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Fang W, Zhang J, Chen E, Ying K. H-marker via bronchoscopy under LungPro navigation combined with cone-beam computed tomography for locating multiple pulmonary ground-glass nodules: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e39805. [PMID: 39312327 PMCID: PMC11419563 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000039805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGNs) pose challenges in intraoperative localization due to their primarily nonsolid composition. This report highlights a novel approach using H-marker deployment guided by LungPro navigation combined with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for precise localization of multiple GGNs. PATIENT CONCERNS A 55-year-old female patient presented at Sir-Run-Run-Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, in June 2021, requiring thoracoscopic surgery for the management of multiple GGNs in her right lung. She had a recent history of thoracoscopic wedge resection for a lesion in her lower left lung 3 months prior. DIAGNOSES Computed tomography scans revealed the presence of 3 mixed GGNs in the right lung, with further confirmation identifying these as solitary pulmonary nodules, necessitating surgical intervention. INTERVENTIONS The patient underwent thoracoscopic surgery, during which the multiple nodules in her right lung were precisely localized utilizing an H-marker implanted bronchoscopically under the guidance of LungPro navigation technology, with CBCT providing additional confirmation of nodule positioning. This innovative combination of technologies facilitated accurate targeting of the lesions. OUTCOMES Postoperative histopathological analysis confirmed the nodules to be microinvasive adenocarcinomas. Radiographic examination with chest X-rays demonstrated satisfactory lung expansion, indicating effective lung function preservation following the procedure. Follow-up assessments have shown no evidence of tumor recurrence, suggesting successful treatment. LESSONS The employment of H-marker implantation guided by the LungPro navigation system with CBCT confirmation presents a feasible and efficacious strategy for localizing multiple pulmonary GGNs. To further validate its clinical utility and safety, large-scale, multicenter, prospective studies are warranted. This approach holds promise in enhancing the precision and outcomes of surgeries involving GGNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlan Fang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir-Run-Run-Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Deqing People’s Hospital, Deqing, China
| | - Jisong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir-Run-Run-Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Enguo Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir-Run-Run-Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kejing Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir-Run-Run-Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Libor L, Pécsy B, Szűcs E, Lantos J, Bakos A, Lázár G, Furák J. Effect of transbronchial or intravenous administration of indocyanine green on resection margins during near-infrared-guided segmentectomy: a review. Front Surg 2024; 11:1430100. [PMID: 39011052 PMCID: PMC11246956 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2024.1430100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
For early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, surgical resection remains the best treatment option. Currently, sublobar resection, including segmentectomy, is recommended in these cases, as it provides a better quality of life with the same oncological outcomes; however, is requires adequate resection margins. Accurate preoperative planning and proper identification of the intersegmental planes during thoracic surgery are crucial for ensuring precise surgical management and adequate resection margins. Three dimensional computed tomography reconstruction and near-infrared-guided intersegmental plane identification can greatly facilitate the surgical procedures. Three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction can simulate both the resection and resection margins. Indocyanine green is one of the most frequently used and affordable fluorophores. There are two ways to identify the intersegmental planes using indocyanine green: intravenous and transbronchial administration. Intravenous application is simple; however, its effectiveness may be affected by underlying lung disease, and it requires the isolation of segmental structures before administration. Transbronchial use requires appropriate bronchoscopic skills and preoperative planning; however, it also allows for delineation deep in the parenchyma and can be used for complex segmentectomies. Both methods can be used to ensure adequate resection margins and, therefore, achieve the correct oncological radicality of the surgical procedure. Here, we summarise these applications and provide an overview of their different possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Libor
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pécsy
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Evelin Szűcs
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Lantos
- Department of Neurology, Bács-Kiskun County Hospital, Kecskemet, Hungary
| | - Annamária Bakos
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Lázár
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Furák
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Hsu WC, Chen KA, Pan KT, Chang PC, Wu CF, Fu JY, Hsieh MJ, Liu YH, Wu CY. Safety and feasibility comparison between three different CT-guided localization techniques under systemic approach algorithm. Eur J Radiol 2024; 172:111322. [PMID: 38295549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the era of lung cancer screening, more and more sub-centimeter indeterminate lung lesions are being identified. It is difficult to approach these lesions and obtain tissue to confirm diagnosis. CT-guided navigation followed by surgical resection is the best way to overcome this difficulty. The aim of this study is to compare the safety and feasibility of wire and dye-tattoo CT-guided localization techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS From September 2019 to August 2021, 418 patients who presented with single lung lesion and received single CT-guided localization were included in this study. Procedure details, navigation results, and related complications were compared. RESULTS For patients who received wire localization, majority (98.3 %) had perihilar lesions. In addition, 68 (57.1 %) patients received tangential approach because of lesions were blocked by bony or vital structure, abutting major fissure, or previous approach failure. The characteristics of lesion location was quite different than dye-tattooing technique (p = 0.033). As regards persistence of the target lesion localization, the interval between localization and surgery using ICG tattooing was 829.0 ± 552.9 min; much longer than the other two navigation techniques (p < 0.0001). As regards safety, patients who received wire localization had a higher rate of pneumothorax (p = 0.042) and pulmonary hemorrhage (p < 0.001) than the dye-tattooing techniques. DISCUSSION CT-guided navigation techniques are safe and feasible. Wire localization is suitable for centrally located lesions but the wire needs to be fixed properly and symptomatic pneumothorax monitored for. Dye-tattooing is more suitable for peripheral lesions, while ICG localization persists longer than other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Hsu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-An Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Tse Pan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Wu
- Chang Gung University, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ying Fu
- Chang Gung University, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Chang Gung University, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hen Liu
- Chang Gung University, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yang Wu
- Chang Gung University, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.
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Nagano M, Sato M. Ten-Year Outcome and Development of Virtual-Assisted Lung Mapping in Thoracic Surgery. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071971. [PMID: 37046632 PMCID: PMC10093148 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual-assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP) is a preoperative bronchoscopic multispot dye-marking technique used in sublobar lung resection of barely palpable lung nodules. This review summarizes the history and outcomes of the VAL-MAP procedure. VAL-MAP was developed in 2012, and long-term outcomes of lung resection using VAL-MAP have recently been verified. Problems associated with conventional VAL-MAP include a prerequisite of post-mapping computed tomography (CT), occasional inability to see dye marks during surgery, and infrequent resection failure due to deep resection margins; various techniques have been developed to address these issues. VAL-MAP using electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy with on-site adjustment can omit post-mapping CT. The use of indocyanine green in VAL-MAP has increased the success rate of marking detection during surgery without causing additional complications. VAL-MAP 2.0—a three-dimensional mapping technique that involves the intrabronchial placement of a microcoil—has increased the accuracy of sublobar resection, particularly for deeply located tumors. Although these promising new techniques have some limitations, they are beneficial for sublobar lung resection.
