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Abdul-Rahman T, Lizano-Jubert I, Bliss ZSB, Garg N, Meale E, Roy P, Crino SA, Deepak BL, Miteu GD, Wireko AA, Qadeer A, Condurat A, Tanasa AD, Pyrpyris N, Sikora K, Horbas V, Sood A, Gupta R, Lavie CJ. RNA in cardiovascular disease: A new frontier of personalized medicine. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2024:S0033-0620(24)00016-1. [PMID: 38253161 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Personalized medicine has witnessed remarkable progress with the emergence of RNA therapy, offering new possibilities for the treatment of various diseases, and in particular in the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The ability to target the human genome through RNA manipulation offers great potential not only in the treatment of cardiac pathologies but also in their diagnosis and prevention, notably in cases of hyperlipidemia and myocardial infarctions. While only a few RNA-based treatments have entered clinical trials or obtained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration, the growing body of research on this subject is promising. However, the development of RNA therapies faces several challenges that must be overcome. These include the efficient delivery of drugs into cells, the potential for immunogenic responses, and safety. Resolving these obstacles is crucial to advance the development of RNA therapies. This review explores the newest developments in medical studies, treatment plans, and results related to RNA therapies for heart disease. Furthermore, it discusses the exciting possibilities and difficulties in this innovative area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neil Garg
- Rowan-Virtua School of osteopathic medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Emily Meale
- Rowan-Virtua School of osteopathic medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Poulami Roy
- Department of Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, India
| | | | | | - Goshen David Miteu
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abdul Qadeer
- Hospital Internal Medicine Department, Scottsdale Campus, Mayo Clinic, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Nikolaos Pyrpyris
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Aayushi Sood
- Department of Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Lehigh Valley Heart and Vascular Institute, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA, USA.
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Department of Cardiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States; The University of Queensland Medical School, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, LA, United States
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2
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Schultheiss HP, Baumeier C, Pietsch H, Bock CT, Poller W, Escher F. Cardiovascular consequences of viral infections: from COVID to other viral diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2610-2623. [PMID: 34609508 PMCID: PMC8500164 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of the heart muscle with cardiotropic viruses is one of the major aetiologies of myocarditis and acute and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy (DCMi). However, viral myocarditis and subsequent dilated cardiomyopathy is still a challenging disease to diagnose and to treat and is therefore a significant public health issue globally. Advances in clinical examination and thorough molecular genetic analysis of intramyocardial viruses and their activation status have incrementally improved our understanding of molecular pathogenesis and pathophysiology of viral infections of the heart muscle. To date, several cardiotropic viruses have been implicated as causes of myocarditis and DCMi. These include, among others, classical cardiotropic enteroviruses (Coxsackieviruses B), the most commonly detected parvovirus B19, and human herpes virus 6. A newcomer is the respiratory virus that has triggered the worst pandemic in a century, SARS-CoV-2, whose involvement and impact in viral cardiovascular disease is under scrutiny. Despite extensive research into the pathomechanisms of viral infections of the cardiovascular system, our knowledge regarding their treatment and management is still incomplete. Accordingly, in this review, we aim to explore and summarize the current knowledge and available evidence on viral infections of the heart. We focus on diagnostics, clinical relevance and cardiovascular consequences, pathophysiology, and current and novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Baumeier
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Pietsch
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany, partner site
| | - C Thomas Bock
- Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, 13353 Germany.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Poller
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany, partner site.,Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Felicitas Escher
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany, partner site
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3
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Geisler A, Hazini A, Heimann L, Kurreck J, Fechner H. Coxsackievirus B3-Its Potential as an Oncolytic Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050718. [PMID: 33919076 PMCID: PMC8143167 DOI: 10.3390/v13050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy represents one of the most advanced strategies to treat otherwise untreatable types of cancer. Despite encouraging developments in recent years, the limited fraction of patients responding to therapy has demonstrated the need to search for new suitable viruses. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a promising novel candidate with particularly valuable features. Its entry receptor, the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), and heparan sulfate, which is used for cellular entry by some CVB3 variants, are highly expressed on various cancer types. Consequently, CVB3 has broad anti-tumor activity, as shown in various xenograft and syngeneic mouse tumor models. In addition to direct tumor cell killing the virus induces a strong immune response against the tumor, which contributes to a substantial increase in the efficiency of the treatment. The toxicity of oncolytic CVB3 in healthy tissues is variable and depends on the virus strain. It can be abrogated by genetic engineering the virus with target sites of microRNAs. In this review, we present an overview of the current status of the development of CVB3 as an oncolytic virus and outline which steps still need to be accomplished to develop CVB3 as a therapeutic agent for clinical use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Geisler
