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Yildirim Gökay N, Yücel E. Evaluation of language, attention, and memory skills in children with auditory brainstem implants. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:1683-1692. [PMID: 37851114 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate attention, memory, and language skills in children with auditory brainstem implants and cochlear implants. METHODS This study included 20 children with auditory brainstem implants (ABI) and 20 cochlear implanted (CI) children between the ages of 6 years and 8 years 11 months and their families. "Test of Language Development: Primary (TOLD-P:4)" was used to assess language skills, "STROOP Test, Visual-Aural Digit Span (VADS) test, and Cancellation Test" were used to evaluate attention and memory skills. In addition, the functional outcomes of hearing skills in daily life were scored by "Auditory Behavior in Everyday Life (ABEL) scale". The significance level was determined as 0.05. RESULTS Children with ABI showed lower language skills than children with CI in terms of TOLD-P:4 language test scores, STROOP sub-test completion times, and the VADS and Cancellation test scores (p < 0.05). In addition, statistically significant correlations were found between language, attention, memory skills, and auditory behavior scale. CONCLUSIONS This study is one of the limited numbers of studies investigating cognitive processes in children with ABI. Since attention and memory are correlated with language skills, it is recommended that the development of cognition should be considered in follow-up and intervention approaches of children with ABI and/or CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuriye Yildirim Gökay
- Department of Audiology, Gazi University Faculty of Health Sciences, 06745, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Esra Yücel
- Department of Audiology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Ozses M, Ozbal Batuk M, Cicek Cinar B. Evaluation of auditory brainstem implant (ABI) users' auditory behavior in everyday life. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:5299-5305. [PMID: 37272952 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate the everyday listening status of pediatric ABI users using the Turkish ABEL questionnaire. METHODS The study included 33 parents of children with auditory brainstem implant, and 28 parents of children with cochlear implant were included as a control group. All implant users were between the ages of 4-14. Parents answered the ABEL questionnaire to assess their child's auditory behavior in their daily living environment. In addition, Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) and Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) scales were used to evaluate speech perception and production. RESULTS Auditory-aural, auditory awareness and ABEL total score of ABI users were statistically significantly lower than the CI group (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the Conversational/Social skills subgroups. It was found that as the duration of ABI use increased, auditory-verbal, social skills and total scores increased significantly. In addition, correlations were obtained between ABEL total and subscale scores and CAP and SIR scores. CONCLUSIONS Parents believe that their children adapt nicely to ABI and are aware of environmental sounds. This study reveals the auditory, aural, and social skills of children using ABI through the regards of their parents. This study showed that the ABEL questionnaire, which was used in previous studies to express parental views of children with hearing aids and cochlear implants, can also be used for parents of children using ABI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Ozses
- Department of Audiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Faes J, De Maeyer S, Gillis S. Speech intelligibility of children with an auditory brainstem implant: a triple-case study. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2022; 36:1067-1092. [PMID: 35380929 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2021.1988148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Auditory brainstem implantation (ABI) is a relative recent development in paediatric hearing restoration. Consequently, young-implanted children's productive language has not received much attention. This study investigated speech intelligibility of children with ABI (N = 3) in comparison to children with cochlear implants (CI) and children with typical hearing (TH). Spontaneous speech samples were recorded from children representing the three groups matched on cumulative vocabulary level. Untrained listeners (N = 101) rated the intelligibility of one-word utterances on a continuous scale and transcribed each utterance. The rating task yielded a numerical score between 0 and 100, and similarities and differences between the listeners' transcriptions were captured by a relative entropy score. The speech intelligibility of children with CI and children with TH was similar. Speech intelligibility of children with ABI was well below that of the children with CI and TH. But whereas one child with ABI's intelligibility approached that of the control groups with increasing lexicon size, the intelligibility of the two other children with ABI did not develop in a similar direction. Overall, speech intelligibility was only moderate in the three groups of children, with quite low ratings and considerable differences in the listeners' transcriptions, resulting in high relative entropy scores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven De Maeyer