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Chang SS, Yokomise H, Yokota N, Yoshida C, Katoh A, Misaki N, Go T. Dual Image Navigation to Secure Surgical Margins in Thoracoscopic Segmentectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:843-849. [PMID: 36183016 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) segmentectomy is being increasingly used for the management of non-small cell lung cancer. For non-palpable lesions, surgeons frequently find difficulty in ensuring a sufficient surgical resection margin. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of intraoperative dual image navigation in combination with the infrared thoracoscopy with intravenous injection of indocyanine green (IRT-ICG) method and intraoperative computed tomography (CT) in detecting oncological margins. METHODS This study involved 34 consecutive patients who underwent both IRT-ICG and intraoperative CT-assisted thoracoscopic segmentectomy between October 2017 and July 2021. The intersegmental line on the visceral pleura was visualized using the IRT-ICG method. The intersegmental line was marked by clipping, and an intraoperative CT scan was performed under bilateral lung ventilation. Intraoperative CT or three-dimensional CT reconstruction images were used by surgeons to confirm the correct anatomic segmental border and to secure a sufficient resection margin. RESULTS A well-defined intersegmental line was observed in 91.2% of patients. In eight cases, the surgeon needed to make some modifications to the resection line to secure a sufficient surgical margin. The mean surgical margin assessed on gross examination by the pathologist was 23.4 ± 9.0 mm. Complete resection was achieved in all patients using this approach. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative dual image navigation combined with the IRT-ICG method and intraoperative CT scan enables surgeons to perform definitive VATS segmentectomy for non-palpable lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Soo Chang
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroyasu Yokomise
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Naoya Yokota
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshida
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ayumu Katoh
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Misaki
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Go
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
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Bronchoscopy-guided removal of intrabronchial coil migration after coil embolization of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Radiol Case Rep 2022; 17:3410-3414. [PMID: 35899085 PMCID: PMC9309579 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations develop in approximately 50% of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are often treated with coil embolization therapy. We report a case of a 45-year-old female with multiple pulmonary arteriovenous malformations due to underlying hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia who had undergone 14 coil embolization procedures over 16 years. She presented with sudden onset severe, unremitting, nonproductive cough from a foreign body sensation in the airway. Computed tomography of the chest demonstrated a metallic foreign body extending from the left lower lobe of the lung into the left mainstem bronchus and trachea. Bronchoscopy-guided removal of the foreign body revealed an intact embolization coil placed 8 years prior to presentation had partially migrated through the vessel and airway walls into the airway lumen, extending from the left lower lobe bronchus to the left mainstem bronchus. Coil migration is a rare, but potentially dangerous, complication of coil embolization therapy.
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Xu J, Si T, Zheng M, Guan J, Li Z, Xu Z. CT guided autologous blood localization of pulmonary ground glass nodules for video assisted thoracoscopic surgery compared to micro-coil localization. J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 17:183. [PMID: 35982487 PMCID: PMC9386912 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-01934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate feasibility and safety of autologous blood in preoperative computed tomography (CT)-guided localization of pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGNs) by comparing to mico-coil prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. METHODS Clinical data of patients with GGNs who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery followed by preoperative CT-guided autologous blood or micro-coil localization was retrospectively reviewed in our department between September 2019 and November 2021. The localization duration, localization success rate, localization-related complication, localization cost, operation time, and conversion rate were compared between the 2 localization groups. RESULTS Totally 65 patients with 65 GGNs were included in our study, with 34 patients in autologous blood group (group B) and 31 patients in micro-coil group (group M). There is no conversion to thoracotomy. The age, sex, nodule location, diameter of nodule and distance from the pleura between the 2 groups were statistically comparable. Compared with group M, group B had similar localization success rate (94.1% vs 83.9%, P = 0.183) but shorter localization time (14.50 ± 2.61 min vs 16.35 ± 2.30 min, P = 0.004), lower cost ($92.4 ± 3.2 vs $475.6 ± 8.5, P = 0.001), and lower incidence of puncture complications (3.0% vs 19.3%, P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS The autologous blood localization is an effective and more economical method for preoperative GGNs localization, and is associated with fewer complications compared to micro-coil localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, The First Hospital of Putian, No. 449 Nanmenxi Road, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Tingting Si
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Maohua Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Mindong Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 89, Heshan Street, Ningde, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Guan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, The First Hospital of Putian, No. 449 Nanmenxi Road, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Zhiyang Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, The First Hospital of Putian, No. 449 Nanmenxi Road, Putian, 351100, China.
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Wang Z, Yang F, Zhao X, Mi J, Sun L, Kang N, Jiang G, Yang F, Li Y, Zhou J. Outcome of Near-infrared Fluorescence-navigated Pulmonary Metastasectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 62:6575890. [PMID: 35485744 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezac270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pulmonary metastasectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is suitable in highly selected patients. However, complete resection is challenging in HCC patients with multiple lung metastases. We aimed to describe the clinical utility and survival outcome of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence-navigated resection of HCC lung metastases. METHODS From October 2015 to March 2021, 15 HCC patients with pulmonary metastasis underwent NIR fluorescence imaging thoracoscopic surgery. ICG was administered through peripheral veins preoperatively. All suspected lesions detected by palpation, white-light thoracoscopy or near-infrared (NIR) imaging were resected. After metastasectomy, all patients were followed up at regular intervals of 6-12 months. RESULTS A total of 90 metastatic HCC nodules were resected in 15 patients. All patients received sublobar resections, during which 89 lesions were removed by wedge resection and 1 lesion was managed via segmentectomy. Under NIR fluorescence imaging, 81 nodules successfully demonstrated fluorescence during the surgery, while 9 metastatic nodules were undetected. The median signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of the nodules was 3.34. Five patients died and 7 patients relapsed by the end of observation. The median overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 47.1 months and 17.3 months, respectively. The 1-year OS and DFS rates were 71.1% and 57.