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (L.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Ahmet Hazini
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Lisanne Heimann
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (L.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (L.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (L.H.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-31-47-21-81
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4
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Collins L, Binder P, Chen H, Wang X. Regulation of Long Non-coding RNAs and MicroRNAs in Heart Disease: Insight Into Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Front Physiol 2020; 11:798. [PMID: 32754048 PMCID: PMC7365882 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide and there is an increasing need to identify new therapeutic targets that could be used to prevent or treat these diseases. Due to recent scientific advances, non-coding RNAs are widely accepted as important regulators of cellular processes, and the identification of an axis of interaction between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and micro RNAs (miRNAs) has provided another platform through which cardiovascular disease could be targeted therapeutically. Increasing evidence has detailed the importance of these non-coding RNAs, both individually and in an axis of regulation, in the processes and diseases involving the heart. However, further investigation into the consequences of targeting this mechanism, as well as refinement of how the system is targeted, are required before a treatment can be provided in clinic. This level of genomic regulation provides an exciting potential novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Collins
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Binder
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hongshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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5
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Multiparametric slice culture platform for the investigation of human cardiac tissue physiology. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 144:139-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Gao J, Guo Y, Chen Y, Zhou J, Liu Y, Su P. Adeno-associated virus 9-mediated RNA interference targeting SOCS3 alleviates diastolic heart failure in rats. Gene 2019; 697:11-18. [PMID: 30763670 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of adeno-associated virus 9-mediated RNA interference targeting SOCS3 (AAV9-SOCS3 siRNA) on the treatment of diastolic heart failure (DHF). METHOD A rat DHF model was established, and cardiac function and hemodynamic changes were measured. HE, Sirius red and TUNEL staining were applied to observe the pathological changes in the myocardium. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemical staining were utilized to detect SOCS3 expression. The expression levels of various factors, including fibrosis-related factors (collagen I, collagen II, α-SMA and TGF-β), inflammatory-related factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, p-p65 and ICAM-1) and factors related to the JAK/STAT signal pathway were analyzed by immunoblotting and/or qPCR. The serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured using ELISA. RESULTS SOCS3 expression was significantly downregulated in the DHF rat model by SOCS3 siRNA delivery. In the successfully established DHF rat model, cardiac function was clearly decreased, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis were significantly increased. These changes were ameliorated by treatment with AAV9-SOCS3 siRNA. The expression levels of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 were significantly upregulated in the AAV9-SOCS3 siRNA group compared with the sham and AAV9-siRNA control groups, indicating that SOCS3 is a negative regulator of this signaling pathway. The expression levels of collagen I/III, α-SMA and TGF-β were also decreased at both the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, the serum and myocardial tissue expression levels of inflammatory-related factors, such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, were also reduced by the administration of AAV9-SOCS3 siRNA compared with the AAV9-siRNA control. CONCLUSIONS SOCS3 gene silencing by AAV9-SOCS3 siRNA administration in a DHF rat model significantly reduced myocardial fibrosis and the inflammatory response and improved heart function. Therefore, this treatment is a potential therapeutic method for treating DHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Guo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqi Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pixiong Su
