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Clemente G, Toledo J, Pérez-Lachaud G, Valle-Mora JF, Liedo P, Montoya P. Functional response and mutual interference in the parasitoid Coptera haywardi (Oglobin) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) attacking Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 114:22-29. [PMID: 38235530 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Functional response and mutual interference are important attributes of natural enemies that should be analysed in species with the potential to be used as biological control agents in order to increase the predictive power of the possible benefits and/or consequences of their release in the field. Our main objective was to determine the functional response and mutual interference of Coptera haywardi (Oglobin), a pupal parasitoid of economically important fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). The functional response of C. haywardi on A. ludens pupae corresponded to a type II model, with an attack rate of 0.0134 host pupa/h and a handling time of 1.843 h, which reveals a meticulous selection process of pupal hosts. The effect of mutual interference among foraging females was negatively correlated with increased parasitoid density in the experimental arena, showing a gradual decline in attack rate per individual female. The increase in the number of foraging females also had an impact on the number of oviposition scars per pupa and the number of immature parasitoids per dissected pupa, but not on the percentage of adult emergence or the sex ratio. Our results suggest that C. haywardi could act as a complementary parasitoid in the control of fruit fly pupae, since the random distribution of these pupae in the soil would decrease the possibility of aggregation and mutual interference between foraging females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Clemente
- Departamento de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Departamento de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Pérez-Lachaud
- Departamento Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Avenida Centenario km 5.5, CP 77014 Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Javier F Valle-Mora
- Departamento de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Pablo Liedo
- Departamento de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Pablo Montoya
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Boulevard Akichino S/N, CP 30798, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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Nachman G, Skovgård H. Modeling the Influence of Ambient Temperature on the Interactions Between the Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and Its Natural Enemy Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to Assess Consequences of Climate Change. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:342-354. [PMID: 32078684 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A simulation model was used to predict how temperature influences biological control of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) by the pupal parasitoid Spalangia cameroni. Temperature, which was either constant or fluctuated due to seasonal variation and/or environmental stochasticity, was modeled as a first order autocorrelation process. The simulations showed that stable flies could tolerate a wider temperature interval than expected from their thermal performance curve (TPC). This was attributed to the fact that immature flies develop in manure, which protects them against low air temperatures. In contrast, the parasitoids were found to have a narrower thermal tolerance range than expected from their TPC. This was attributed to the temperature-dependent functional response of S. cameroni, which was a limiting factor for the parasitoid's development and survival when host densities were low at suboptimal temperatures. The effects of seasonal variation on critical thermal limits were studied by means of thermal performance diagrams (TPDs). Fluctuating temperatures narrowed the thermal tolerance range of both species. At constant temperatures, the simulations showed that the optimal temperature for using S. cameroni in control of stable flies is ~20°C and that the parasitoid can persist in environments with yearly average temperatures between 18 and 29°C. However, if temperature variation was taken into consideration, it changed both the optimal temperature and the temperature interval at which biological control will be possible. This indicates that climate change causing increasing temperatures compounded with greater fluctuations may have serious consequences for biological control of pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gösta Nachman
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Henrik Skovgård
- Department of Agroecology, Section of Pathology and Entomology, University of Aarhus, Forsøgsvej, Slagelse, Denmark
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Rezaei M, Talebi AA, Fathipour Y, Karimzadeh J, Mehrabadi M. Foraging behavior of Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on tobacco aphid, Myzus persicae nicotianae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:840-848. [PMID: 30968799 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the foraging behavior of Aphidius matricariae (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a biological control agent of Myzus persicae nicotianae Blackman (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a key and cosmopolitan pest of tobacco fields. To achieve a strategy for the control of this pest and a mass-rearing program of the parasitoid, host stage preference, switching, functional response, and mutual interference of A. matricariae were investigated at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 5% RH and 16:8 h L:D photoperiod. The parasitoid showed a preference for third- and fourth-instar nymphs of tobacco aphid in both choice and no-choice experiments. Using the Murdach's model, switching behavior was observed in A. matricariae between different density proportions of third- and fourth-instar nymphs. Further, the parasitoid exhibited a type II functional response when it was offered to third-instar nymphs of M. persicae nicotianae at six densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64). Based on the linear regression analysis, there was a significance difference between the logarithm of per capita searching efficiency and the logarithm of parasitoid density. As the wasp density increased, per capita searching efficiency decreased. The result of this study revealed that A. matricariae is an effective agent in the integrated management of M. persicae nicotianae. In addition, application of these results can be important in mass-rearing program of A. matricariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rezaei
