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Ahn JM, Park DW, Shin ES, Koo BK, Nam CW, Doh JH, Kim JH, Chae IH, Yoon JH, Her SH, Seung KB, Chung WY, Yoo SY, Lee JB, Choi SW, Park K, Hong TJ, Lee SY, Han M, Lee PH, Kang SJ, Lee SW, Kim YH, Lee CW, Park SW, Park SJ. Fractional Flow Reserve and Cardiac Events in Coronary Artery Disease: Data From a Prospective IRIS-FFR Registry (Interventional Cardiology Research Incooperation Society Fractional Flow Reserve). Circulation 2017; 135:2241-2251. [PMID: 28356440 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.024433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the prognosis of deferred and revascularized coronary stenoses after fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurement to assess its revascularization threshold in clinical practice. METHODS The IRIS-FFR registry (Interventional Cardiology Research In-cooperation Society Fractional Flow Reserve) prospectively enrolled 5846 patients with ≥1coronary lesion with FFR measurement. Revascularization was deferred in 6468 lesions and performed in 2165 lesions after FFR assessment. The primary end point was major adverse cardiac events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization) at a median follow-up of 1.9 years and analyzed on a per-lesion basis. A marginal Cox model accounted for correlated data in patients with multiple lesions, and a model to predict per-lesion outcomes was adjusted for confounding factors. RESULTS For deferred lesions, the risk of major adverse cardiac events demonstrated a significant, inverse relationship with FFR (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.08; P<0.001). However, this relationship was not observed in revascularized lesions (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.02; P=0.70). For lesions with FFR ≥0.76, the risk of major adverse cardiac events was not significantly different between deferred and revascularized lesions. Conversely, in lesions with FFR ≤0.75, the risk of major adverse cardiac events was significantly lower in revascularized lesions than in deferred lesions (for FFR 0.71-0.75, adjusted hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.89; P=0.021; for FFR ≤0.70, adjusted hazard ratio 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.84; P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS This large, prospective registry showed that the FFR value was linearly associated with the risk of cardiac events in deferred lesions. In addition, revascularization for coronary artery stenosis with a low FFR (≤0.75) was associated with better outcomes than the deferral, whereas for a stenosis with a high FFR (≥0.76), medical treatment would be a reasonable and safe treatment strategy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01366404.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Ahn
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Duk-Woo Park
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Eun-Seok Shin
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Bon-Kwon Koo
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Chang-Wook Nam
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Joon-Hyung Doh
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Jun Hong Kim
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - In-Ho Chae
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Jung-Han Yoon
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Sung-Ho Her
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Ki-Bae Seung
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Woo-Young Chung
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Sang-Yong Yoo
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Jin Bae Lee
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Si Wan Choi
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Kyungil Park
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Taek Jong Hong
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Sang Yeub Lee
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Minkyu Han
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Pil Hyung Lee
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Soo-Jin Kang
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Seung-Whan Lee
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Young-Hak Kim
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Cheol Whan Lee
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Seong-Wook Park
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Seung-Jung Park
- From Heart Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (J.-M.A., D.-W.P., M.H., PH.L., S.-J.K., S.-W.L., Y.-H.K., C.W.L., S.-W.P., S.-J.P.); Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea (E.-S.S.); Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea (B.-K.K.); Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea (C.-W.N.); Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.D.); Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, South Korea (J.H.K.); Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea (I.-H.C.); Wonju Christian Hospital, South Korea (J.-H.Y.); The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (S.-H.H.); The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, South Korea (K.-B.S.); Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, South Korea (W.-Y.C.); Gangneung Asan Hospital, South Korea (S.-Y.Y.); Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, South Korea (J.B.L.); Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (S.W.C.); Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, South Korea (K.P.); Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea (T.J.H.); and Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea (S.Y.L.).
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