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Maslov LN, Naryzhnaya NV, Sirotina M, Mukhomedzyanov AV, Kurbatov BK, Boshchenko AA, Ma H, Zhang Y, Fu F, Pei J, Azev VN, Pereverzev VA. Do reactive oxygen species damage or protect the heart in ischemia and reperfusion? Analysis on experimental and clinical data. J Biomed Res 2023; 37:268-280. [PMID: 37503710 PMCID: PMC10387750 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ischemic and reperfusion (I/R) injury of the heart has been discussed for more than 40 years. It has been demonstrated that reperfusion triggers a multiple increase in free radical generation in the isolated heart. Antioxidants were found to have the ability to mitigate I/R injury of the heart. However, it is unclear whether their cardioprotective effect truly depends on the decrease of ROS levels in myocardial tissues. Since high doses and high concentrations of antioxidants were experimentally used, it is highly likely that the cardioprotective effect of antioxidants depends on their interaction not only with free radicals but also with other molecules. It has been demonstrated that the antioxidant N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine or NDPH oxidase knockout abolished the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. Consequently, there is evidence that ROS protect the heart against the I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid N Maslov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Natalia V Naryzhnaya
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Maria Sirotina
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Mukhomedzyanov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Boris K Kurbatov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Alla A Boshchenko
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Huijie Ma
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Feng Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jianming Pei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Viacheslav N Azev
- The Branch of the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Oblast 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Pereverzev
- Department of Normal Physiology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk 220083, Belarus
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Zhang Z, Zhao X, Gao M, Xu L, Qi Y, Wang J, Yin L. Dioscin alleviates myocardial infarction injury via regulating BMP4/NOX1-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 103:154222. [PMID: 35675750 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dioscin, a steroidal saponin natural product, has various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipid-lowering. However, little is known about its effects on myocardial infarction (MI) injury. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the protective effects and possible mechanisms of dioscin. METHODS We evaluated protective effects of Dioscin on HL-1 cells after hypoxia based on MTT and ROS in vitro. In vivo, we ligated left anterior descending (LAD) of C57BL/6 mice to establish MI model and assess serum levels of LDH, CK-MB, cTnI, SOD, MDA and CAT treated by dioscin. In addition, myocardial damages were reflected by H&E, masson and ultrastructural examination and Electrocardiograph (ECG) was detected in MI mice. And the BMP4/NOX1 pathway was measured by western blotting, immunofluorescence assay and Real-time PCR. Furthermore, to investigate cardio-protective effects of dioscin via targeting BMP4, we transfected siBMP4 into HL-1 cells in vitro and injected BMP4 siRNA though tail veins in vivo. RESULTS In vitro, dioscin significantly increased the viability of HL-1 cells and inhibited ROS level under hypoxia. In vivo, dioscin markedly reduced the elevation of ST segment and alleviated myocardial infarct area in mice. In terms of serology, dioscin evidently decreased LDH, CK-MB, cTnI, MDA levels, and increased SOD level. In addition, dioscin improved the pathological status of myocardial tissue and restrained the production of collagen fibers. Mechanism study proved that dioscin notablely regulated the levels of Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1, p-NF-κB, nNF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 by down-regulating the protein levels of BMP4 and NOX1 against oxidative stress and inflammation. Further investigation showed that siBMP4 transfection diminished hypoxia and MI-induced oxidative and inflammation injury. The transfection decreased LDH, CK-MB and cTnI levels, improved ischemia T-wave inversion and reduced striated muscle necrosis, nucleus dissolution, collagen fibrosis and mitochondrial swelling in mice. In addition, siBMP4 decreased ROS and MDA levels, increased SOD and CAT levels and down-regulated mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Moreover, BMP4, NOX1 and nNF-κB protein levels were decreased and Nrf2 levels were increased by siBMP4. CONCLUSION Our study confirmed that dioscin showed an outstanding anti-myocardial infarction effect via regulating BMP4/NOX1-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation, which has a promising application value and development prospect against MI injury in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xuerong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lina Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China.