- Department of Training and Education Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Martins QP, Gindri BDFS, Valim CD, Ferreira L, Patatt FSA. Hearing and language development in children with brainstem implants: a systematic review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 88 Suppl 3:S225-S234. [PMID: 36088255 PMCID: PMC9760993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present scientific evidence, based on a systematic review of the literature, on the benefit of brainstem implants in auditory rehabilitation and language development in children. METHODS A systematic search was used to identify studies that contain information about the benefit of brainstem implants in the auditory rehabilitation and language development of children. The review was conducted based on a structured literature search, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist. The search was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases, using the combination "Auditory brainstem implants" AND "Pediatric", without restriction of language, period, and location. The quality assessment of the articles was performed using the Study Quality Assessment Tools. RESULTS Regarding hearing, children with brainstem implants showed sound detection, access to most speech sounds, basic auditory perception skills, recognition of ambient sounds, recognition of some frequently used words and phrases, in addition to some closed-set word discrimination capability. Expressive and comprehensive language were identified in children using auditory brainstem implants, increasing significantly in the short and long terms in most cases; however, in some of the children, such skills remained stable. CONCLUSION The auditory brainstem implant can be considered an effective alternative for children with cochlear malformation and/or auditory nerve deficiency and for those who cannot benefit from cochlear implant surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quemile Pribs Martins
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios da Comunicação Humana, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Cristiane Dellinghausen Valim
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios da Comunicação Humana, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Laís Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios da Comunicação Humana, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Soares Aurélio Patatt
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios da Comunicação Humana, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Curso de Fonoaudiologia, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Faes J, Gillis S. Intraword Variability in Children With Auditory Brainstem Implants: A Longitudinal Comparison With Children With Cochlear Implants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2022; 31:1787-1800. [PMID: 35737893 DOI: 10.1044/2022_ajslp-21-00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraword variability designates the phenomenon that a particular target word is produced variably by a child at one point in the child's development. In this study, the amount of intraword variability is studied longitudinally in children with auditory brainstem implants (ABIs). Auditory brainstem implantation is a relative recent technique in pediatric hearing restoration. Therefore, little is known about the phonological development of these children's speech. METHOD The intraword variability is investigated in three children with ABI, in comparison to children with cochlear implants, matched on lexical development. Intraword variability is measured using relative entropy in order to take into account the frequency distribution in children's productions. RESULT Results showed considerable variation between the three children with ABI. Still, all children had higher levels of intraword variability in their spontaneous speech productions as compared to children with cochlear implants. CONCLUSION It seems that children with ABI are lagging behind their phonological development in reference to children with cochlear implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Faes
- Centre for Computational Linguistics and Psycholinguistics, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Gillis
- Centre for Computational Linguistics and Psycholinguistics, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Kari E, Gillard DM, Chuang N, Go JL. Can Imaging Predict Hearing Outcomes in Children With Cochleovestibular Nerve Abnormalities? Laryngoscope 2022; 132 Suppl 8:S1-S15. [PMID: 35015297 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To identify the imaging characteristics associated with better hearing outcomes found in cochleovestibular nerve (CVN) abnormalities treated with hearing aids and/or cochlear implantation (CI). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. METHODS A retrospective review was undertaken of 69 ears with CVN abnormalities seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) treated at a tertiary referral academic center analyzing the clinical features, imaging characteristics, and hearing data. We searched for associations among the hearing and imaging data, hypothesizing that the imaging data was not a good indicator of hearing function. RESULTS In univariable analysis of all those who underwent aided testing (hearing aid and CI), health status (P = .016), internal auditory canal (IAC) midpoint diameter (P < .001), and number of nerves in the IAC (P < .001) were predictors of positive hearing outcome. Modiolar abnormalities, cochlear aperture diameter, cochlear malformations, vestibular malformations, and nerves in the cerebellar cistern did not predict hearing outcome (P = .79, .18, .59, .09, .17, respectively). For patients who received CI, health status (P = .018), IAC midpoint (P = .024), and number of nerves in the IAC (P = .038) were significant. When controlling for health status, IAC midpoint diameter (P < .001) and number of nerves in the IAC (P < .001) remained significant. In our cohort, one out of the eight ears (13%) with Birman class 0 or 1 exhibited responses to sound compared to nine out of 13 ears (70%) with Birman class 2-4. CONCLUSIONS Current imaging modalities cannot accurately depict the status of the cochleovestibular nerve or predict a child's benefit with a CI. Cochlear implantation should be considered in children with abnormal cochleovestibular nerves. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Kari