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS ICG fluorescence imaging technology is useful for visualization of the peripheral tumours to assist in pulmonary metastasectomy for HCC. In addition, this technology has the potential to detect the small tumour that are missed in preoperative examinations, which might be beneficial for HCC patients with multiple lung metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jiahui Mi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Nan Kang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Guanchao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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Sato M, Kobayashi M, Sakamoto J, Fukai R, Takizawa H, Shinohara S, Kojima F, Sakurada A, Nakajima J. The role of virtual-assisted lung mapping 2.0 combining microcoils and dye marks in deep lung resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 164:243-251.e5. [PMID: 34654560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Virtual-assisted lung mapping 2.0 is a novel preoperative bronchoscopic lung mapping technique combining the multiple dye marks of conventional virtual-assisted lung mapping with intrabronchial microcoils to navigate thoracoscopic deep lung resection. This study's purpose was to evaluate the feasibility of virtual-assisted lung mapping 2.0 in resecting deeply located pulmonary nodules with adequate margins. METHODS A multicenter, prospective single-arm study was performed from 2019 to 2020 in 8 institutions. The selection criteria were barely identifiable nodules requiring sublobar lung resections, nodules requiring resection lines reaching the inner 2/3 of the pulmonary lobe on computed tomography images in wedge resection, or the nodule center located in the inner 2/3 of the pulmonary lobe in wedge resection or segmentectomy. Resection margins larger than 2 cm or the nodule diameter were considered successful resection. Bronchoscopic placement of multiple dye marks and microcoil(s) was conducted 0 to 2 days before surgery. RESULTS We analyzed 65 lesions in 64 patients. The diameter and depth of the targeted nodules and the minimum required resection depth reported as median (interquartile range) were 9 (7-13) mm, 11 (5-15) mm, and 30 (25-35) mm, respectively. Among 60 wedge resections and 5 segmentectomies, successful resection was achieved in 64 of 65 resections (98.5%; 95% confidence interval, 91.7-100). Among 75 microcoils placed, 3 showed major displacement after bronchoscopic placement. There were no severe adverse events associated with the virtual-assisted lung mapping procedure. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that virtual-assisted lung mapping 2.0 can facilitate successful resections for deep pulmonary nodules, overcoming the limitations of conventional virtual-assisted lung mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masashi Kobayashi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Sakamoto
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Fukai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takizawa
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery, and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinji Shinohara
- The Second Department of Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Fumitsugu Kojima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Sakurada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Nakajima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Eguchi T, Sato T, Shimizu K. Technical Advances in Segmentectomy for Lung Cancer: A Minimally Invasive Strategy for Deep, Small, and Impalpable Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3137. [PMID: 34201652 PMCID: PMC8268648 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increased detection of early-stage lung cancer and the technical advancement of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in the field of thoracic surgery, lung segmentectomy using MIS, including video- and robot-assisted thoracic surgery, has been widely adopted. However, lung segmentectomy can be technically challenging for thoracic surgeons due to (1) complex segmental and subsegmental anatomy with frequent anomalies, and (2) difficulty in localizing deep, small, and impalpable tumors, leading to difficulty in obtaining adequate margins. In this review, we summarize the published evidence and discuss key issues related to MIS segmentectomy, focusing on preoperative planning/simulation and intraoperative tumor localization. We also demonstrate two of our techniques: (1) three-dimensional computed tomography (3DCT)-based resection planning using a novel 3DCT processing software, and (2) tumor localization using a novel radiofrequency identification technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Eguchi
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
| | - Toshihiko Sato
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast, Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan;
| | - Kimihiro Shimizu
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
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Yang SM, Yu KL, Lin KH, Liu YL, Sun SE, Meng LH, Ko HJ. Localization of Small Pulmonary Nodules Using Augmented Fluoroscopic Bronchoscopy: Experience from 100 Consecutive Cases. World J Surg 2021; 44:2418-2425. [PMID: 32095854 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We developed augmented fluoroscopic bronchoscopy (AFB) for the localization of small pulmonary nodules. Here, we review the results of 100 consecutive cases of AFB localization performed in our institute in order to evaluate its efficacy, safety, and procedural details. METHODS This study was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Between July 2018 and September 2019, a total of 100 patients with 124 small lung nodules underwent AFB localization with dye marking and/or microcoil placement. All localizations were performed in a cone-beam computed tomography examination room followed by thoracoscopic resection within 3 days. RESULTS The mean nodule size was 9.7 mm, and the mean distance from the pleural space was 18.6 mm. Sixty-three patients received dye marking only, and 37 patients received microcoil placement with/without additional dye marking. The mean bronchoscopy duration was 10.4 min, and the mean fluoroscopy duration was 3.4 min. The mean radiation exposure (expressed as the dose-area product) was 3140.8 μGy × m2. The AFB procedures were successful in 94 patients [augmented fluoroscopy discrepancy (n = 2), incomplete C-arm confirmation (n = 3), microcoil unlooping (n = 1)]; of those, 91 received successful marker-guided resection [invisible dye (n = 2), failed nodule resection with first wedge (n = 1)]. The mean length of postoperative stay and chest drainage was 4.2 and 2.9 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The AFB technique is a safe and reproducible alternative for localizing small pulmonary nodules, and various localization strategies can be implemented for different nodule locations and resection plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Mao Yang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, No. 25, Lane 442, Sec.1, Jingguo Rd., Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lun Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsien Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Lun Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shao-En Sun
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Hsuan Meng
- Department of Advanced Therapy, Siemens Healthineers, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Jang Ko
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, No. 25, Lane 442, Sec.1, Jingguo Rd., Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan.
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Tanaka N, Waseda R, Saito D, Ohsima M, Matsumoto I, Takemura H. A novel fluorescent lung-marking technique using the photodynamic diagnosis endoscope system and vitamin B2. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2020; 31:853-859. [PMID: 32940688 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivaa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For small pulmonary nodules that are unidentifiable by palpation or in endoscopic surgeries wherein palpation is not feasible, visualizing their location is necessary when performing pulmonary sublobar resection procedures, such as wedge resection or segmentectomy. We invented a new transbronchial lung-marking technique using the photodynamic diagnosis endoscope system and vitamin B2 and examined its feasibility and safety via porcine studies. METHODS We established the marking procedure in pigs and examined the marking clarity and size, fluorescence intensity and duration and possible complications. In another study, sublobar resection for virtual target lesions was performed in pigs based on the fluorescent markings. The procedure duration, marking visibility, surgical margin from the lesions and technique-related complications were assessed. RESULTS All 36 markings in 6 pigs were identifiable and were widely distributed over the right lung. The median diameter and fluorescence intensity at 60 min after marking were 6.0 (5.5-6.7) mm and 137.5 (122-168), respectively. All 18 markings for the 6 virtual target lesions (3 markings for each target) were clearly identified, and all target lesions were found in the resected specimens. The median duration per marking was 244 (194-255) seconds. The shortest median surgical margin from a target lesion was 11.5 (9.3-13.5) mm. No procedure-related complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS This novel transbronchial fluorescent lung-marking technique was useful and safe in sublobar resections for small non-palpable pulmonary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Waseda
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohsima
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Isao Matsumoto
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Takemura
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Yanagiya M, Kawahara T, Ueda K, Yoshida D, Yamaguchi H, Sato M. A meta-analysis of preoperative bronchoscopic marking for pulmonary nodules. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2020; 58:40-50. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Recent studies have suggested the usefulness of preoperative bronchoscopic marking techniques for the localization of pulmonary nodules in thoracic surgery. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative bronchoscopic marking.
METHODS
The PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were searched for clinical studies evaluating preoperative bronchoscopic marking for pulmonary resection. Non-comparative and random effects model-based meta-analyses were conducted to calculate the pooled success and complication rates of bronchoscopic marking.