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Di Mauro V, Barandalla-Sobrados M, Catalucci D. The noncoding-RNA landscape in cardiovascular health and disease. Noncoding RNA Res 2018; 3:12-19. [PMID: 30159435 PMCID: PMC6084835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular system plays a pivotal role in regulating and maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Therefore any alteration in regulatory networks that orchestrate heart development as well as adaptation to physiological and environmental stress might result in pathological conditions, which represent the leading cause of death worldwide [1]. The latest advances in genome-wide techniques challenged the "protein-central dogma" with the discovery of the so-called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Despite their lack of protein coding potential, ncRNAs have been largely demonstrated to regulate the majority of biological processes and have also been largely implicated in cardiovascular disorders. This review will first discuss the important mechanistic aspects of some of the classes of ncRNAs such as biogenesis, mechanism of action, as well as their involvement in cardiac diseases. The ncRNA potential uses as therapeutic molecules, with a specific focus on the latest technologies for their in vivo delivery as drug targets, will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Di Mauro
- National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Barandalla-Sobrados
- National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Catalucci
- National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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8
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Abstract
A novel long noncoding RNA
Chaer
acts as noncoding epigenetic regulator at the onset of cardiac hypertrophy and enables an improved understanding about the complex mechanisms in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Viereck
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, IFB-Tx (J.V., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
| | - Thomas Thum
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, IFB-Tx (J.V., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
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9
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Di Mauro V, Iafisco M, Salvarani N, Vacchiano M, Carullo P, Ramírez-Rodríguez GB, Patrício T, Tampieri A, Miragoli M, Catalucci D. Bioinspired negatively charged calcium phosphate nanocarriers for cardiac delivery of MicroRNAs. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:891-906. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop biocompatible and bioresorbable negatively charged calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP-NPs) as an innovative therapeutic system for the delivery of bioactive molecules to the heart. Materials & methods: CaP-NPs were synthesized via a straightforward one-pot biomineralization-inspired protocol employing citrate as a stabilizing agent and regulator of crystal growth. CaP-NPs were administered to cardiac cells in vitro and effects of treatments were assessed. CaP-NPs were administered in vivo and delivery of microRNAs was evaluated. Results: CaP-NPs efficiently internalized into cardiomyocytes without promoting toxicity or interfering with any functional properties. CaP-NPs successfully encapsulated synthetic microRNAs, which were efficiently delivered into cardiac cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: CaP-NPs are a safe and efficient drug-delivery system for potential therapeutic treatments of polarized cells such as cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Di Mauro
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Genetics & Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, Milan 20138, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, Rozzano (MI) 20089, Italy
| | - Michele Iafisco
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC) 48018 Faenza (RA), Italy
| | - Nicolò Salvarani
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Genetics & Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, Milan 20138, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, Rozzano (MI) 20089, Italy
| | - Marco Vacchiano
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Genetics & Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Carullo
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Genetics & Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, Milan 20138, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, Rozzano (MI) 20089, Italy
| | | | - Tatiana Patrício
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC) 48018 Faenza (RA), Italy
| | - Anna Tampieri
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC) 48018 Faenza (RA), Italy
| | - Michele Miragoli
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Genetics & Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, Milan 20138, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, Rozzano (MI) 20089, Italy
| | - Daniele Catalucci
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Genetics & Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, Milan 20138, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, Rozzano (MI) 20089, Italy
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10
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Ho YT, Poinard B, Kah JCY. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems and their use in cardiac tissue therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:693-714. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases make up one of the main causes of death today, with myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease contributing a large share of the deaths reported. With mainstream clinical therapy focusing on palliative medicine following myocardial infarction, the structural changes that occur in the diseased heart will eventually lead to end-stage heart failure. Heart transplantation remains the only gold standard of cure but a shortage in donor organs pose a major problem that led to clinicians and researchers looking into alternative strategies for cardiac repair. This review will examine some alternative methods of treatment using chemokines and drugs carried by nanoparticles as drug delivering agents for the purposes of treating myocardial infarction through the promotion of revascularization. We will also provide an overview of existing studies involving such nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, their reported efficacy and the challenges facing their translation into ubiquitous clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Teck Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #07–25, Singapore 117575
- NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
| | - Barbara Poinard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #07–25, Singapore 117575
- NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
| | - James Chen Yong Kah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #07–25, Singapore 117575
- NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
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Li G, Ma S, Sun C. RNA interference-based therapeutics for inherited long QT syndrome. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:395-400. [PMID: 26622327 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an electrical heart disorder that manifests with syncope, seizures, and increased risk of torsades de pointes and sudden cardiac death. Dominant-negative current suppression is a mechanism by which pathogenic proteins disrupt the function of ion channels in inherited LQTS. However, current approaches for the management of inherited LQTS are inadequate. RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful technique that is able to suppress or silence the expression of mutant genes. RNAi may be harnessed to knock out mRNAs that code for toxic proteins, and has been increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic intervention for a range of conditions. The present study reviews the literature for RNAi-based therapeutics in the treatment of inherited LQTS. Furthermore, this review discusses the combined use of RNAi with the emerging technology of induced pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of inherited LQTS. In addition, key challenges that must be overcome prior to RNAi-based therapies becoming clinically applicable are addressed. In summary, RNAi-based therapy is potentially a powerful therapeutic intervention, although a number of difficulties remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shuting Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chaofeng Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Pozzuto T, Röger C, Kurreck J, Fechner H. Enhanced suppression of adenovirus replication by triple combination of anti-adenoviral siRNAs, soluble adenovirus receptor trap sCAR-Fc and cidofovir. Antiviral Res 2015; 120:72-8. [PMID: 26026665 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ad) generally induce mild self-limiting respiratory or intestinal infections but can also cause serious disease with fatal outcomes in immunosuppressed patients. Antiviral drug therapy is an important treatment for adenoviral infections but its efficiency is limited. Recently, we have shown that gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising new approach to inhibit adenoviral infection. In the present in vitro study, we examined whether the efficiency of an RNAi-based anti-adenoviral therapy can be further increased by combination with a virus receptor trap sCAR-Fc and with the antiviral drug cidofovir. Initially, three siRNAs, siE1A_4, siIVa2_2 and Pol-si2, targeting the adenoviral E1A, IVa2 and DNA polymerase mRNAs, respectively, were used for gene silencing. Replication of the Ad was inhibited in a dose dependent manner by each siRNA, but the efficiency of inhibition differed (Pol-si2>siIVa2_2>siE1A_4). Double or triple combinations of the siRNAs compared with single siRNAs did not result in a measurably higher suppression of Ad replication. Combination of the siRNAs (alone or mixes of two or three siRNAs) with sCAR-Fc markedly increased the suppression of adenoviral replication compared to the same siRNA treatment without sCAR-Fc. Moreover, the triple combination of a mix of all three siRNAs, sCAR-Fc and cidofovir was about 23-fold more efficient than the combination of siRNAs mix/sCAR-Fc and about 95-fold more efficient than the siRNA mix alone. These data demonstrate that co-treatment of cells with sCAR-Fc and cidofovir is suitable to increase the efficiency of anti-adenoviral siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Pozzuto
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Röger
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Greco S, Gaetano C, Martelli F. HypoxamiR regulation and function in ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1202-19. [PMID: 24053126 PMCID: PMC4142792 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are deregulated and play a causal role in numerous cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, hypertension, heart failure, stroke, peripheral artery disease, kidney ischemia-reperfusion. RECENT ADVANCES One crucial component of ischemic cardiovascular diseases is represented by hypoxia. Indeed, hypoxia is a powerful stimulus regulating the expression of a specific subset of miRNAs, named hypoxia-induced miRNAs (hypoxamiR). These miRNAs are fundamental regulators of the cell responses to decreased oxygen tension. Certain hypoxamiRs seem to have a particularly pervasive role, such as miR-210 that is virtually induced in all ischemic diseases tested so far. However, its specific function may change according to the physiopathological context. CRITICAL ISSUES The discovery of HypoxamiR dates back 6 years. Thus, despite a rapid growth in knowledge and attention, a deeper insight of the molecular mechanisms underpinning hypoxamiR regulation and function is needed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS An extended understanding of the function of hypoxamiR in gene regulatory networks associated with cardiovascular diseases will allow the identification of novel molecular mechanisms of disease and indicate the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Greco
- 1 Molecular Cardiology Laboratory , IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
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14
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Abstract