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, U.S.A
| | - Danielle M Gillard
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, U.S.A
| | - Nathaniel Chuang
- Radiology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, U.S.A
| | - John L Go
- Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
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Faes J, Gillis S. Consonant and vowel production in the spontaneous speech productions of children with auditory brainstem implants. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2021; 35:1132-1160. [PMID: 33427516 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2020.1869833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Auditory brainstem implantation provides hearing sensations in children and adults with anomalies of the auditory nerves. In children, perceptual benefits have been established, and research already demonstrated (limited) effects on children's speech production. The current study extends the literature by scrutinizing the phonological development of three children with ABI. Spontaneous speech samples were used to establish their phonemic inventories of vowels, word-initial consonants and word-final consonants, both independently of the target phoneme and relative to the target phoneme. The three children produced all vowels with longer device use and larger vocabulary size. Word-initial and word-final consonants appeared in the three children's spontaneous productions. However, the segmental accuracy was only moderate in the children's productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Faes
- Computational Linguistics & Psycholinguistics (Clips) Research Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Gillis
- Computational Linguistics & Psycholinguistics (Clips) Research Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Faes J, Gillis S. Word characteristics and speech production accuracy in children with auditory brainstem implants: a longitudinal triple case report. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2021; 35:874-890. [PMID: 33146054 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2020.1838613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Auditory brainstem implants (ABI) in children in the first years of life is a recent innovation. Analyses of their speech and language development on the basis of spontaneous language samples are still largely lacking. The aim was to investigate the phonological complexity of the words children with ABI use in their spontaneous speech, and to compare their accuracy with that of children with cochlear implants (CI) and children with normal hearing (NH). Longitudinal recordings of spontaneous speech were collected of three children with ABI. Children with ABI target mainly words of low phonological complexity in their spontaneous speech, just as children with NH and children with CI do. The complexity of the words they attempt increases over time, but this development is less outspoken in comparison to children with CI and NH at the same hearing ages. The accuracy of the ABI children's word productions is situated in the lower ranges of the 95% confidence intervals of the NH and the CI groups, and - depending on the specific measure - even fall below the 95% border. The ABI intervention appears to be beneficial in the three cases studied, although their development is slow compared to children with CI and NH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Faes
- Computational Linguistics & Psycholinguistics (Clips) Research Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Gillis
- Computational Linguistics & Psycholinguistics (Clips) Research Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Pediatric Auditory Brainstem Implant Users Compared With Cochlear Implant Users With Additional Disabilities. Otol Neurotol 2020; 40:936-945. [PMID: 31295204 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate long-term language development in children with prelingual deafness who received auditory brainstem implants (ABIs) compared with children who received cochlear implants (CIs) at the same hospital. Additional non-auditory disabilities were taken into account. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Ten children with bilateral malformations of the cochlea and/or cochlear nerve who received ABIs, including seven with additional disabilities, and 147 children with CIs as a reference group, including 22 children with additional disabilities. INTERVENTION ABIs were implanted at 1.3 to 6.2 years of age. Follow-up ranged from 1.1 to 7.7 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Receptive and expressive language abilities were assessed using the Infant Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS), the Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP), the Meaningful Use of Speech Scale (MUSS), and the Speech Intelligibility Rate (SIR). RESULTS Of the 10 children with ABIs, seven had long-term follow-up data. Within 1 year, six of the seven children with ABIs could identify sounds, respond to speech, and use their voice to attract attention. Language skills developed at a slower rate than in children with CIs and reached the same competence level when additional disabilities were absent. These language skills matched, on average, those of children with CIs with additional disabilities. CONCLUSION For deaf children with bilateral inner ear malformations, ABIs provide satisfactory auditory input. Children with ABIs are able to develop receptive and expressive language skills comparable to those of children with CIs with additional disabilities. Using this knowledge, preoperative parent counselling can be refined.