RESULTS
Twenty-five eligible studies were included. Among these, 15 studies conducted dye marking under electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy, 4 used virtual-assisted lung mapping and 7 used other marking methods. The overall pooled successful marking rate, successful resection rate and complete resection rate were 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95–0.99], 0.98 (95% CI 0.96–1.00) and 1.00 (95% CI 1.00–1.00), respectively. The overall pooled rates of pleural injury and pulmonary haemorrhage were 0.02 (95% CI 0.01–0.05) and 0.00 (95% CI 0.00–0.00), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This meta-analysis demonstrated that bronchoscopic marking is very safe and effective. Bronchoscopic marking should be considered, especially if there are concerns about the safety of other localization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yanagiya
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kawahara
- Biostatistics Division, Clinical Research Support Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Ueda
- Management Division, Clinical Research Support Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hirokazu Yamaguchi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Sato M. Precise sublobar lung resection for small pulmonary nodules: localization and beyond. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 68:684-691. [PMID: 31654291 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-019-01232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early-stage primary lung cancer is increasingly detected by computed tomographic (CT) screening and the radicality of sublobar lung resection (wedge resection and segmentectomy) has been suggested. However, identification of a tumor intraoperatively becomes more difficult, the earlier a nodule is detected. A solution to this challenge is localization techniques. There are many techniques to localize small pulmonary nodules, including that replacing surgeon's tactile sensation, visualizing the tumor using ultrasound, and various types of lung markings that are placed percutaneously under CT guidance or bronchoscopically. The most commonly used technique is CT-guided placement of a hookwire, but there are concerns about potentially fatal air embolism. Bronchoscopic localization, especially using electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy with or without intraoperative cone-beam CT imaging, has been increasingly reported. Beyond localization, the concept of lung "mapping" is emerging. In sublobar lung resection, in addition to localization of the targeted tumor, acquisition of sufficient resection margins is critical to prevent local recurrence. Virtual-assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP) has evolved from bronchoscopic dye localization, but by placing multiple dye marks, it provides two-dimensional geometric information on the lung. Moreover, to ensure deep resection margins, the newly developed technique of VAL-MAP 2.0 combining dye marks and intrabronchial placement of a microcoil enables three-dimensional lung mapping. This allows for intraoperative navigation of lung resection under a fluoroscope. Development of this field, such as using a new technology of augmented reality, will further enhance the accuracy and convenience of lung resection in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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15
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Ueda K, Uemura Y, Sato M. Protocol for the VAL-MAP 2.0 trial: a multicentre, single-arm, phase III trial to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual-assisted lung mapping by bronchoscopic dye injection and microcoil implementation in patients with small pulmonary nodules in Japan. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028018. [PMID: 31488472 PMCID: PMC6731790 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumour localisation is important for successful resection of lung nodules with optimal resection margins in sublobar resection. Virtual-assisted bronchoscopic localisation technique combined with dye marking and microcoil placement (VAL-MAP 2.0) is a minimally invasive, virtual-assisted, bronchoscopic technique that combines dye marking and microcoil implementation. As indwelling microcoils can provide information on the depth from the lung surface, they can be applied for deeply located small lung tumours that are barely identifiable by surface dye marking. This proposed study will examine the effectiveness of VAL-MAP 2.0 in patients with small pulmonary nodules. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a multicentre, prospective, single-arm, clinical trial. A total of 65 patients will be registered to undergo VAL-MAP 2.0 followed by thoracoscopic surgery. The primary outcome is successful resection, defined as resection of the lesion with optimal resection margins. The goal of the study is the achievement of a successful resection rate of 80%. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the Clinical Research Review Boards of the University of Tokyo (approval number 218 003SP) for all institutes, and the Technical Review Board for Advanced Medicine Category B of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Results of the primary and secondary endpoints will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER jRCTs031180099.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ueda
- Regulatory strategy Division,Clinical Research Support Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Uemura
- Biostatistics Division, Clinical Research Support Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Sato M, Nagayama K, Kobayashi M, Nakajima J. Virtual-Assisted Lung Mapping 2.0: Preoperative Bronchoscopic Three-Dimensional Lung Mapping. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 108:269-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ko KH, Huang TW, Lee SC, Chang WC, Gao HW, Hsu HH. A simple and efficient method to perform preoperative pulmonary nodule localization: CT-guided patent blue dye injection. Clin Imaging 2019; 58:74-79. [PMID: 31279987 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of computed tomography (CT)-guided localization with the injection of a low dose of patent blue dye (PBD) for the thoracoscopic resection of pulmonary nodules. MATERIALS AND METHODS Overall, 125 consecutive patients underwent CT-guided localization with injection of a lower dose of PBD between June 2015 and June 2016. The total injection dose relative to the distance between nodules and the visceral pleura was recorded. The clinical and radiological characteristics, technical details, pathological results and procedure-related complications were reviewed. RESULTS A total of 137 indeterminate pulmonary nodules were identified. The mean nodule size was 9.5 (3.0-22.0) mm. The mean injection dose of PBD relative to the distance between nodules and the visceral pleura was classified as follows: 0.07 ml: <1 cm, 0.1 ml: 1-2 cm and 0.18 ml: >2 cm. The mean time of CT-guided localization was 16.5 (10-50) min. The mean time interval from localization to surgery was 188 (24-1440) min. Pneumothorax developed in 50 patients (40%), and focal parenchymal hemorrhage occurred in 16 patients (12.8%) after localization. No patient required chest tube placement or emergent resuscitation. The success rate of dye marking was 98.5% (135/137). Malignancies, including 82 lung cancers, were diagnosed in 97 nodules (70.8%). CONCLUSION The injection of a lower dose PBD based on the distance to the visceral pleura can be successful with nodular localization and may facilitate thoracoscopic surgery, even in cases with a long interval from localization to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsiung Ko
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsai-Wang Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Chun Lee
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Chou Chang
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Gao
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsian-He Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy Localization Versus Percutaneous CT-Guided Localization for Lung Resection via Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery: A Propensity-Matched Study. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030379. [PMID: 30889927 PMCID: PMC6463081 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An ideal preoperative localization method is essential for the resection of small and deep-seated pulmonary nodules by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the era of low-dose computed tomography (CT) screening. This study describes a new localization method using electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) and compares it against conventional percutaneous CT-guided methods. Methods: Between January 2016 and May 2018, 18 consecutive patients with a total of 27 pulmonary nodules underwent ENB localization using patent blue vital dye before thoracoscopy for lung resection at the National Taiwan University Hospital. Over the same period, 268 patients had a total of 325 pulmonary nodules localized by a CT-guided method. Propensity analysis was applied to minimize bias during comparison. Results: Patients were selected using a propensity-score based process, matched for potential risk factors for localization failure, to ensure equal potential prognostic factors in both groups. After matching, the ENB group had 15 patients with a total of 24 pulmonary nodules, and the CT group had 30 patients with 48 pulmonary nodules. No major procedure-related complications occurred in either group. The target pulmonary nodule was not successfully localized for one patient in the ENB group and three in the CT group. The lesions were fully excised after conversion to mini-thoracotomy. Pathological examination confirmed the accuracy of the dye staining. Analysis found a non-significant difference in the success rate of these two localization methods. However, the following parameters were significantly different: interval between localization to surgery, global time, and rate of pneumothorax (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In the era of minimally invasive surgery, surgeons need an efficient one-step way to manage pulmonary nodules. Patent blue vital injection with ENB guidance in the operating room is a new, effective approach to localize small, deep-seated and non-palpable pulmonary lesions, comparable with CT-guided localization.