Understanding of the roles of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) within complex organisms has fundamentally changed. It is increasingly possible to use ncRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in medicine. Regarding disease pathogenesis, it has become evident that confinement to the analysis of protein-coding regions of the human genome is insufficient because ncRNA variants have been associated with important human diseases. Thus, inclusion of noncoding genomic elements in pathogenetic studies and their consideration as therapeutic targets is warranted. We consider aspects of the evolutionary and discovery history of ncRNAs, as far as they are relevant for the identification and selection of ncRNAs with likely therapeutic potential. Novel therapeutic strategies are based on ncRNAs, and we discuss here RNA interference as a highly versatile tool for gene silencing. RNA interference-mediating RNAs are small, but only parts of a far larger spectrum encompassing ncRNAs up to many kilobasepairs in size. We discuss therapeutic options in cardiovascular medicine offered by ncRNAs and key issues to be solved before clinical translation. Convergence of multiple technical advances is highlighted as a prerequisite for the translational progress achieved in recent years. Regarding safety, we review properties of RNA therapeutics, which may immunologically distinguish them from their endogenous counterparts, all of which underwent sophisticated evolutionary adaptation to specific biological contexts. Although our understanding of the noncoding human genome is only fragmentary to date, it is already feasible to develop RNA interference against a rapidly broadening spectrum of therapeutic targets and to translate this to the clinical setting under certain restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Poller
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Tank
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Skurk
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Gast
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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O'Donnell JM, Kalichira A, Bi J, Lewandowski ED. In vivo, cardiac-specific knockdown of a target protein, malic enzyme-1, in rat via adenoviral delivery of DNA for non-native miRNA. Curr Gene Ther 2013; 12:454-62. [PMID: 22974418 DOI: 10.2174/156652312803519760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the feasibility of using the adenoviral delivery of DNA for a non-native microRNA to suppress expression of a target protein (cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent malic-enzyme 1, ME1) in whole heart in vivo, via an isolated-heart coronary perfusion approach. Complementary DNA constructs for ME1 microRNA were inserted into adenoviral vectors. Viral gene transfer to neonatal rat cardiomyocytes yielded 65% suppression of ME1 protein. This viral package was delivered to rat hearts in vivo (Adv.miR_ME1, 10(13) vp/ml PBS) via coronary perfusion, using a cardiac-specific isolation technique. ME1 mRNA was reduced by 73% at 2-6 days post-surgery in heart receiving the Adv.miR_ME1. Importantly, ME1 protein was reduced by 66% (p < 0.0002) at 5-6 days relative to sham-operated control hearts. Non-target protein expression for GAPDH, calsequestrin, and mitochondrial malic enzyme, ME3, were all unchanged. The non-target isoform, ME2, was unchanged at 2-5 days and reduced at day 6. This new approach demonstrates for the first time significant and acute silencing of target RNA translation and protein content in whole heart, in vivo, via non-native microRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael O'Donnell
- Program in Integrative Cardiac Metabolism, Center for Cardiovascular Research and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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16
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Abstract
Congestive heart failure is an inexorable disease associated with unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. Preclinical results indicate that gene transfer using various proteins is a safe and effective approach for increasing function of the failing heart. In the current review, we provide a summary of cardiac gene transfer in general and summarize findings using adenylyl cyclase 6 as therapeutic gene in the failing heart. We also discuss the potential usefulness of a new treatment for congestive heart failure, paracrine-based gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
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17
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Poller W, Rother M, Skurk C, Scheibenbogen C. Endogenous migration modulators as parent compounds for the development of novel cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2044-58. [PMID: 22035209 PMCID: PMC3413843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of novel cell migration modulators for anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular therapy is a complex task since any modulator will necessarily interfere with a balanced system of physiological regulators directing proper positioning of diverse immune cell types within the body. Whereas this shall serve efficient pathogen elimination, lack of proper control over these processes may result in counterproductive chronic inflammation and progressive tissue injury instead of healing. Prediction of the therapeutic potential or side effects of any migration modulator is not possible based on theoretical considerations alone but needs to be experimentally evaluated in preclinical disease models and by clinical studies. Here, we briefly summarize basic mechanism of cell migration, and groups of synthetic drugs currently in use for migration modulation. We then discuss one fundamental problem encountered with single-target approaches that arises from the complexity of any inflammation, with multiple interacting and often redundant factors being involved. This issue is likely to arise for any class of therapeutic agent (small molecules, peptides, antibodies, regulatory RNAs) addressing a single gene or protein. Against this background of studies on synthetic migration modulators addressing single targets, we then discuss the potential of endogenous proteins as therapeutic migration modulators, or as parent compounds for the development of mimetic drugs. Regulatory proteins of this type commonly address multiple receptors and signalling pathways and act upon the immune response in a phase-specific manner. Based on recent evidence, we suggest investigation of such endogenous migration modulators as novel starting points for anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Poller