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Abstract
This overview of ethical and social issues pertaining to cranial nerve implants covers informed consent; risk-benefit assessments; security against unauthorized reprogramming or privacy intrusion; explantation; psychological side effects; equity and social distribution, cultural effects, for instance, on the deaf subculture; enhancement; and research ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ove Hansson
- Division of Philosophy, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Teknikringen 76, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden; Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
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Wong K, Kiringoda R, Kanumuri VV, Barber SR, Franck K, Sahani N, Brown MC, Herrmann BS, Lee DJ. Effect of anesthesia on evoked auditory responses in pediatric auditory brainstem implant surgery. Laryngoscope 2019; 130:507-513. [PMID: 31095742 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABR) guide placement of the multichannel auditory brainstem implant (ABI) array during surgery. EABRs are also recorded under anesthesia in nontumor pediatric ABI recipients prior to device activation to confirm placement and guide device programming. We examine the influence of anesthesia on evoked response morphology in pediatric ABI users by comparing intraoperative with postoperative EABR recordings. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. METHODS Seven children underwent ABI surgery by way of retrosigmoid craniotomy. General anesthesia included inhaled sevoflurane induction and propofol maintenance during which EABRs were recorded to confirm accurate positioning of the ABI. A mean of 7.7 ± 2.8 weeks following surgery, the ABI was activated under general anesthesia or sedation (dexmedetomidine) and EABR recordings were made. A qualitative analysis of intraoperative and postoperative waveform morphology was performed. RESULTS Seven subjects (mean age 20.6 months) underwent nine ABI surgeries (seven primary, two revisions) and nine activations. EABRs were observed in eight of nine postoperative recordings. In three cases, intraoperative EABRs during general anesthesia were similar to postoperative EABRs with sedation. In one case, sevoflurane and propofol were used for intra- and postoperative recordings, and waveforms were also similar. In four cases, amplitude and latency changes were observed for intraoperative versus postoperative EABRs. CONCLUSION Similarity of EABR morphology in the anesthetized versus sedated condition suggests that anesthesia does not have a large effect on far-field evoked potentials. Changes in EABR waveform morphology observed postoperatively may be influenced by other factors such as movements of the surface array. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 130:507-513, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Wong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Ruwan Kiringoda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Vivek V Kanumuri
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Samuel R Barber
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Kevin Franck
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Department of Audiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Nita Sahani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - M Christian Brown
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Barbara S Herrmann
- Department of Audiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Daniel J Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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Faes J, Gillis S. Auditory brainstem implantation in children with hearing loss: Effect on speech production. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 119:103-112. [PMID: 30690306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Auditory brainstem implantation (ABI) is a recent technique in children's hearing restoration. Up till now the focus in the literature has mainly been the perceptual outcomes after implantation, whereas the effect of ABI on spoken language is still an almost unexplored area of research. This study presents a one-year follow-up of the volubility of two children with ABI. The volubility of signed and oral productions is investigated and oral productions are examined in more detail. Results show clear developmental trends in both children, indicating a beneficial effect of ABI on spoken language development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Faes
- Computational Linguistics & Psycholinguistics (CLiPS) Research Center, University of Antwerp, Lange Winkelstraat 40-42, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Steven Gillis
- Computational Linguistics & Psycholinguistics (CLiPS) Research Center, University of Antwerp, Lange Winkelstraat 40-42, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
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Faes J, Gillis S. Expressive Vocabulary Growth After Pediatric Auditory Brainstem Implantation in Two Cases' Spontaneous Productions: A Comparison With Children With Cochlear Implants and Typical Hearing. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:191. [PMID: 31157193 PMCID: PMC6530398 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory brainstem implants (ABI) are recently being used to restore hearing of children with a congenital hearing loss, due to for instance the absence of auditory nerves. Thus far, the literature has focused on perceptual outcomes. The present study is among the first ones to investigate the spoken language development after implantation. The lexical development of children with ABI is examined longitudinally in comparison to children with typical hearing and children with cochlear implants. Results show that children with ABI still have smaller spoken vocabularies as compared to (hearing) age-matched children with cochlear implants and children with typical hearing. Implications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Faes
- CLiPS, Department of Linguistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Gillis
- CLiPS, Department of Linguistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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