Rho exchange factor Vav3. RhoA phosphorylation or phosphomimetic RhoA mutants induced Rac1 activation but did not activate Vav3. Indeed, phosphorylated RhoA or phosphomimetic mutants trapped guanine dissociation inhibitor α (GDIα), leading to the release of Rac1 and its translocation to the membrane, where it was then activated by the basal Vav3 nucleotide exchange activity. In vivo, RhoA phosphorylation induced by PKG activation in the aortas of rats treated with sildenafil induced dissociation of Rac1 from GDIα and activation of the Rac1 signaling pathway. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of RhoA represents a novel potent and physiological GDIα displacement factor that leads to Rac1 activation and regulation of Rac1-dependent VSMC functions.
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