| | - Lianhong Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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Najjar RS, Knapp D, Wanders D, Feresin RG. Raspberry and blackberry act in a synergistic manner to improve cardiac redox proteins and reduce NF-κB and SAPK/JNK in mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1784-1796. [PMID: 35487829 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress are common features in obesity, and toll-like receptor (TLR)4 signaling is a key inflammatory pathway in this deleterious process. This study aimed to investigate whether berries could attenuate the detrimental effects of a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet on the myocardium at the molecular level. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice consumed a low-fat, low-sucrose (LFLS) diet alone or supplemented with 10% blackberry (BL), 10% raspberry (RB) or 10% blackberry + raspberry (BL + RB) for four weeks. Animals were then switched to a HFHS diet for 24 weeks with or without berry supplementation or maintained on a LFLS control diet without berry supplementation. Left ventricles of the heart were isolated for protein and mRNA analysis. Berry consumption, particularly BL + RB reduced NADPH-oxidase (NOX)1 and NOX2 and increased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)2, expression while BL and RB supplementation alone was less efficacious. Downstream TLR4 signaling was attenuated mostly by both RB and BL + RB supplementation, while NF-κB pathway was attenuated by BL + RB supplementation. Stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) was also attenuated by BL + RB supplementation, and reduced TNF-α transcription and protein expression was observed only with BL + RB supplementation. CONCLUSION The synergistic effects of BL + RB may reduce obesity-induced cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress to a greater extent than BL or RB alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami S Najjar
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Denise Knapp
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Desiree Wanders
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafaela G Feresin
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Khalifa AA, El Sokkary NH, Elblehi SS, Diab MA, Ali MA. Potential cardioprotective effect of octreotide via NOXs mitigation, mitochondrial biogenesis and MAPK/Erk1/2/STAT3/NF-kβ pathway attenuation in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 925:174978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tan L, Liu L, Yao J, Piao C. miR-145-5p attenuates inflammatory response and apoptosis in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting (NADPH) oxidase homolog 1. Exp Anim 2021; 70:311-321. [PMID: 33658472 PMCID: PMC8390312 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common complication following reperfusion therapy that involves a series of immune or apoptotic reactions. Studies have revealed the potential roles of miRNAs in I/R injury. Herein, we established a myocardial I/R model in rats and a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model in H9c2 cells and investigated the effect of miR-145-5p on myocardial I/R injury. After 3 h or 24 h of reperfusion, left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVESP), ejection fraction (EF), and fractional shortening (FS) were obviously decreased, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was increased. Meanwhile, I/R induced an increase in myocardial infarction area. Moreover, a decrease in miR-145-5p and increase in (NADPH) oxidase homolog 1 (NOH-1) were observed following I/R injury. With this in mind, we performed a luciferase reporter assay and demonstrated that miR-145-5p directly bound to NOH-1 3' untranslated region (UTR). Furthermore, miR-145-5p mimics decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 via oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) stimulation. Upregulation of miR-145-5p increased cell viability and reduced apoptosis accompanied by downregulation of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and upregulation of Bcl2. In addition, miR-145-5p overexpression increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content under OGD/R stress. Notably, NOH-1 could significantly abrogate the above effects, suggesting that it is involved in miR-145-5p-regulated I/R injury. In summary, our findings indicated that miR-145-5p/NOH-1 has a protective effect on myocardial I/R injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, 20 Beijiu Road, Shenyang 110002, P.R. China
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, 20 Beijiu Road, Shenyang 110002, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, 20 Beijiu Road, Shenyang 110002, P.R. China
| | - Chenghao Piao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, 20 Beijiu Road, Shenyang 110002, P.R. China
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Simon JN, Vrellaku B, Monterisi S, Chu SM, Rawlings N, Lomas O, Marchal GA, Waithe D, Syeda F, Gajendragadkar PR, Jayaram R, Sayeed R, Channon KM, Fabritz L, Swietach P, Zaccolo M, Eaton P, Casadei B. Oxidation of Protein Kinase A Regulatory Subunit PKARIα Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Lysosomal-Triggered Calcium Release. Circulation 2021; 143:449-465. [PMID: 33185461 PMCID: PMC7846288 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinase oxidation is a critical signaling mechanism through which changes in the intracellular redox state alter cardiac function. In the myocardium, PKARIα (type-1 protein kinase A) can be reversibly oxidized, forming interprotein disulfide bonds in the holoenzyme complex. However, the effect of PKARIα disulfide formation on downstream signaling in the heart, particularly under states of oxidative stress such as ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), remains unexplored. METHODS Atrial tissue obtained from patients before and after cardiopulmonary bypass and reperfusion and left ventricular (LV) tissue from mice subjected to I/R or sham surgery were used to assess PKARIα disulfide formation by immunoblot. To determine the effect of disulfide formation on PKARIα catalytic activity and subcellular localization, live-cell fluorescence imaging and stimulated emission depletion super-resolution microscopy were performed in prkar1 knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts, neonatal myocytes, or adult LV myocytes isolated from "redox dead" (Cys17Ser) PKARIα knock-in mice and their wild-type littermates. Comparison of intracellular calcium dynamics between genotypes was assessed in fura2-loaded LV myocytes, whereas I/R-injury was assessed ex vivo. RESULTS In both humans and mice, myocardial PKARIα disulfide formation was found to