Impact of recurrent mitral regurgitation after mitral valve repair for functional mitral regurgitation: long-term analysis of competing outcomes

Mitral valve repair in ventricular functional mitral regurgitation: a simplified technique of papillary muscles relocation

Mitral valve repair techniques in ventricular functional mitral regurgitation are controversial due to ongoing debates about long-term repair durability in the setting of left ventricular remodelling. To address the limitations of conventional annuloplasty, subannular techniques, such as papillary muscle relocation, have been developed. However, the limited reproducibility of these techniques has hindered their widespread adoption. In this context, we introduce a simplified and reproducible method for papillary muscle relocation. This method utilizes transoesophageal echocardiographic guidance and premeasured polytetrafluoroethylene loops to streamline the procedure.

Mitral regurgitation in atrial fibrillation: Is a simple repair enough to tackle a complex problem?

BACKGROUND

Clinical and echocardiographic results of valve repair for mitral regurgitation in the setting of atrial fibrillation are poorly studied.

METHODS

Between January 2008 and December 2020, 89 patients underwent valve repair for mitral regurgitation in the setting of atrial fibrillation. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up data were collected and studied. The primary composite endpoint consisted of all-cause mortality or hospitalization for heart failure.

RESULTS

Valve repair with true-sized annuloplasty was performed in 83 (93 %) and restrictive annuloplasty in 6 (7 %) patients. Early mortality occurred in 3 (3 %) and residual mitral regurgitation in 1 (1 %) patient. During a median follow-up of 5.4 years (interquartile range 3.4-9.5), 25 patients died, 6 due to end-stage heart failure. Ten patients were hospitalized for heart failure. The estimated event-free survival rate at 10 years was 48.2 % (95 % CI 33.5 %-62.9 %). Recurrent mitral regurgitation was observed in 14 patients and most often caused by leaflet tethering. When analyzed as a time-dependent variable, recurrent regurgitation was related to the occurrence of the primary endpoint (hazard ratio 3.192, 95 % CI 1.219-8.359, p = 0.018). On exploratory sub-analyses, no recurrent regurgitation was observed after restrictive annuloplasty or in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Moreover, recurrent regurgitation was observed more often when signs of left ventricular impairment were present preoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite good initial results, recurrent regurgitation was a frequent observation after valve repair for mitral regurgitation in atrial fibrillation and had an effect on heart failure related morbidity and mortality. Refinements in the timing of surgery and surgical technique might help improve outcomes.

2-Year Clinical and Echocardiography Follow-Up of Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement With the Transapical Intrepid System

BACKGROUND

Thirty-day outcomes with the investigational Intrepid transapical (TA) transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) system have previously demonstrated good technical success, but longer-term outcomes in larger cohorts need to be evaluated.

OBJECTIVES

The authors sought to evaluate the 2-year safety and performance of the Intrepid TA-TMVR system in patients with symptomatic, ≥moderate-severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and high surgical risk.

METHODS

Patient eligibility was determined by local heart teams and approved by a central screening committee. