1
|
Yan S, Jiang F, Sun Y, Wang Y, Ye J, Li J, Yang H, Wang S, Song Y, Zhou C, Ji B. Methylprednisolone for acute type A aortic dissection patients undergoing total arch replacement: Design and rationale of the Medal trial: Short title Study protocol of the Medal trial. Am Heart J 2024:S0002-8703(24)00265-5. [PMID: 39395565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2024.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality and morbidity of emergency total aortic arch replacement (TAAR) for acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) is high, which is partly due to the excessively activated systemic inflammatory response. Methylprednisolone, an anti-inflammatory agent, might suppress the systemic inflammatory response and lead to improved outcomes. However, the protective effects of methylprednisolone on TAAR for ATAAD were not clarified. The usage and dosage varied in different centers across the world. METHODS AND RESULTS The Medal trial is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial to evaluate whether 500 mg methylprednisolone IV before cardiopulmonary bypass could reduce the incidence of postoperative major organ injury, compared to placebo. Adult patients with the diagnosis with ATAAD, awaiting emergency total aortic arch replacement with hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective cerebral perfusion will be included in the trial. A total of 340 eligible subjects from nine large cardiovascular centers will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to recieve 500mg methylprednislone or placebo before cardiopulmonary bypass. The primary outcome is postoperative major adverse outcome [defined as all-cause death or postoperative neurological deficit or KDIGO II -III acute kidney injury or respiratory syndrome (tracheal intubation> 72 hours, tracheostomy or re-intubation) until postoperative day 30 or patient discharge]. The study has received approval from the local Ethics Committees of the nine participating centers, and enrolled its first subject in June 24, 2022. As of September 5,2024, 323 subjects have been enrolled. Results of the Medal trial will be published once data collection and analysis have been completed. CONCLUSIONS The Medal trial will determine the effectiveness of 500 mg methylprednisolone on the outcomes of patients with ATAAD undergoing TAAR. REGISTRATION URL https://www.chictr.org.cn/searchprojEN.html (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry). Unique identifier: ChiCTR2200059286.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Yan
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqing Jiang
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Fuwai Hospital Chinese academy of medical sciences Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanhua Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Research & Biometrics Centre, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxi Ye
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianchao Li
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shifu Wang
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Teda International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Song
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Yunnan Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, kunming, China
| | - Chengbin Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Bingyang Ji
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Werner P, Winter M, Mahr S, Stelzmueller ME, Zimpfer D, Ehrlich M. Cerebral Protection Strategies in Aortic Arch Surgery-Past Developments, Current Evidence, and Future Innovation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:775. [PMID: 39199732 PMCID: PMC11351742 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Surgery of the aortic arch remains a complex procedure, with neurological events such as stroke remaining its most dreaded complications. Changes in surgical technique and the continuous innovation in neuroprotective strategies have led to a significant decrease in cerebral and spinal events. Different modes of cerebral perfusion, varying grades of hypothermia, and a number of pharmacological strategies all aim to reduce hypoxic and ischemic cerebral injury, yet there is no evidence indicating the clear superiority of one method over another. While surgical results continue to improve, novel hybrid and interventional techniques are just entering the stage and the question of optimal neuroprotection remains up to date. Within this perspective statement, we want to shed light on the current evidence and controversies of cerebral protection in aortic arch surgery, as well as what is on the horizon in this fast-evolving field. We further present our institutional approach as a large tertiary aortic reference center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Werner
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (M.W.); Tel.: +431-40400-69890 (P.W.)
| | - Martin Winter
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (M.W.); Tel.: +431-40400-69890 (P.W.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Böning A, Kretzer JA, Arif R, Etz CD, Pöling J, Rylski B, Czerny M, Brickwedel J, Peterss S, Holubec T, Jawny P, Krueger T, Feißt M. Risk factors for long-term mortality after acute aortic dissection-results of the German registry for acute aortic dissection type a long-term follow-up. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2024; 65:ezae116. [PMID: 38530802 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezae116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several short-term analyses from German Registry for Acute Aortic Dissection Type A (GERAADA) have been published. This study investigated whether short-term risk factors are transferable to the long-term prognosis of patients. METHODS Thirty-three centres with 2686 patients participated in the long-term follow-up. A total of 1164 patients died, 1063 survived and 459 were lost to follow-up during the follow-up timeframe (mean duration: 10.2 years). Long-term mortality of the cohort was compared with an age-stratified, German population. RESULTS One, 5 and 10 years after initial surgery, the survival of the GERAADA patient cohort was 71.4%, 63.4% and 51%, respectively. Without the early deaths (90-day mortality 25.4%), survival was calculated after 1, 5 and 10 years: 95.6%, 83.5% and 68.3%. Higher age, longer extracorporeal circulation time, shorter perioperative ventilation time and postoperative neurologic deficits were predictive of long-term prognosis. In an age-divided landmark analysis, the mortality of aortic dissection surgery survivors was found to be similar to that of the general German population. If patients are sorted in risk groups according to the GERAADA score, long-term survival differs between the risk groups. CONCLUSIONS If patients have survived an acute postoperative period of 90 days, life expectancy comparable to that of the general German population can be assumed in lower- and medium-risk patients. Whether the GERAADA score can provide valuable insights into the long-term prognosis of patients undergoing surgery for acute aortic dissection type A is still unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Böning
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - John-Arved Kretzer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rawa Arif
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian D Etz
- University Department of Cardiac Surgery, Leipzig Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen Pöling
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Schüchtermann-Klinik Bad Rothenfelde, Bad Rothenfelde, Germany
| | - Bartosz Rylski
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Czerny
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Brickwedel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Peterss
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, LMU University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tomas Holubec
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Jawny
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Krueger
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Feißt
- Institute of Medical Biometry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan S, Gao S, Lou S, Yu C, Sun X, Qian X, Ji B. Does methylprednisolone provide protective effect in total aortic arch replacement requiring hypothermia circulatory arrest and selective cerebral perfusion? Perfusion 2023; 38:1384-1392. [PMID: 35786218 DOI: 10.1177/02676591221113650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids (GC)were applied in total aortic arch replacement (TAAR) at various dosages in many centers, but with limited evidence. METHODS The retrospective study was aimed to evaluate whether methylprednisolone was associated with better postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing TAAR. Patients undergoing TAAR with moderate hypothermia and selective cerebral perfusion between 2017.1 to 2018.12 in Fuwai hospital were classified into three groups according to doses of methylprednisolone given in the surgery: large-GC group (1500-3000 mg); medium-GC group (500-1000 mg) and no-GC group (0 mg). Postoperative outcomes were compared among three groups. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify the association of methylprednisolone with outcomes. RESULTS Three hundred twenty-eight patients were enrolled. Two hundred twenty-eight were in the large-GC group, 34 were in the medium-GC group, and 66 were in the no-GC group. The incidences of major adverse outcomes in large-GC, medium-GC and no-GC groups were 22.8%, 17.6% and 18.2%, respectively, with no statistical difference. A significant difference was observed in post-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion (p < .001) and chest drainage volume (p < .001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that methylprednisolone was not associated with better outcomes (p = .455), while large doses of methylprednisolone were significantly associated with excessive chest drainage (over 2000 mL) [OR (99% CI) 4.282 (1.66-11.044), p < .001] and excessive post-CPB FFP transfusion (over 400 mL) [OR (99% CI) 2.208 (1.027-4.747), p = .008]. CONCLUSIONS Large doses of methylprednisolone (1500-3000 mg) did not show a protective effect in TAAR with moderate hypothermia arrest plus selective cerebral perfusion and might increase postoperative bleeding and FFP transfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Yan
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, State key laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National center for Cardiovascular disease, Chinese Academy of Medical science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sizhe Gao
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, State key laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National center for Cardiovascular disease, Chinese Academy of Medical science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Song Lou
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, State key laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National center for Cardiovascular disease, Chinese Academy of Medical science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cuntao Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, State key laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, National center for Cardiovascular disease, Chinese Academy of Medical science and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, State key laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, National center for Cardiovascular disease, Chinese Academy of Medical science and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Qian
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, State key laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, National center for Cardiovascular disease, Chinese Academy of Medical science and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyang Ji
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, State key laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National center for Cardiovascular disease, Chinese Academy of Medical science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cerebral Protection Strategies and Stroke in Surgery for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062271. [PMID: 36983272 PMCID: PMC10056182 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Perioperative stroke remains a devastating complication in the operative treatment of acute type A aortic dissection. To reduce the risk of perioperative stroke, different perfusion techniques can be applied. A consensus on the preferred cerebral protection strategy does not exist. Methods: To provide an overview about the different cerebral protection strategies, literature research on Medline/PubMed was performed. All available original articles reporting on cerebral protection in surgery for acute type A aortic dissection and neurologic outcomes since 2010 were included. Results: Antegrade and retrograde cerebral perfusion may provide similar neurological outcomes while outperforming deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. The choice of arterial cannulation site and chosen level of hypothermia are influencing factors for perioperative stroke. Conclusions: Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is not recommended as the sole cerebral protection technique. Antegrade and retrograde cerebral perfusion are today’s standard to provide cerebral protection during aortic surgery. Bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion potentially leads to superior outcomes during prolonged circulatory arrest times between 30 and 50 min. Arterial cannulation sites with antegrade perfusion (axillary, central or carotid artery) in combination with moderate hypothermia seem to be advantageous. Every concept should be complemented by adequate intraoperative neuromonitoring.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Acute aortic dissection is a highly morbid condition with high mortality that requires emergent surgical evaluation and repair. The intraoperative management of acute aortic dissection requires the anesthesiologist to do far more than administer anesthesia and begins before the patient arrives at the operative theater. High-fidelity communication with the surgeon, knowledge of the surgical plan, knowledge of the anatomy of the dissection, and a nuanced understanding of aortic dissection pathophysiology are all critical aspects of anesthetic management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Keegan Stombaugh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiovascular Anesthesia, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Venkat Reddy Mangunta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiovascular Anesthesia, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luis GOJ, Alicia RF. Perspectives: Regional brain oxygen saturation: beyond the brain there is also life. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1589-1591. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220318120311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Some procedures, such as cardiovascular surgery, may compromise brain perfusion and require careful management to preserve the integrity of the central nervous system. In this setting, regional cerebral oxygen saturation [rSO2] emerges as an alternative, minimally invasive, monitoring system. The mechanism by which regional oxygen is measured is based on the refraction and absorption of a signal with a specific wavelength. Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for these settings. This would allow for a more rational use of goal-directed therapies that reduce morbidity and mortality in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guerrero Orriach Jose Luis
- Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ramirez Fernandez Alicia
- Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Augoustides JG. Protecting the Central Nervous System During Cardiac Surgery. Perioper Med (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-56724-4.00022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
9
|
Falasa MP, Arnaoutakis GJ, Janelle GM, Beaver TM. Neuromonitoring and neuroprotection advances for aortic arch surgery. JTCVS Tech 2021; 7:11-19. [PMID: 34318192 PMCID: PMC8312079 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjtc.2020.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matt P. Falasa
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - George J. Arnaoutakis
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Greg M. Janelle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Thomas M. Beaver
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang B. Commentary: Individualize the strategy of cerebral protection in aortic arch surgery. JTCVS Tech 2021; 7:20-21. [PMID: 34318193 PMCID: PMC8311544 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjtc.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sedatives during circulatory arrest are not necessary for aortic arch repair in acute type A aortic dissection. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 134:219-221. [PMID: 33278093 PMCID: PMC7817308 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
