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An X, Gu Q, Wang J, Chang T, Zhang W, Wang JJ, Niu J. Insect-specific RNA virus affects the stylet penetration activity of brown citrus aphid (Aphis citricidus) to facilitate its transmission. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:255-270. [PMID: 37358052 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Sap-sucking insects often transmit plant viruses but also carry insect viruses, which infect insects but not plants. The impact of such insect viruses on insect host biology and ecology is largely unknown. Here, we identified a novel insect-specific virus carried by brown citrus aphid (Aphis citricidus), which we tentatively named Aphis citricidus picornavirus (AcPV). Phylogenetic analysis discovered a monophyletic cluster with AcPV and other unassigned viruses, suggesting that these viruses represent a new family in order Picornavirales. Systemic infection with AcPV triggered aphid antiviral immunity mediated by RNA interference, resulting in asymptomatic tolerance. Importantly, we found that AcPV was transmitted horizontally by secretion of the salivary gland into the feeding sites of plants. AcPV influenced aphid stylet behavior during feeding and increased the time required for intercellular penetration, thus promoting its transmission among aphids with plants as an intermediate site. The gene expression results suggested that this mechanism was linked with transcription of salivary protein genes and plant defense hormone signaling. Together, our results show that the horizontal transmission of AcPV in brown citrus aphids evolved in a manner similar to that of the circulative transmission of plant viruses by insect vectors, thus providing a new ecological perspective on the activity of insect-specific viruses found in aphids and improving the understanding of insect virus ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin An
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoying Gu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tengyu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinzhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Punja ZK, Kahl D, Reade R, Xiang Y, Munz J, Nachappa P. Challenges to Cannabis sativa Production from Pathogens and Microbes-The Role of Molecular Diagnostics and Bioinformatics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:14. [PMID: 38203190 PMCID: PMC10779078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The increased cultivation of Cannabis sativa L. in North America, represented by high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-containing (high-THC) cannabis genotypes and low-THC-containing hemp genotypes, has been impacted by an increasing number of plant pathogens. These include fungi which destroy roots, stems, and leaves, in some cases causing a build-up of populations and mycotoxins in the inflorescences that can negatively impact quality. Viroids and viruses have also increased in prevalence and severity and can reduce plant growth and product quality. Rapid diagnosis of the occurrence and spread of these pathogens is critical. Techniques in the area of molecular diagnostics have been applied to study these pathogens in both cannabis and hemp. These include polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technologies, including RT-PCR, multiplex RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, and ddPCR, as well as whole-genome sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics. In this study, examples of how these technologies have enhanced the rapidity and sensitivity of pathogen diagnosis on cannabis and hemp will be illustrated. These molecular tools have also enabled studies on the diversity and origins of specific pathogens, specifically viruses and viroids, and these will be illustrated. Comparative studies on the genomics and metabolomics of healthy and diseased plants are urgently needed to provide insight into their impact on the quality and composition of cannabis and hemp-derived products. Management of these pathogens will require monitoring of their spread and survival using the appropriate technologies to allow accurate detection, followed by appropriate implementation of disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamir K. Punja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Dieter Kahl
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Center, Summerland, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (D.K.); (R.R.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ron Reade
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Center, Summerland, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (D.K.); (R.R.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yu Xiang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Center, Summerland, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (D.K.); (R.R.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jack Munz
- 3 Rivers Biotech, Coquitlam, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
| | - Punya Nachappa
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA;
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MacWilliams J, Peirce E, Pitt WJ, Schreiner M, Matthews T, Yao L, Broeckling C, Nachappa P. Assessing the adaptive role of cannabidiol (CBD) in Cannabis sativa defense against cannabis aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1223894. [PMID: 37915508 PMCID: PMC10616793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1223894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is known for having unique specialized or secondary metabolites, cannabinoids that are derived from an extension of the terpene pathway in the Cannabis lineage and includes more than 100 other similar metabolites. Despite the assumption that cannabinoids evolved as novel herbivory defense adaptations, there is limited research addressing the role of cannabinoids in C. sativa responses to insect herbivores. Here we investigated the role of cannabidiol (CBD), the predominant cannabinoid in hemp, in plant defense against cannabis aphid (Phorodon cannabis), one of the most damaging pests of hemp. We hypothesize that insect feeding may induce changes in cannabinoids as an adaptive strategy for defense. We found that mean fecundity, net reproductive rate (R0) and adult longevity of cannabis aphids was reduced on the high cannabinoid cultivar compared to the low- cannabinoid cultivar in whole plant assays. In contrast, supplementation of CBD in artificial feeding assays increased aphid fecundity from day 1 to day 3. Additionally, aphid feeding did not impact cannabinoid levels in leaf tissues with the exception of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This suggests that other cannabinoids and/or metabolites such as terpenes are causing the observed decrease in aphid performance in the whole plant assays. In addition to cannabinoids, C. sativa also possesses a range of defense mechanisms via phytohormone signaling pathways that are well described in other plant species. Indeed, cannabis aphid feeding significantly increased levels of the major phytohormones, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid, which are known to be involved in plant defense responses against aphid species. These results highlight the interplay between cannabinoid synthesis and phytohormone pathways and necessitate further investigation into this complex interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob MacWilliams
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Erika Peirce
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - William Jacob Pitt
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Melissa Schreiner
- Tri-River Area Extension, Colorado State University, Grand Junction, CO, United States
| | - Tierra Matthews
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Linxing Yao
- Analytical Resources Core-Bioanalysis and Omics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Corey Broeckling
- Analytical Resources Core-Bioanalysis and Omics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Punya Nachappa
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Miotti N, Passera A, Ratti C, Dall'Ara M, Casati P. A Guide to Cannabis Virology: From the Virome Investigation to the Development of Viral Biotechnological Tools. Viruses 2023; 15:1532. [PMID: 37515219 PMCID: PMC10384868 DOI: 10.3390/v15071532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa cultivation is experiencing a period of renewed interest due to the new opportunities for its use in different sectors including food, techno-industrial, construction, pharmaceutical and medical, cosmetics, and textiles. Moreover, its properties as a carbon sequestrator and soil improver make it suitable for sustainable agriculture and climate change mitigation strategies. The increase in cannabis cultivation is generating conditions for the spread of new pathogens. While cannabis fungal and bacterial diseases are better known and characterized, viral infections have historically been less investigated. Many viral infection reports on cannabis have recently been released, highlighting the increasing threat and spread of known and unknown viruses. However, the available information on these pathogens is still incomplete and fragmentary, and it is therefore useful to organize it into a single structured document to provide guidance to growers, breeders, and academic researchers. This review aims to present the historical excursus of cannabis virology, from the pioneering descriptions of virus-like symptoms in the 1940s/50s to the most recent high-throughput sequencing reports. Each of these viruses detected in cannabis will be categorized with an increasing degree of threat according to its potential risk to the crop. Lastly, the development of viral vectors for functional genetics studies will be described, revealing how cannabis virology is evolving not only for the characterization of its virome but also for the development of biotechnological tools for the genetic improvement of this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Miotti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Ratti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Dall'Ara
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Casati
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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