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336 Tehran, Iran
| | - A A Talebi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336 Tehran, Iran
| | - Y Fathipour
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336 Tehran, Iran
| | - J Karimzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Isfahan Research and Education Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, AREEO, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Mehrabadi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336 Tehran, Iran
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Nachman G, Skovgård H. 16. The Fly Simulator: a simulation model of stable flies and their control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-863-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gösta Nachman
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Henrik Skovgård
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Skovgård H, Nachman G. Modeling the Temperature- and Age-Dependent Survival, Development, and Oviposition Rates of Stable Flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) (Diptera: Muscidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1130-1142. [PMID: 28981634 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) can be a serious pest associated with cattle facilities. In Denmark, they occur most abundantly at organic farms, where they cannot be controlled by means of insecticides. On traditional farms, where chemical control is widely used, development of resistance is of increasing concern. Therefore, interest in biological control or other alternative methods has been growing during the recent years. In order to understand the complex relationships between a pest and its natural enemies in a variable environment, it is necessary to know how temperature affects the dynamics of the involved species. In this paper, we apply data derived from several existing sources to investigate the influence of temperature on development and survival of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult stable flies, as well as on the fecundity of adult females. We demonstrate that the same modeling framework (called SANDY), previously applied to lifetable data of the pteromalid pupal parasitoid (Spalangia cameroni Perkins), a biological control agent used against stable flies, can also be used to model S. calcitrans. However, the predicted temperature responses depend on the data sources used to parameterize the model, which is reflected by differences in estimated population growth rates obtained from American and non-American studies. Elasticity analysis shows that growth rates are more sensitive to changes in viability, in particular of adult flies, than in fecundity, which may have implications for the management of stable fly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Skovgård
- Department of Agroecology, Section of Pathology and Entomology, University of Aarhus, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Gösta Nachman
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology and Evolution, Universitetsparken 15, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Skovgård H, Nachman G. Temperature- and Age-Dependent Survival, Development, and Oviposition Rates of the Pupal Parasitoid Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1063-1075. [PMID: 27298392 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The combined effect of temperature and age on development, survival, attack rate, and oviposition of the parasitoid Spalangia cameroni (Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) exploiting house fly pupae was investigated by conducting life-table experiments at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. Temperature had a pronounced effect on survival and development of the immature stages. Survival was highest at 25°C, where 88.5% of the parasitized host pupae resulted in adult parasitoids, and lowest at 35°C when only 3.78% emerged. Females constituted between 50% (at 20°C) and 100% (at 35°C) of the surviving immatures. Males developed faster than females, with the shortest developmental times at 30°C (18.18 d for males and 19.41 d for females). Longevity of adult females decreased with temperature from 80 d at 15°C to 18 d at 35°C. Total attack rate of female parasitoids was highest at 20°C (106 hosts per female), and life-time reproduction highest at 20°C and 25°C (about 60 offspring per female). Sex ratio was female biased (65% females). A generic model was used to estimate and predict the temperature effect on the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), the net reproduction rate (R0), and the generation time (G). The model predicted that rm peaks at 33.5°C (rm = 0.182 d(-1)), that maximum R0 is reached at 27.2°C (R0 = 50.2), and that the shortest generation time occurs at 34.5°C (G = 21.1 d). Doubling time was 4.19 d at 33°C. In the temperature range between 20°C and 30°C, S. cameroni has the potential to be an efficient control agent against nuisance flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Skovgård
- Department of Agroecology, Section of Pathology and Entomology, University of Aarhus, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark ,
| | - Gösta Nachman
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology and Evolution, Universitetsparken 15, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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