be significantly increased (2-fold in humans, P=0.023; 2.4-fold in mice, P<0.001) in response to I/R in vivo. In mouse LV cardiomyocytes, disulfide-containing PKARIα was not found to impact catalytic activity, but instead led to enhanced AKAP (A-kinase anchoring protein) binding with preferential localization of the holoenzyme to the lysosome. Redox-dependent regulation of lysosomal two-pore channels by PKARIα was sufficient to prevent global calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in LV myocytes, without affecting intrinsic ryanodine receptor leak or phosphorylation. Absence of I/R-induced PKARIα disulfide formation in "redox dead" knock-in mouse hearts resulted in larger infarcts (2-fold, P<0.001) and a concomitant reduction in LV contractile recovery (1.6-fold, P<0.001), which was prevented by administering the lysosomal two-pore channel inhibitor Ned-19 at the time of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS Disulfide modification targets PKARIα to the lysosome, where it acts as a gatekeeper for two-pore channel-mediated triggering of global calcium release. In the postischemic heart, this regulatory mechanism is critical for protection from extensive injury and offers a novel target for the design of cardioprotective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian N. Simon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Besarte Vrellaku
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Monterisi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (S.M., P.S., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandy M. Chu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nadiia Rawlings
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Lomas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard A. Marchal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Waithe
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (D.W.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fahima Syeda
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (F.S., L.F.)
| | - Parag R. Gajendragadkar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Raja Jayaram
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Sayeed
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oxford Heart Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom (R.S.)
| | - Keith M. Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (F.S., L.F.)
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (L.F.)
| | - Pawel Swietach
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (S.M., P.S., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (S.M., P.S., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Eaton
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, United Kingdom (P.E.)
| | - Barbara Casadei
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Organ-Protective Effects and the Underlying Mechanism of Dexmedetomidine. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6136105. [PMID: 32454792 PMCID: PMC7232715 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6136105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a highly selective α2 adrenergic receptor (α2AR) agonist currently used in clinical settings. Because DEX has dose-dependent advantages of sedation, analgesia, antianxiety, inhibition of sympathetic nervous system activity, cardiovascular stabilization, and significant reduction of postoperative delirium and agitation, but does not produce respiratory depression and agitation, it is widely used in clinical anesthesia and ICU departments. In recent years, much clinical study and basic research has confirmed that DEX has a protective effect on a variety of organs, including the nervous system, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and small intestine. It acts by reducing the inflammatory response in these organs, activating antiapoptotic signaling pathways which protect cells from damage. Therefore, based on wide clinical application and safety, DEX may become a promising clinical multiorgan protection drug in the future. In this article, we review the physiological effects related to organ protection in α2AR agonists along with the organ-protective effects and mechanisms of DEX to understand their combined application value.
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Dexmedetomidine Preconditioning Protects Rats from Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Accompanied with Biphasic Changes of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Signaling. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:3230490. [PMID: 32377532 PMCID: PMC7183529 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3230490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common and troublesome perioperative complications. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a potent α2-adrenoceptor (α2-AR) agonist with anti-inflammatory and renoprotective effects. In this study, a rat renal ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) model was induced. At 24 h after reperfusion, the IRI-induced damage and the renoprotection of DEX preconditioning were confirmed both biochemically and histologically. Changes in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), as well as its downstream anti-inflammatory factor A20 and proinflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were detected. Atipamezole, a nonselective antagonist, was then added 5 min before the administration of DEX to further analyze DEX's effects on NF-κB, and another anti-inflammatory medicine, methylprednisolone, was used in comparison with DEX, to further analyze DEX's effects on NF-κB. Different concentrations of DEX (0 nM, 0.1 nM, 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 μM, and 10 μM) were applied to preincubated human renal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2) cells in vitro. After anoxia and reoxygenation, the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to evaluate the levels of NF-κB downstream anti-inflammatory cytokines. The results showed that, unlike methylprednisolone, DEX preconditioning led to a time-dependent biphasic change (first activation then inhibition) of NF-κB in the rat renal IRI models that were given 25 μg/kg i.p. It was accompanied by a similarly biphasic change of TNF-α and an early and persistent upregulation of A20. In vitro, DEX's cellular protection showed a concentration-dependent biphasic change which was protective within the range of 0 to 100 nM but became opposite when concentrations are greater than 1 μM. The changes in the A20 and NF-κB messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were consistent with the renoprotective ability of DEX. In other words, DEX preconditioning protected the rats from renal IRI via regulation biphasic change of NF-κB signaling.