12
|
Qu JZ, Kao LW, Smith JE, Kuo A, Xue A, Iyer MH, Essandoh MK, Dalia AA. Brain Protection in Aortic Arch Surgery: An Evolving Field. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 35:1176-1188. [PMID: 33309497 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in cardiac surgery and anesthesia, the rates of brain injury remain high in aortic arch surgery requiring circulatory arrest. The mechanisms of brain injury, including permanent and temporary neurologic dysfunction, are multifactorial, but intraoperative brain ischemia is likely a major contributor. Maintaining optimal cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest is the key component of intraoperative management for aortic arch surgery. Various brain monitoring modalities provide different information to improve cerebral protection. Electroencephalography gives crucial data to ensure minimal cerebral metabolism during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, transcranial Doppler directly measures cerebral arterial blood flow, and near-infrared spectroscopy monitors regional cerebral oxygen saturation. Various brain protection techniques, including hypothermia, cerebral perfusion, pharmacologic protection, and blood gas management, have been used during interruption of systemic circulation, but the optimal strategy remains elusive. Although deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and retrograde cerebral perfusion have their merits, there have been increasing reports about the use of antegrade cerebral perfusion, obviating the need for deep hypothermia. With controversy and variability of surgical practices, moderate hypothermia, when combined with unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion, is considered safe for brain protection in aortic arch surgery performed with circulatory arrest. The neurologic outcomes of brain protection in aortic arch surgery largely depend on the following three major components: cerebral temperature, circulatory arrest time, and cerebral perfusion during circulatory arrest. The optimal brain protection strategy should be individualized based on comprehensive monitoring and stems from well-executed techniques that balance the major components contributing to brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Z Qu
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lee-Wei Kao
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer E Smith
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander Kuo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Albert Xue
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Manoj H Iyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Michael K Essandoh
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Adam A Dalia
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Garcia-Ballestas E, Murlimanju BV, Durango-Espinosa YA, Joaquim AF, Vasquez HE, Moscote-Salazar LR, Agrawal A. Collateral Circulation in Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review. INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSurgery is the most common cause of spinal cord ischemia; it is also caused by hemodynamic changes, which disrupt the blood flow. Direct ligation of the spinal arteries, especially the Adamkiewicz artery is involved as well. Other causes of spinal cord ischemia include arteriography procedures, thoracic surgery, epidural and rachianesthesia, foraminal infiltration, arterial dissection, systemic hypotension, emboligenic heart disease, thoracic disc herniation, and compression. Understanding the vascular anatomy of the spinal cord is essential to develop optimal strategies for preventing ischemic injuries to the spinal cord. During ischemia, a rich network of intra and paraspinal collaterals allow enough blood flow to compensate the intensity of spinal cord ischemia. In case of interruption of flow of a main artery, the collateral artery increases its flow to maintain perfusion to the tissues. Avoiding spinal cord ischemia by using collateral circulation is necessary to prevent the establishment of hypovolemia, hyperthermia and elevations in venous pressures. The objective of this narrative review is to present the current concepts of spinal collateral circulation and its role in the setting of ischemic events, affecting the vascular supply of the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Garcia-Ballestas
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research (CIB), University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - B. V. Murlimanju
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Andrei F. Joaquim
- Neurosurgery Division, Cartagena de Indias, Bolivar Department of Neurology, State University of Campinas, Campinas-Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Harold E. Vasquez
- Universidad del Sinu, Cartagena de Indias, Consejo Latinoamericano de Neurointensivismo (CLaNi), Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar
- Neurosurgeon-Critical Care, Center for Biomedical Research (CIB), Cartagena Neurotrauma Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jovin DG, Katlaps KG, Ellis BK, Dharmaraj B. Neuroprotection against stroke and encephalopathy after cardiac surgery. Interv Med Appl Sci 2019; 11:27-37. [PMID: 32148901 PMCID: PMC7044570 DOI: 10.1556/1646.11.2019.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia in the perioperative period is a major risk factor for stroke, encephalopathy, and cognitive decline after cardiothoracic surgery. After coronary artery bypass grafting, both stroke and encephalopathy can result in poor patient outcomes and increased mortality. Neuroprotection aims to lessen the severity and occurrence of further injury mediated by stroke and encephalopathy and to aid the recovery of conditions already present. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of neuroprotection have been investigated in experimental studies and in animal models, and, although some have shown effectiveness in protection of the central nervous system, for most, clinical research is lacking or did not show the expected results. This review summarizes the value and need for neuroprotection in the context of cardiothoracic surgery and examines the use and effectiveness of several agents and methods with an emphasis on clinical trials and clinically relevant neuroprotectants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Jovin
- Cardiothoracic Research, Department of Surgery, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Karl G Katlaps
- Cardiothoracic Research, Department of Surgery, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ben K Ellis
- Cardiothoracic Research, Department of Surgery, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Benita Dharmaraj
- Cardiothoracic Research, Department of Surgery, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Quintero OL, Giraldo JC, Sandoval NF. Successful Management of Massive Air Embolism During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Using Multimodal Neuroprotection Strategies. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 23:324-332. [DOI: 10.1177/1089253218819782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Complications and critical events during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are very challenging, difficult to manage, and in some instances have the potential to lead to fatal outcomes. Massive cerebral air embolism is undoubtedly a feared complication during CPB. If not diagnosed and managed early, its effects are devastating and even fatal. It is a catastrophic complication and its early diagnosis and intraoperative management are still controversial. This is why the decision-making process during a massive cerebral air embolism represents a challenge for the entire surgical, anesthetic, and perfusion team. All caregivers involved in this event must synchronize their responses quickly, harmoniously, and in such a way that all interventions lead to minimizing the impact of this complication. Its occurrence leaves important lessons to the surgical team that faces it. The best management strategy for a complication of this type is prevention. Nevertheless, a surgical team may ultimately be confronted with such an occurrence at some point despite all the prevention strategies, as was the case with our patient. That is why, in each institution, no effort should be spared to establish cost-effective strategies for early detection and a clear and concise management protocol to guide actions once this complication is detected. It is the duty of each surgical team to determine and clearly organize which strategies will be followed. The purpose of this case study was to demonstrate that a massive air embolism can be rapidly detected using near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring and can be successfully corrected with a multimodal neuroprotection strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga L. Quintero
- Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Fundación Cardioinfantil Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan C. Giraldo
- Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Fundación Cardioinfantil Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Manetta F, Mullan CW, Catalano MA. Neuroprotective Strategies in Repair and Replacement of the Aortic Arch. Int J Angiol 2018; 27:98-109. [PMID: 29896042 PMCID: PMC5995688 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1649512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic arch surgery is a technical challenge, and cerebral protection during distal anastomosis is a continued topic of controversy and discussion. The physiologic effects of hypothermic arrest and adjunctive cerebral perfusion have yet to be fully defined, and the optimal strategies are still undetermined. This review highlights the historical context, physiological rationale, and clinical efficacy of various neuroprotective strategies during arch operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Manetta
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York
| | - Clancy W. Mullan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York
| | - Michael A. Catalano
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fernández Suárez FE, Fernández Del Valle D, González Alvarez A, Pérez-Lozano B. Intraoperative care for aortic surgery using circulatory arrest. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:S508-S520. [PMID: 28616347 PMCID: PMC5462730 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.04.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The total circulatory arrest (CA) is necessary to achieve optimal surgical conditions in certain aortic pathologies, especially in those affecting the ascending aorta and aortic arch. During this procedure it is necessary to protect all the organs of ischemia, especially those of the central nervous system and for this purpose several strategies have been developed. The first and most important protective method is systemic hypothermia. The degree of hypothermia and the route of application have been evolving and currently tend to use moderate hypothermia (MH) (20.1-28 °C) associated with unilateral or bilateral selective cerebral perfusion methods. In this way the neurological results are better, the interval of security is greater and the times of extracorporeal circulation are smaller. Even so, it is necessary to take into account that there is the possibility of ischemia in the lower part of the body, especially of the abdominal viscera and the spinal cord, therefore the time of circulatory stop should be limited and not to exceed 80 minutes. Evidence of possible neurological drug protection is very weak and only mannitol, magnesium, and statins can produce some benefit. Inhalational anesthetics and some intravenous seem to have advantages, but more studies would be needed to test their long-term benefit. Other important parameters to be monitored during these procedures are blood glucose, anemia and coagulation disorders and acid-base balance. The recommended monitoring is common in complex cardiovascular procedures and it is of special importance the neurological monitoring that can be performed with several techniques, although currently the most used are Bispectral Index (BIS) and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). It is also essential to monitor the temperature routinely at the nasopharyngeal and bladder level and it is important to control coagulation with rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrián González Alvarez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central University Hospital of Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Blanca Pérez-Lozano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central University Hospital of Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kotha VK, Herget EJ, Appoo JJ. Complications at the Proximal Landing Zone of Endovascular Stent Grafts Deployed in Surgically Replaced Ascending Aorta. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 102:1490-1497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
20
|
Lindsay H, Srinivas C, Djaiani G. Neuroprotection during aortic surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2016; 30:283-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
21
|
Canaud L, Ozdemir BA, Alric P. The Provisional Extension To Induce Complete Attachment (PETTICOAT) technique to promote distal aortic remodelling in repair of acute DeBakey type I aortic dissection: is the best the enemy of the good? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 50:153-4. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezv492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
22
|
Czerny M, Schoenhoff F, Etz C, Englberger L, Khaladj N, Zierer A, Weigang E, Hoffmann I, Blettner M, Carrel TP. The Impact of Pre-Operative Malperfusion on Outcome in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection: Results From the GERAADA Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:2628-2635. [PMID: 26088302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malperfusion adversely affects outcomes in patients with acute type A aortic dissection, but reliable quantitative data are lacking. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of various forms of malperfusion on early outcome. METHODS A total of 2,137 consecutive patients enrolled in GERAADA (German Registry for Acute Aortic Dissection Type A) who underwent surgery between 2006 and 2010, of whom 717 (33.6%) had any kind of pre-operative malperfusion, were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS All-cause 30-day mortality was 16.9% and varied substantially according to the number of organ systems affected by malperfusion (none, 12.6%; 1 system, 21.3%; 2 systems, 30.9%; 3 systems, 43.4%; p < 0.001). Pre-operative cerebral malperfusion, comatose state, peripheral malperfusion, visceral malperfusion, involvement of supra-aortic branches, coronary malperfusion, and renal malperfusion were all independent predictors of developing any post-operative malperfusion syndrome. When survival was considered, age, peripheral malperfusion, involvement of supra-aortic branches, coronary malperfusion, spinal malperfusion, a primary entry in the descending aorta, and pre-operative comatose state were independent predictors, again with increasing significance. CONCLUSIONS Malperfusion remains a severe clinical condition with strong potential for adverse outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for acute type A aortic dissection. The GERAADA registry suggests that the impact of the number of organs involved and the type of malperfusion on outcome differs substantially. Introducing an appropriate classification system, such as "complicated" and uncomplicated" acute type A aortic dissection, might help predict individual risk as well as select a surgical strategy that may quickly resolve malperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Czerny
- University Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Bad Krozingen, Germany.
| | - Florian Schoenhoff
- University Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Etz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars Englberger
- University Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nawid Khaladj
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Zierer
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ernst Weigang
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Clinic Hubertus Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabell Hoffmann
- Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thierry P Carrel
- University Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Weiner MM, Wicker J, Fischer GW, Adams DH, Bronster D, Evans AS, Murkin JM, Grocott HP. CASE 5–2015. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2015; 29:791-6. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
25
|
Squiers JJ, Arsalan M, Lima B, DiMaio JM. Cerebral protection during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest: Can a molecular approach via microRNA inhibition improve on a millennia-old strategy? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 150:684-6. [PMID: 26070833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John J Squiers
- Department of Epidemiology, Baylor Healthcare System, Dallas, Tex
| | - Mani Arsalan
- The Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Baylor Healthcare System, Plano, Tex; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Clinic Heart Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Brian Lima
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Healthcare System, Dallas, Tex
| | - J Michael DiMaio
- Department of Epidemiology, Baylor Healthcare System, Dallas, Tex; The Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Baylor Healthcare System, Plano, Tex.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Estrera AL. Acute type A aortic dissection: have we reached our limit? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 44:947-8. [PMID: 23686504 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Estrera
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Memorial Hermann Heart and Vascular Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|