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Kawakita N, Takizawa H, Sawada T, Matsumoto D, Tsuboi M, Toba H, Yoshida M, Kawakami Y, Kondo K, Tangoku A. Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging for resection of pulmonary metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:944-949. [PMID: 31019784 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Indocyanine green (ICG) accumulates in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and tumor fluorescence can be observed under irradiation with near infrared light (NIR). This study investigated the clinical utility of ICG fluorescence imaging during resection of pulmonary metastases of HCC. Methods From April 2010 to June 2018, six patients with suspected pulmonary metastasis of HCC were enrolled prospectively. Prior to surgery, all patients underwent the ICG hepatic function test following intravenous administration of ICG (0.5 mg/kg body weight). During surgery, metastatic HCC was identified by observation of ICG fluorescence, allowing assessment of the surgical margin. Tumor fluorescence was also evaluated on cut sections. Results A total of 11 metastatic HCCs were resected in six patients at nine operations. Eight lesions were removed by wedge resection and 3 lesions were managed by lobectomy. During surgery, tumor fluorescence could be confirmed through the visceral pleura in 6 out of 7 lesions treated by wedge resection, while NIR irradiation was difficult for 1 lesion. For these 6 lesions, the median distance from the tumor to the visceral pleura and the median surgical margin were 0 mm (range, 0-2 mm) and 14 mm (range, 11-17 mm), respectively. When cut sections were examined, all tumors emitted fluorescence. All lesions were histologically confirmed to be metastatic HCC. Conclusions In patients with pulmonary metastasis of HCC, ICG fluorescence imaging is useful for identifying the tumor and securing its margin when the lesion is peripheral and wedge resection is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kawakita
- Department of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takizawa
- Department of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toru Sawada
- Department of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsumoto
- Department of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Toba
- Department of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Yoshida
- Department of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yukikiyo Kawakami
- Department of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kondo
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akira Tangoku
- Department of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Sato M, Murayama T, Nakajima J. Concepts and techniques: how to determine and identify the appropriate target segment in anatomical pulmonary segmentectomy? J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:972-986. [PMID: 31019788 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.02.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anatomical segmentectomy is gathering increasing interest among thoracic surgeons because of increased detection of pulmonary nodules with ground-glass opacity (GGO) as well as an increase in the number of compromised patients. Accurate determination of intersegmental planes is a challenge in anatomical segmentectomy, and multiple methods have been proposed including developing inflation/deflation lines and injecting indocyanine green either intravenously or intrabronchially. Considering resection margins, adding a localization technique to conventional methods, or conducting virtual-assisted lung mapping (bronchoscopic multi-spot dye marking) may be an optional approach for optimal anatomical segmentectomy to identify intersegmental planes and obtain adequate resection margins. To determine optimal resection lines in anatomical segmentectomy, surgeons must also consider oncological validity such as venous and lymph drainage, resection margins, and lung anatomy to avoid complications such as venous congestion, infarction, and air leakage. Although anatomical segmentectomy is an attractive approach to resect small early-stage lung cancer and some metastatic lung tumors, caution is needed to optimally perform this technically demanding surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Murayama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Nakajima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsai TM, Chiang XH, Liao HC, Tsou KC, Lin MW, Chen KC, Hsu HH, Chen JS. Computed tomography-guided dye localization for deeply situated pulmonary nodules in thoracoscopic surgery. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:31. [PMID: 30854384 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.01.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Increased lung cancer screening of asymptomatic adults using low-dose computed tomography (CT) with high-resolution imaging modalities has increased the identification of small and deeply situated pulmonary nodules. This study aimed to evaluate the role of preoperative patient blue vital (PBV) dye localization for an undiagnosed nodule deeply situated in the lung parenchyma followed by minimally invasive lung resection. Methods From July 2013 to December 2016, 27 consecutive patients (16 women, median age: 62 years) with small undiagnosed pulmonary nodules at a depth of more than 30 mm underwent preoperative CT-guided PBV dye localization followed by thoracoscopic diagnostic resection of the nodule at National Taiwan University Hospital. The clinical characteristics were collected retrospectively to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the procedure. Results The median size of pulmonary nodule in preoperative CT images was 11 mm with a median depth of 31.6 mm (range, 30.0-48.6 mm). Of the 27 nodules, 8 were pure ground-glass nodules, 3 were pure solid nodules, and 16 were partially solid nodules. The diagnostic yield of CT-guided dye localization following diagnostic wedge resection was 100%. The final pathological diagnoses were: primary adenocarcinoma of the lung (n=20), adenocarcinoma in situ (n=1), and benign nodules (n=6). Only asymptomatic complications were noted after localization, and the median hospital stay was 3 days [interquartile range (IQR), 3-4 days]. All of 21 patients were cancer-free after a median follow-up of 39.0 months (IQR, 29.5-50.0 months). Conclusions This study indicated that preoperative, percutaneous CT-guided PBV dye localization for undiagnosed nodules at a depth of more than 30 mm could be a safe and feasible procedure. Furthermore, it was considerably advantageous for preserving the lung parenchyma, especially for benign nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Ming Tsai
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xu-Heng Chiang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chi Liao
- Department of Traumatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Mong-Wei Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Cheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsao-Hsun Hsu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shing Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kitano K, Sato M. Latest update about virtual-assisted lung mapping in thoracic surgery. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:36. [PMID: 30854389 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.12.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Virtual-assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP) is a preoperative bronchoscopic multi-spot dye-marking technique using virtual images developed to assist in navigational lung resection. The technique of VAL-MAP has been shown to be safe and effective surgical assistive tool for performing pulmonary sublobar resections. The technique is applicable for treating multiple small pulmonary lesions that are hardly palpable including ground glass nodules (GGNs). It also may help shorten surgical duration in wedge resection cases. Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) may eliminate the need for post-mapping computed tomography (CT) scans in logistically challenged situations. In the most recent, multicenter prospective single-arm study, conventional VAL-MAP had reasonable efficacy for obtaining good surgical margin in pulmonary sublobar resections, although the successful resection rate did not reach the primary goal most significantly due to deep resection margins. The technique of VAL-MAP in combination with microcoil may be the next step to acquire better surgical margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kitano
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Huang YH, Chen KC, Chen JS. Ultrasound for intraoperative localization of lung nodules during thoracoscopic surgery. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:37. [PMID: 30854390 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.01.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In low-dose CT screening era, an ideal preoperative localization method is essential for resection of small and deep-seated pulmonary nodules by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). This article focuses on intraoperative ultrasonography localization method during thoracoscopy. Performing ultrasonography intraoperatively is a real-time and alternative approach to localize small, non-visible and non-palpable pulmonary lesions without injury to lung parenchyma. Its widespread usage has been limited due to the air in the lung parenchyma; however, its application can be useful in some conditions with guidance to find the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Cheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shing Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sato M. All things are created twice: the importance of planning and reproduction in sublobar lung resection. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:S3200-S3202. [PMID: 30370112 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Tokunaga Y, Chang SS, Kita Y, Okamoto T. Intraoperative computed tomography after tumor marking with metal clips for non-palpable lung tumors. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:4094-4100. [PMID: 30174853 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Locating small, non-palpable lung tumors during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is difficult. In this paper, we report a simple method to identify such tumors during VATS, using intraoperative computed tomography (IO-CT). Methods From 2015 to 2017, we performed IO-CT scans for patients who preoperatively seemed to have non-palpable lung tumors. We initially tried to locate these tumors by finger palpation through the thoracoscopic ports. IO-CT scans were performed after marking tumors with metal clips. However, difficult-to-palpate tumors were marked by initially locating the intercostal muscle from preoperative CT. Metal clips were applied just under the intercostal muscle, and IO-CT scans were performed. After locating the tumor in relationship to the marking clips, patients would undergo wedge resections during VATS, using surgical staplers. Results We used this procedure on 21 tumors in 18 patients, including 9 non-palpable tumors and 12 palpable tumors (mean tumor size: 7.3 mm; mean distance from pleura: 6.8 mm). All tumors were identified intraoperatively, and all patients successfully underwent wedge resections during VATS, with no intra-postoperative complications. Conclusion IO-CT scans after tumor marking with metal clips during VATS can accurately locate non-palpable small sized lung tumors. IO-CT scans should be indicated for tumors that are preoperatively considered to be non-palpable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Tokunaga