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Mistry RK, Brewer AC. Redox-Dependent Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism in Biomolecules: Implications for Cardiovascular Health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:972-991. [PMID: 28661184 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sulfur-containing amino acids are integral to the molecular mechanisms that underlie many aspects of cellular function and homeostasis, facilitated by reversible changes in the oxidation states of sulfur atoms. Sulfur-containing amino acids are metabolically linked by interacting pathways that impact the one-carbon metabolic cycle and generation of methyl groups, the folate cycle, and maintenance of the major cellular redox buffer; glutathione. Dysregulation of these pathways is associated with diverse pathologies, notably of the cardiovascular (CV) system, which are typically characterized by inappropriate plasma levels of sulfur-containing amino acids. Recent Advances: Perhaps not surprisingly, the cellular redox state has emerged as a major regulator of many enzymatic processes within these metabolic cycles. The metabolism of cysteine can also result in the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a signaling molecule whose activity is potentially linked to intracellular levels of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and molecular oxygen. CRITICAL ISSUES In most cases, the endogenous physiological sources of ROS that might mediate the interlinked metabolic pathways of sulfur-containing biomolecules remain unknown. However, the family of NADPH oxidases, and Nox4 in particular, is emerging as a likely candidate. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review focuses on the current knowledge of key aspects of sulfur metabolism, which are regulated by redox-based chemical reactions, and the likely intracellular oxidant sources that might mediate this regulation. This knowledge will be important to guide future targeted therapeutic interventions in diverse CV disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Mistry
- Department of Cardiology, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C Brewer
- Department of Cardiology, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Wen X, Iwata K, Ikuta K, Zhang X, Zhu K, Ibi M, Matsumoto M, Asaoka N, Liu J, Katsuyama M, Yabe‐Nishimura C. NOX
1/
NADPH
oxidase regulates the expression of multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 and maintains intracellular glutathione levels. FEBS J 2019; 286:678-687. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wen
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Kazumi Iwata
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Keiko Ikuta
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
- Department of Nephrology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuchang District, Wuhan China
| | - Masakazu Ibi
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Nozomi Asaoka
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Junjie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Masato Katsuyama
- Radioisotope Center Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
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Song Y, Zhong C, Wang X. Heat shock protein 70: A promising therapeutic target for myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1190-1207. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Jun Song
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Sino‐Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Laboratory of Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Chong‐Bin Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Sino‐Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Laboratory of Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Xian‐Bao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Sino‐Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Laboratory of Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
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Iwata K, Matsuno K, Murata A, Zhu K, Fukui H, Ikuta K, Katsuyama M, Ibi M, Matsumoto M, Ohigashi M, Wen X, Zhang J, Cui W, Yabe-Nishimura C. Up-regulation of NOX1/NADPH oxidase following drug-induced myocardial injury promotes cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:277-288. [PMID: 29609020 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common feature in failing heart and therapeutic strategy to halt the progression of fibrosis is highly needed. We here report on NOX1, a non-phagocytic isoform of superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase, which promotes cardiac fibrosis in a drug-induced myocardial injury model. A single-dose administration of doxorubicin (DOX) elicited cardiac dysfunction accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species and marked elevation of NOX1 mRNA in the heart. In mice deficient in Nox1 (Nox1-/Y), cardiac functions were well retained and overall survival was significantly improved. However, increased level of serum creatine kinase was equivalent to that of wild-type mice (Nox1+/Y). At 4 days after DOX treatment, severe cardiac fibrosis accompanied by increased hydroxyproline content and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 was demonstrated in Nox1+/Y, but it was significantly attenuated in Nox1-/Y. When H9c2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to their homogenate, a dose-dependent increase in NOX1 mRNA was observed. Up-regulation of NOX1 mRNA in H9c2 co-incubated with their homogenate was abolished in the presence of TAK242, a TLR4 inhibitor. When isolated cardiac fibroblasts were exposed to H9c2 homogenates, increased proliferation and up-regulation of collagen 3a1 mRNA were demonstrated. These changes were significantly attenuated in cardiac fibroblasts exposed to homogenates from H9c2 harboring disrupted Nox1. These findings suggest that up-regulation of NOX1 following cellular damage promotes cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis by aggravating the pro-fibrotic response of cardiac fibroblasts. Modulation of the NOX1/NADPH oxidase signaling pathway may be a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing heart failure after myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Iwata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kuniharu Matsuno