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin CBF, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Dixon JA, Gorman RC, Stroud RE, Mukherjee R, Meyer EC, Baker NL, Morita M, Hamamoto H, Ryan LP, Gorman JH, Spinale FG. Targeted regional injection of biocomposite microspheres alters post-myocardial infarction remodeling and matrix proteolytic pathways. Circulation 2011; 124:S35-45. [PMID: 21911817 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.035774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although localized delivery of biocomposite materials, such as calcium hydroxyapatite (CHAM), have been demonstrated to potentially attenuate adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI), the underlying biological mechanisms for this effect remain unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that targeted CHAM injections would alter proteolytic pathways (matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs] and tissue inhibitors of MMPs [TIMPs]) and would be associated with parameters of post-MI LV remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS MI was induced in adult sheep followed by 20 targeted injections of a total volume of 1.3 mL (n=6) or 2.6 mL of CHAM (n=5) or saline (n=13) and LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) and MMP/TIMP profiles in the MI region were measured at 8 weeks after MI. LV EDV decreased with 2.6 mL CHAM versus MI only (105.4 ± 7.5 versus 80.6 ± 4.2 respectively, P<0.05) but not with 1.3 mL CHAM (94.5 ± 5.0, P=0.32). However, MI thickness increased by 2-fold in both CHAM groups compared with MI only (P<0.05). MMP-13 increased 40-fold in the MI only group (P<0.05) but fell by >6-fold in both CHAM groups (P<0.05). MMP-7 increased approximately 1.5-fold in the MI only group (P<0.05) but decreased to referent control values in both CHAM groups in the MI region (P<0.05). Collagen content was reduced by approximately 30% in the CHAM groups compared with MI only (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Differential effects on LV remodeling and MMP/TIMP profiles occurred with CHAM. Thus, targeted injection of a biocomposite material can favorably affect the post-MI remodeling process and therefore holds promise as a treatment strategy in and of itself, or as a matrix with potentially synergistic effects with localized pharmacological or cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Dixon
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of SouthCarolina and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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19
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Zhu H, Fan GC. Role of microRNAs in the reperfused myocardium towards post-infarct remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 94:284-92. [PMID: 22038740 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced remodelling generally includes cell death (necrosis and apoptosis), myocyte hypertrophy, angiogenesis, cardiac fibrosis, and myocardial dysfunction. It is becoming increasingly clear that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), a group of highly conserved small (∼18-24 nucleotide) non-coding RNAs, fulfil specific functions in the reperfused myocardium towards post-infarct remodelling. While miR-21, -133, -150, -195, and -214 regulate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, miR-1/-133 and miR-208 have been elucidated to influence myocardial contractile function. In addition, miR-21, -24, -133, -210, -494, and -499 appear to protect myocytes against I/R-induced apoptosis, whereas miR-1, -29, -199a, and -320 promote apoptosis. Myocardial fibrosis can be regulated by the miR-29 family and miR-21. Moreover, miR-126 and miR-210 augment I/R-induced angiogenesis, but miR-24, -92a, and -320 suppress post-infarct neoangiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the identification of myocardial ischaemia-associated miRNAs and their functional significance in the modulation of I/R-triggered remodelling. Controversial effects of some miRNAs in post-infarct remodelling will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575, USA
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20
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Kim HA, Rhim T, Lee M. Regulatory systems for hypoxia-inducible gene expression in ischemic heart disease gene therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:678-87. [PMID: 21241757 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart diseases are caused by narrowed coronary arteries that decrease the blood supply to the myocardium. In the ischemic myocardium, hypoxia-responsive genes are up-regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). Gene therapy for ischemic heart diseases uses genes encoding angiogenic growth factors and anti-apoptotic proteins as therapeutic genes. These genes increase blood supply into the myocardium by angiogenesis and protect cardiomyocytes from cell death. However, non-specific expression of these genes in normal tissues may be harmful, since growth factors and anti-apoptotic proteins may induce tumor growth. Therefore, tight gene regulation is required to limit gene expression to ischemic tissues, to avoid unwanted side effects. For this purpose, various gene expression strategies have been developed for ischemic-specific gene expression. Transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulatory strategies have been developed and evaluated in ischemic heart disease animal models. The regulatory systems can limit therapeutic gene expression to ischemic tissues and increase the efficiency of gene therapy. In this review, recent progresses in ischemic-specific gene expression systems are presented, and their applications to ischemic heart diseases are discussed.