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Kochi Health Sciences Center, Kochi 781-8555, Japan
| | - Sung Soo Chang
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Kochi Health Sciences Center, Kochi 781-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kita
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Kochi Health Sciences Center, Kochi 781-8555, Japan
| | - Taku Okamoto
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Kochi Health Sciences Center, Kochi 781-8555, Japan
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Yutaka Y, Sato T, Matsushita K, Aiba H, Muranishi Y, Sakaguchi Y, Sugiura T, Okada M, Nakamura T, Date H. Three-dimensional Navigation for Thoracoscopic Sublobar Resection Using a Novel Wireless Marking System. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018. [PMID: 29530629 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel localization technique for small intrapulmonary lesions using radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology. Micro-RFID markers with nickel-titanium coils were designed to be placed from subsegmental bronchi to the peripheral parenchyma. In this preclinical study, thoracoscopic subsegmentectomy of a canine pseudotumor model was performed to demonstrate the feasibility and three-dimensional positional accuracy of the system. To recover subcentimeter pseudotumors, markers were bronchoscopically placed to determine the resection line: (1) next to the pseudotumor; (2) in the responsible subsegmental bronchi as the central margin; and (3) on the intersubsegmental plane as the lateral margin. Specific marker positions were located by wireless communication using a wand-shaped probe with a 30-mm communication range, with the distance to the marker indicated by gradual changes in sound pitch. Thirty-four markers were placed for 10 pseudotumors (14.6 mm from the pleura) in 10 canines. Three markers were placed at a mean distance of 5.5 mm from the pseudotumors, and 11 central and 20 lateral markers were placed at mean distances of 17.2 and 20.7 mm from the pseudotumors, respectively. Central markers (20.5 mm from the pleura) were detected within 16.0 seconds in 2.9-mm-diameter bronchi. All resection stumps were within 5.4 mm (range 2-8 mm) from each marker, and pseudotumors were removed with adequate surgical margins toward the central (11.5 mm; range 7-16 mm) and lateral (12.4 mm; range 9-17 mm) directions. RFID wireless markers provided precise three-dimensional positional information and are a potential viable alternative to conventional markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yojiro Yutaka
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Institute for Advancement for Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | - Yusuke Muranishi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuto Sakaguchi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadao Sugiura
- The Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Minoru Okada
- The Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Nakamura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Date
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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Kuwata T, Shinohara S, Matsumiya H, Takenaka M, Oka S, Chikaishi Y, Hirai A, Imanishi N, Kuroda K, Tanaka F. Virtual-assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP) shortened surgical time of wedge resection. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:1842-1849. [PMID: 29707338 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.03.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The detection of extremely small lung tumors has increased with the development of computed tomography. Resection of such tumors by thoracoscopy is often hindered due to the unclear location of the tumor. Various methods of preoperative determination of such lesions have been attempted, but without marked success. Here we used virtual-assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP) to perform surgical resection of small lung lesions. Methods We selected patients with pulmonary tumors that we anticipated to be difficult to identify during thoracoscopy and/or decide the resection line for sub-lobar lung resection. The wedge resections in the VAL-MAP group were compared to a group of patients who underwent wedge resection without VAL-MAP in 2013. Results Surgery duration was significantly shorter in the VAL-MAP group (average: 76.4 min) than in the 2013 group (average: 108.6 min; P=0.000451), although the VAL-MAP group (average major axis: 9.6 mm) had smaller tumors (P=0.000032) and more pure ground-glass opacities (GGOs) (P=0.0000919) than the 2013 group (average major axis: 16.6 mm). Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that VAL-MAP is efficacious. In particular, VAL-MAP resulted in a shorter surgery duration and has expanded the indications of resectable lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Kuwata
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shinohara
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsumiya
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masaru Takenaka
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Soichi Oka
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Chikaishi
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Ayako Hirai
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Naoko Imanishi
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Koji Kuroda
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Tanaka
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Kato H, Oizumi H, Suzuki J, Hamada A, Watarai H, Sadahiro M. Thoracoscopic anatomical lung segmentectomy using 3D computed tomography simulation without tumour markings for non-palpable and non-visualized small lung nodules. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2017; 25:434-441. [PMID: 28505359 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although wedge resection can be curative for small lung tumours, tumour marking is sometimes required for resection of non-palpable or visually undetectable lung nodules as a method for identification of tumours. Tumour marking sometimes fails and occasionally causes serious complications. We have performed many thoracoscopic segmentectomies using 3D computed tomography simulation for undetectable small lung tumours without any tumour markings. The aim of this study was to investigate whether thoracoscopic segmentectomy planned with 3D computed tomography simulation could precisely remove non-palpable and visually undetectable tumours. METHODS Between January 2012 and March 2016, 58 patients underwent thoracoscopic segmentectomy using 3D computed tomography simulation for non-palpable, visually undetectable tumours. Surgical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 35, 14 and 9 patients underwent segmentectomy, subsegmentectomy and segmentectomy combined with adjacent subsegmentectomy, respectively. All tumours were correctly resected without tumour marking. The median tumour size and distance from the visceral pleura was 14 ± 5.2 mm (range 5-27 mm) and 11.6 mm (range 1-38.8 mm), respectively. Median values related to the procedures were operative time, 176 min (range 83-370 min); blood loss, 43 ml (range 0-419 ml); duration of chest tube placement, 1 day (range 1-8 days); and postoperative hospital stay, 5 days (range 3-12 days). Two cases were converted to open thoracotomy due to bleeding. Three cases required pleurodesis for pleural fistula. No recurrences occurred during the mean follow-up period of 44.4 months (range 5-53 months). CONCLUSIONS Thoracoscopic segmentectomy using 3D computed tomography simulation was feasible and could be performed to resect undetectable tumours with no tumour markings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Kato
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery 2, Yamagata University, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oizumi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery 2, Yamagata University, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery 2, Yamagata University, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Japan
| | - Akira Hamada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery 2, Yamagata University, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Japan
| | - Hikaru Watarai
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery 2, Yamagata University, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Sadahiro
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery 2, Yamagata University, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Japan
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Localizing small lung lesions in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery via radiofrequency identification marking. Surg Endosc 2016; 31:3353-3362. [PMID: 28008468 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-016-5302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To facilitate accurate localization of small lung lesions in thoracoscopic surgery, we employed a micro-radiofrequency identification tag designed to be delivered through the 2-mm working channel of a flexible bronchoscope. This report presents the results of preclinical studies of our novel localizing technique in a canine model. METHODS To evaluate functional placement, three types of tags [Group A, tag alone (n = 18); Group B, tag + resin anchor (n = 15); and Group C, tag + NiTi coil anchor (n = 15)] were bronchoscopically placed in subpleural areas and subsegmental bronchi via our new delivery device; tags were examined radiographically on days 0-7 and day 14. In addition, eight tags, which were placed at a mean depth of 13.3 mm (range 9-15.7 mm) from visceral pleura in bronchi with a mean diameter of 1.46 mm (range 0.9-2.3 mm), were recovered by partial lung resection under video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery using a 13.56-MHz wand-shaped probe with a 30-mm communication range. RESULTS Peripheral airway placement: Group C had a significantly higher retention rate than the other two groups (retention rate at day 14: Group A, 11.1 %; Group B, 26.7 %; Group C, 100.0 %; P < 0.0001). Central airway placement: Overall retention rate was 73.3 % in Group C, and placement was possible in bronchi of up to 3.3 mm in diameter. Outcomes of partial resection: Tag recovery rate was 100 %, mean time required for tag detection was 10.8 s (range 8-15 s), and mean surgical margin from the delivered tag was 9.13 mm (range 6-13 mm). CONCLUSION Radiofrequency identification marking enabled accurate localization with depth, which could ensure effective deep resection margins.