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ayumi Murata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd., Wuchang District, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hitomi Fukui
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Keiko Ikuta
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masato Katsuyama
- Radioisotope Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ibi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohigashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Xiaopeng Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Wenhao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yabe-Nishimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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13
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Cadenas S. ROS and redox signaling in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardioprotection. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:76-89. [PMID: 29373843 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is central to the pathology of major cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. IR injury is mediated by several factors including the elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which occurs particularly at reperfusion. The mitochondrial respiratory chain and NADPH oxidases of the NOX family are major sources of ROS in cardiomyocytes. The first part of this review discusses recent findings and controversies on the mechanisms of superoxide production by the mitochondrial electron transport chain during IR injury, as well as the contribution of the NOX isoforms expressed in cardiomyocytes, NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4, to this damage. It then focuses on the effects of ROS on the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), an inner membrane non-selective pore that causes irreversible damage to the heart. The second part analyzes the redox mechanisms of cardiomyocyte mitochondrial protection; specifically, the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2, which are both regulated by the cellular redox state. Redox mechanisms involved in ischemic preconditioning, one of the most effective ways of protecting the heart against IR injury, are also reviewed. Interestingly, several of these protective pathways converge on the inhibition of mPTP opening during reperfusion. Finally, the clinical and translational implications of these cardioprotective mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cadenas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1999, a number of studies have evaluated the role of Nox1 NADPH oxidase in the cardiovascular system. Nox1 is activated in vascular cells in response to several different agonists, with its activity regulated at the transcriptional level as well as by NADPH oxidase complex formation, protein stabilization and post-translational modification. Nox1 has been shown to decrease the bioavailability of nitric oxide, transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor, induce pro-inflammatory signalling, and promote cell migration and proliferation. Enhanced expression and activity of Nox1 under pathologic conditions results in excessive production of reactive oxygen species and dysregulated cellular function. Indeed, studies using genetic models of Nox1 deficiency or overexpression have revealed roles for Nox1 in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases ranging from atherosclerosis to hypertension, restenosis and ischaemia/reperfusion injury. These data suggest that Nox1 is a potential therapeutic target for vascular disease, and drug development efforts are ongoing to identify a specific bioavailable inhibitor of Nox1.
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Sobey CG, Judkins CP, Rivera J, Lewis CV, Diep H, Lee HW, Kemp-Harper BK, Broughton BRS, Selemidis S, Gaspari TA, Samuel CS, Drummond GR. NOX1 deficiency in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice is associated with elevated plasma lipids and enhanced atherosclerosis. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:186-98. [PMID: 25496431 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.992893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). NOX2 activity in the vascular wall is elevated in hypercholesterolemia, and contributes to oxidative stress and atherogenesis. Here we examined the role of another NOX isoform, NOX1, in atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-knockout (APOE(-/-)) mice fed a Western diet for 14 weeks. Although NOX1 mRNA expression was unchanged in aortas from APOE(-/-) versus wild-type mice, expression of the NOX1-specific organizer, NOXO1, was diminished, consistent with an overall reduction in NOX1 activity in APOE(-/-) mice. To examine the impact of a further reduction in NOX1 activity, APOE(-/-) mice were crossed with NOX1(-/y) mice to generate NOX1(-/y)/APOE(-/-) double-knockouts. NOX1 deficiency in APOE(-/-) mice was associated with 30-50% higher plasma very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)/LDL and triglyceride levels (P < 0.01). Vascular ROS levels were also elevated by twofold in NOX1(-/y)/APOE(-/-) versus APOE(-/-) mice (P < 0.05), despite no changes in expression of other NOX subunits. Although en face analysis of the descending aorta revealed no differences in plaque area between NOX1(-/y)/APOE(-/-) and APOE(-/-) mice, intimal thickening in the aortic sinus was increased by 40% (P < 0.05) in the double-knockouts. Moreover, NOX1 deficiency was associated with a less stable plaque phenotype; aortic sinus lesions contained 60% less collagen (P < 0.01), 40% less smooth muscle (P < 0.01), and 2.5-fold higher levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (P < 0.001) than lesions in APOE(-/-) mice. Thus, these data, which suggest a protective role for NOX1 against hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in APOE(-/-) mice, highlight the complex and contrasting roles of different NOX isoforms (e.g., NOX2 versus NOX1) in vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Sobey