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21
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful approach for reducing expression of endogenously expressed proteins. It is widely used for biological applications and is being harnessed to silence mRNAs encoding pathogenic proteins for therapy. Various methods - including delivering RNA oligonucleotides and expressing RNAi triggers from viral vectors - have been developed for successful RNAi in cell culture and in vivo. Recently, RNAi-based gene silencing approaches have been demonstrated in humans, and ongoing clinical trials hold promise for treating fatal disorders or providing alternatives to traditional small molecule therapies. Here we describe the broad range of approaches to achieve targeted gene silencing for therapy, discuss important considerations when developing RNAi triggers for use in humans, and review the current status of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly L Davidson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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22
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23
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Abstract
In the last 10 years it has become increasingly clear that a large class of small noncoding RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs) are potent and crucial regulators of important cellular processes such as differentiation, growth, and survival. miRNAs regulate gene expression through binding to 3' UTRs of target messenger RNAs whereby inducing either messenger RNA degradation or inhibition of protein translation. Although we have only just begun to gain some insight into the biology surrounding miRNAs, their apparent relevance and potency during the onset and progression of disease has generated a lot of interest in assessing the feasibility of therapeutic regulation of miRNAs. As a result of the short RNA nature of miRNAs and lessons learned from small interfering RNA therapeutics and gene therapy, within a timespan of a few years, incredible progress has been made in advancing miRNA regulation into the clinic. We summarize the various therapeutic tools that are currently being investigated to manipulate miRNAs with a special focus on cardiovascular disease and speculate on the future developments of miRNA therapeutics.
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24
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Ishikawa K, Ladage D, Takewa Y, Yaniz E, Chen J, Tilemann L, Sakata S, Badimon JJ, Hajjar RJ, Kawase Y. Development of a preclinical model of ischemic cardiomyopathy in swine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H530-7. [PMID: 21551276 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01103.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of promising therapies for ischemic cardiomyopathy are emerging, and the role of translational research in testing the efficacy and safety of these agents in relevant clinical models has become important. The goal of this study was to develop a chronic model of ischemic cardiomyopathy in a large animal model. In this study, 40 consecutive pigs were initially enrolled. To induce progressive stenosis, a plastic occluder with a fixed diameter of 1.0 mm fitted with an 18-gauge copper wire was placed around the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Coronary angiography, hemodynamic measurements, and echocardiography were performed at 2 wk and 1, 2, and 3 mo. Overall mortality was 26% at 3 mo, and up to 80% of the pigs showed total occlusion of LAD at 1 mo. A significant depression of peak LV pressure rate of rise (+dP/dt(max)) was observed in the animals showing total artery occlusion throughout the study. Left ventricular ejection fraction was also impaired, and the left ventricular volumes tended to be larger in the pigs with occlusion. Approximately 10% of scar tissue was found in the LAD occluded pigs, whereas the coronary flow pattern in the rest of the area took the pattern of hibernating myocardium. At the same time, histological and protein analysis established the presence of fibrosis and ongoing apoptosis in the ischemic area. In this model, the timing and incidence of total occlusion and low mortality offer significant advantages over other ischemic cardiomyopathy models in conducting preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotake Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
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25
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Abstract
Originally identified as moderate biological modifiers, microRNAs have recently emerged as powerful regulators of diverse cellular processes with especially important roles in disease and tissue remodeling. The rapid pace of studies on microRNA regulation and function necessitates the development of suitable techniques for measuring and modulating microRNAs in different model systems. This review summarizes experimental strategies for microRNA research and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. The development of more specific and sensitive assays will further illuminate the biology behind microRNAs and will advance opportunities to safely pursue them as therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva van Rooij
- miRagen Therapeutics Inc., 6200 Lookout Road, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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26