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Lin MW, Chen JS. Image-guided techniques for localizing pulmonary nodules in thoracoscopic surgery. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:S749-S755. [PMID: 28066679 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.09.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening has increased the detection rate for small pulmonary nodules with ground-glass opacity (GGO) in the peripheral lung parenchyma. Minimally invasive thoracoscopic surgery for these lung nodules is challenging for thoracic surgeons, and image-guided preoperative localization is mandatory for their successful resection. Image-guided localization methods primarily include two imaging tools: computed tomography (CT) and bronchoscopy. These different methods may use different localized materials, including hookwires, dyes, microcoils, fiducial markers, contrast media, and radiotracers. Ultrasonography and near-infrared imaging are also used for intraoperative localization of lung lesions. In this article, we review different localization techniques and discuss their indications and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mong-Wei Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shing Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sato M, Murayama T, Nakajima J. Techniques of stapler-based navigational thoracoscopic segmentectomy using virtual assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP). J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:S716-S730. [PMID: 28066675 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.09.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anatomical segmentectomies play an important role in oncological lung resection, particularly for ground-glass types of primary lung cancers. This operation can also be applied to metastatic lung tumors deep in the lung. Virtual assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP) is a novel technique that allows for bronchoscopic multi-spot dye markings to provide "geometric information" to the lung surface, using three-dimensional virtual images. In addition to wedge resections, VAL-MAP has been found to be useful in thoracoscopic segmentectomies, particularly complex segmentectomies, such as combined subsegmentectomies or extended segmentectomies. There are five steps in VAL-MAP-assisted segmentectomies: (I) "standing" stitches along the resection lines; (II) cleaning hilar anatomy; (III) confirming hilar anatomy; (IV) going 1 cm deeper; (V) step-by-step stapling technique. Depending on the anatomy, segmentectomies can be classified into linear (lingular, S6, S2), V- or U-shaped (right S1, left S3, S2b + S3a), and three dimensional (S7, S8, S9, S10) segmentectomies. Particularly three dimensional segmentectomies are challenging in the complexity of stapling techniques. This review focuses on how VAL-MAP can be utilized in segmentectomy, and how this technique can assist the stapling process in even the most challenging ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Murayama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Nakajima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Safety and Efficacy of Modified Preoperative Lung Nodule Microcoil Localization Without Pleural Marking: A Pilot Study. J Thorac Imaging 2016; 31:15-22. [PMID: 26502347 DOI: 10.1097/rti.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of preoperative computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous microcoil lung nodule localization without pleural marking compared with the established technique with pleural marking. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-three consecutive patients (66.7% female, mean age 61.6±11.4 y) with 64 lung nodules resected between October 2008 and January 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. Of the nodules, 29.7% (n=19) had microcoil deployment with pleural marking (control group) and 70.3% (n=45) had microcoil deployment without pleural marking (pilot group). Clinical, pathologic, and imaging characteristics, radiation dose, CT procedure and operating room time, and complete resection and complication rates were compared between the pilot and control groups. RESULTS There was no significant difference in nodule size (P=0.552) or distance from the pleural surface (P=0.222) between the pilot and control groups. However, mean procedure duration (53.6±18.3 vs. 72.8±25.3 min, P=0.001) and total effective radiation dose (5.1±2.6 vs. 7.1±4.9 mSv, P=0.039) were significantly lower in the pilot group compared with the control group. CT procedure-related complications (P=0.483) [including pneumothoraces (P=0.769) and pulmonary hemorrhage (P=1.000)], operating room time (P=0.926), complete resection rates (P=0.520), intraoperative complications (P=0.549), and postoperative complications (P=1.000) were similar between the pilot and control groups. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative CT-guided lung nodule microcoil localization performed without visceral pleural marking appears to decrease the CT procedure time and radiation dose while maintaining equivalent complete resection rates and procedural and surgical complications, when compared with microcoil localization performed with pleural marking.
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Marino KA, Sullivan JL, Weksler B. Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy for Identifying Lung Nodules for Thoracoscopic Resection. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 102:454-7. [PMID: 27173068 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary nodules smaller than 1 cm can be difficult to identify during minimally invasive resection, necessitating conversion to thoracotomy. We hypothesized that localizing nodules with electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy and marking them with methylene blue would allow minimally invasive resection and reduce conversion to thoracotomy. METHODS We retrospectively identified all patients who underwent electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy followed by minimally invasive resection of a pulmonary nodule from 2011 to 2014. Lung nodules smaller than 10 mm and nodules smaller than 20 mm that were also located more than 10 mm from the pleural surface were localized and marked with methylene blue. Immediately after marking, all patients underwent resection. RESULTS Seventy patients underwent electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy marking followed by minimally invasive resection. The majority of patients (68/70, 97%) had one nodule localized; 2 patients (2/70, 3%) had two nodules localized. The median nodule size was 8 mm (range, 4-17 mm; interquartile range, 5 mm). The median distance from the pleural surface was 6 mm (range, 1-19 mm; interquartile range, 6 mm). There were no conversions to thoracotomy. Nodule marking was successful in 70 of 72 attempts (97.2%); two nodules were identified by palpation. The nodules were most commonly metastases from other sites (31/70, 44.3%). There were no adverse events related to electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy-guided marking or wedge resection, and minimal adverse events after resections that were more extensive. CONCLUSIONS Localizing and marking small pulmonary nodules using electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy is safe and effective for nodule identification before minimally invasive resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy A Marino
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer L Sullivan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Benny Weksler
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
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Heuts S, Sardari Nia P, Maessen JG. Preoperative planning of thoracic surgery with use of three-dimensional reconstruction, rapid prototyping, simulation and virtual navigation. J Vis Surg 2016; 2:77. [PMID: 29078505 DOI: 10.21037/jovs.2016.03.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
For the past decades, surgeries have become more complex, due to the increasing age of the patient population referred for thoracic surgery, more complex pathology and the emergence of minimally invasive thoracic surgery. Together with the early detection of thoracic disease as a result of innovations in diagnostic possibilities and the paradigm shift to personalized medicine, preoperative planning is becoming an indispensable and crucial aspect of surgery. Several new techniques facilitating this paradigm shift have emerged. Pre-operative marking and staining of lesions are already a widely accepted method of preoperative planning in thoracic surgery. However, three-dimensional (3D) image reconstructions, virtual simulation and rapid prototyping (RP) are still in development phase. These new techniques are expected to become an important part of the standard work-up of patients undergoing thoracic surgery in the future. This review aims at graphically presenting and summarizing these new diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Heuts
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peyman Sardari Nia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jos G Maessen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Abu Saleh WK, Jabbari OA, Lumsden A, Ramchandani MK. Case Report: Simultaneous Localization and Removal of Lung Nodules Through Extended Use of the Hybrid Suite. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2016; 11:245-6. [PMID: 27057295 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-11-4-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to attain high-definition imaging for preoperative planning, intraoperative execution, and postoperative evaluation is instrumental in surgical practice. Hybrid room computed tomography (CT) allows for faster, less invasive diagnostic and therapeutic options for patients. We present our diagnostic workup and therapeutic intervention with hybrid CT imaging in a 71-year-old female with a growing lung nodule after previous lobectomy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid K Abu Saleh