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
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Liu X, Zhang C, Qian L, Zhang C, Wu K, Yang C, Yan D, Wu X, Shi J. NF45 inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:955-62. [PMID: 26573128 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which occurs during ischemia and reperfusion injury, can cause irreversible damage to cardiac function. There is accumulating evidence that nuclear factor 45 (NF45) and regulatory pathways are important in understanding reparative processes in the myocardium. NF45 is a multifunctional regulator of gene expression that participates in the regulation of DNA break repair. Recently, NF45 has been proved to be associated with tumor cell apoptosis in various human malignancies. However, the underlying mechanism of NF45 regulating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury remains unclear. In this study, western blot showed that NF45 expression decreased after myocardial I/R in vivo. Double immunofluorescent staining revealed that NF45, located in the nucleus of cardiomyocyes, was correlated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, NF45 expression decreased in H9c2 cells after hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) treatment in vitro, which was in line with the results in vivo. Overexpression of NF45 in H9c2 cells reduced cell apoptosis, as evidenced by increased Bcl-2 level, as well as decreased cleaved caspase-3, p53 and p21 expression. The expression of NF45 was reduced by LY294002 (a PI3K/Akt inhibitor), but not SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor), suggesting that NF45 prevented H/R-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis via PI3K/Akt pathway. Our data may supply a novel molecular target for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Long Qian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Kunpeng Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Daliang Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Kojima A, Matsumoto A, Nishida H, Reien Y, Iwata K, Shirayama T, Yabe-Nishimura C, Nakaya H. A protective role of Nox1/NADPH oxidase in a mouse model with hypoxia-induced bradycardia. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:370-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Nie W, Lv Y, Yan L, Guan T, Li Q, Guo X, Liu W, Feng M, Xu G, Chen X, Lv H. Discovery and characterization of functional modules and pathogenic genes associated with the risk of coronary artery disease. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01920f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An integrated network biology approach for identifying disease risk functional modules and risk pathogenic genes for associated with CAD risk.
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Loss of NOX2 (gp91phox) prevents oxidative stress and progression to advanced heart failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:331-40. [PMID: 24624929 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key pathogenic role in experimental and human heart failure. However, the source of ROS (reactive oxygen species) is a key determinant of the cardiac adaptation to pathological stressors. In the present study, we have shown that human dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with increased NOX2 (NADPH oxidase 2) levels, increased oxidative stress with adverse myocardial remodelling and activation of MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases). Advanced heart failure in mice was also associated with increased NOX2 levels. Furthermore, we have utilized the pressure-overload model to examine the role of NOX2 in advanced heart failure. Increased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis in response to pressure overload correlated with increased oxidative stress, and loss of NOX2 prevented the increase in oxidative stress, development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and increased myocardial MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) activity in response to pressure overload. Consistent with these findings, expression of disease markers revealed a marked suppression of atrial natriuretic factor, β-myosin heavy chain, B-type natriuretic peptide and α-skeletal actin expression in pressure-overloaded hearts from NOX2-deficient mice. Activation of MAPK signalling, a well-known mediator of pathological remodelling, was lowered in hearts from NOX2-deficient mice in response to pressure overload. Functional assessment using transthoracic echocardiography and invasive pressure-volume loop analysis showed a marked protection in diastolic and systolic dysfunction in pressure-overloaded hearts from NOX2-deficient mice. Loss of NOX2 prevented oxidative stress in heart disease and resulted in sustained protection from the progression to advanced heart failure. Our results support a key pathogenic role of NOX2 in murine and human heart failure, and specific therapy antagonizing NOX2 activity may have therapeutic effects in advanced heart failure.
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