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronary artery disease (CAD) is still the leading cause of death in industrialized nations. Even though revascularization strategies such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) as well as drug therapy have significantly reduced mortality, about 30% of patients will develop chronic heart failure over time. Ischemic heart disease and heart failure are characterized by an adverse remodeling of the heart, featuring cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, increased fibrosis and capillary rarification. AREAS COVERED Beside an assessment of current vector systems, this review focuses on potential target genes affecting angiogenesis/arteriogenesis and contractility. The potential of micro RNA (miRNA) modulation for the de-repression of survival and pro-angiogenic genes is discussed. Since gene therapy of the target region is preferable to avoid systemic contamination, application routes are discussed. EXPERT OPINION miRNAs are a promising new development for successful gene therapy, especially for acute myocardial infarction since their miRNA antagonists are easy to apply and appear to be selectively absorbed by the ischemic myocardial tissue. Rapid uptake and prolonged presence of known antimirs and antagomirs support this notion. For ischemic heart disease the most promising gene therapeutic approach seems to be the regional intravenous application of suitable AAV vectors and vascular growth factors, providing the full scope of angiogenesis, vessel maturation and collateral growth optionally combined with genes enhancing contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Hinkel
- University Clinic Grosshadern, Internal medicine I, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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27
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Thoracic anesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011; 24:111-3. [PMID: 21321525 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0b013e3283433a20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Piper HM, Garcia-Dorado D, Martinson EA. What's catching our readers' eye? Analysis of downloads of Cardiovascular Research articles. Cardiovasc Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Despite significant advances in treatments, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of human morbidity and mortality in developed countries. The development of novel and efficient treatment strategies requires an understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac function. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small nonprotein-coding RNAs that have emerged as important regulators in cardiac and vascular developmental and pathological processes, including cardiac arrhythmia, fibrosis, hypertrophy and ischemia, heart failure and vascular atherosclerosis. The miRNA acts as an adaptor for the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) to specifically recognize and regulate particular mRNAs. Mature miRNAs recognize their target mRNAs by base-pairing interactions between nucleotides 2 and 8 of the miRNA (the seed region) and complementary nucleotides in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of mRNAs and miRISCs subsequently inhibit gene expression by targeting mRNAs for translational repression or cleavage. In this review we summarize the basic mechanisms of action of miRNAs as they are related to cardiac arrhythmia and address the potential for miRNAs to be therapeutically manipulated in the treatment of arrhythmias.
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Hulsmans M, Holvoet P. The vicious circle between oxidative stress and inflammation in atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2009; 25:2515-27. [PMID: 19968738 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-181149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The initial event in atherogenesis is the increased transcytosis of low density lipoprotein, and its subsequent deposition, retention and modification in the subendothelium. It is followed by the infiltration of activated inflammatory cells from the coronary circulation into the arterial wall. There they secrete reactive oxygen species (ROS) and produce oxidized lipoproteins capable of inducing endothelial cell apoptosis, and thereby plaque erosion. Activated T lymphocytes, macrophages and mast cells, accumulate in the eroded plaque where they secrete a variety of proteases capable of inducing degradation of extracellular proteins, thereby rendering the plaques more prone to rupture. This review summarizes the recent advancements in the understanding of the roles of ROS and oxidized lipoproteins in the activation of inflammatory cells and inducing signalling pathways related to cell death and apoptosis. In addition, it presents evidence that this vicious circle between oxidative stress and inflammation does not only occur in the diseased arterial wall, but also in adipose tissues. There, oxidative stress and inflammation impair adipocyte maturation resulting in defective insulin action and adipocytokine signalling. The latter is associated with increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, loss of anti-oxidant protection and cell death in the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Hulsmans
- Atherosclerosis and Metabolism Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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