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Odeaa Al Jabbari
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Alan Lumsden
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Mahesh K Ramchandani
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Hsu HH, Shen CH, Tsai WC, Ko KH, Lee SC, Chang H, Huang TW. Localization of nonpalpable pulmonary nodules using CT-guided needle puncture. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:248. [PMID: 26271476 PMCID: PMC4536773 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surgical resection of small pulmonary nodule is challenging via thoracoscopic procedure. We describe our experience of computed tomography (CT)-guided needle puncture localization of indeterminate pulmonary nodules prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Methods From January 2011 to July 2014, 78 consecutive patients underwent CT-guided marking for the localization of 91 small pulmonary nodules. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data, technical details, surgical findings and pathologic results, and complications associated with CT-guided localization. Results Seventy-eight consecutive patients (36 men and 42 women) underwent CT-guided marking localization of 91 indeterminate pulmonary nodules (62 pure ground-glass opacity nodules, 27 part-solid nodules, and 2 solid nodules). The mean size of the nodules was 8.6 mm (3.0–23.0 mm). The mean pleural distance between the nodule and lung surface was 11.5 mm (3.0–31.3 mm). The mean procedure time of CT-guided localization was 15.2 min (8–42 min). All patients stood the procedures well without requiring conversion to open thoracotomy. Twenty-four patients (30.77 %) developed pneumothorax after the procedures. Only one patient required retention of the puncture needle introducer for air drainage. The mean visual assessment pain score was 1.7 (0–3). Fifty-seven nodules (62.63 %) were confirmed as malignances, including 45 primary lung cancer, and 34 nodules (37.37 %) were confirmed as benign lesions. Conclusions CT-guided needle puncture can be an effective and safe procedure prior to VATS, enabling accurate resection and diagnosis of small pulmonary nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsian-He Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsiung Ko
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Wang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 325, Section 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
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Harris K, Gomez J, Dhillon SS, Alraiyes AH, Picone A. Convex probe endobronchial ultrasound placement of fiducial markers for central lung nodule (with video). Endosc Ultrasound 2015; 4:156-7. [PMID: 26020053 PMCID: PMC4445176 DOI: 10.4103/2303-9027.156757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kassem Harris
- Department of Medicine, Interventional Pulmonary Section, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA ; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jorge Gomez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Samjot Singh Dhillon
- Department of Medicine, Interventional Pulmonary Section, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA ; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Abdul Hamid Alraiyes
- Department of Medicine, Interventional Pulmonary Section, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Anthony Picone
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Mogi A, Yajima T, Tomizawa K, Onozato R, Tanaka S, Kuwano H. Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery after Preoperative CT-Guided Lipiodol Marking of Small or Impalpable Pulmonary Nodules. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 21:435-9. [PMID: 26004116 DOI: 10.5761/atcs.oa.15-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Small pulmonary lesions that include ground-glass attenuation have been increasingly discovered because of progressive imaging diagnostic technologies. Despite the detection of such small lesions, sometimes it is quite difficult to localize them because of their size or considerable depth from the visceral pleura. In the present study, we examined the usefulness of computed tomography-guided lipiodol marking for thoracoscopic resection of impalpable pulmonary nodules. METHODS Fifty-six patients with an undiagnosed peripheral lesion(s) of the lung who had undergone preoperative computed tomography-guided lipiodol marking followed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery were studied. RESULTS All of the nodules were successfully marked by computed tomography-guided lipiodol marking, and all except for one case were localized by means of intraoperative fluoroscopy as clear spots. With regard to complications, pneumothorax occurred in 21 patients (37.5%), and only one patient required transient drainage. Although hemorrhaging in the lung parenchyma and hemosputum occurred in nine patients (16.1%) and one patient (1.8%), respectively, no patients were in serious condition. No intra- or postoperative mortality or morbidity was observed. CONCLUSION Preoperative computed tomography-guided lipiodol marking of small or impalpable pulmonary nodules is a safe and useful procedure for thoracoscopic resection of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mogi
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Asano F, Eberhardt R, Herth FJF. Virtual bronchoscopic navigation for peripheral pulmonary lesions. Respiration 2014; 88:430-40. [PMID: 25402610 DOI: 10.1159/000367900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual bronchoscopic navigation (VBN) is a method in which the bronchoscope is guided on the bronchial route to a peripheral lesion using virtual bronchoscopic images. In reports on VBN for peripheral pulmonary lesions searched in PubMed as of November 2013, the diagnostic yield by ultrathin bronchoscopy in combination with computed tomography and VBN was within the range of 65.4-81.6%. Using endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath (EBUS-GS) and VBN, it was between 63.3 and 84.4%, and using X-ray fluoroscopy and VBN, it was between 62.5 and 78.7%. The overall diagnostic yield was 73.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 70.9-76.8%] and that for lesions ≤ 2 cm was 67.4% (95% CI 63.3-71.5%). These values indicate high diagnostic rates. In randomized comparative trials, the combination of VBN with EBUS-GS improved the diagnostic yield and shortened the examination time. The diagnostic yields for lesions in the right upper lobe, those invisible on posterior-anterior radiographs and those located in the peripheral third of the lung field were improved by VBN on ultrathin bronchoscopy in combination with X-ray fluoroscopy. The usefulness of VBN was also found on meta-analysis. Taken together, VBN is a promising navigational bronchoscopy method as it requires no specific training, has a low overall complication rate of 1.0% (95% CI 0.2-1.8%) and does not directly induce or cause severe complications. To maximize the full potential of VBN and promote its use, investigation of cases in which it is useful, determination of the optimum combination of procedures, a cost/benefit analysis and advancement of the VBN system are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Asano
- Pulmonary Medicine, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
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Baltayiannis N, Chandrinos M, Anagnostopoulos D, Zarogoulidis P, Tsakiridis K, Mpakas A, Machairiotis N, Katsikogiannis N, Kougioumtzi I, Courcoutsakis N, Zarogoulidis K. Lung cancer surgery: an up to date. J Thorac Dis 2014; 5 Suppl 4:S425-39. [PMID: 24102017 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.09.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) GLOBOCAN World Cancer Report, lung cancer affects more than 1 million people a year worldwide. In Greece according to the 2008 GLOBOCAN report, there were 6,667 cases recorded, 18% of the total incidence of all cancers in the population. Furthermore, there were 6,402 deaths due to lung cancer, 23.5% of all deaths due to cancer. Therefore, in our country, lung cancer is the most common and deadly form of cancer for the male population. The most important prognostic indicator in lung cancer is the extent of disease. The Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging (AJCC) developed the tumour, node, and metastases (TNM) staging system which attempts to define those patients who might be suitable for radical surgery or radical radiotherapy, from the majority, who will only be suitable for palliative measures. Surgery has an important part for the therapy of patients with lung cancer. "Lobectomy is the gold standard treatment". This statement may be challenged in cases of stage Ia cancer or in patients with limited pulmonary function. In these cases an anatomical segmentectomy with lymph node dissection is an acceptable alternative. Chest wall invasion is not a contraindication to resection. En-bloc rib resection and reconstruction is the treatment of choice. N2 disease represents both a spectrum of disease and the interface between surgical and non-surgical treatment of lung cancer Evidence from trials suggests that multizone or unresectable N2 disease should be treated primarily by chemoradiotherapy. There may be a role for surgery if N2 is downstaged to N0 and lobectomy is possible, but pneumonectomy is avoidable. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is considered a systemic disease at diagnosis, because the potential for hematogenous and lymphogenic metastases is very high. The efficacy of surgical intervention for SCLC is not clear. Lung cancer resection can be performed using several surgical techniques. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy is a safe, efficient, well accepted and widespread technique among thoracic surgeons. The 5-year survival rate following complete resection of lung cancer is stage dependent. Incomplete resection rarely is useful and cures the patient.
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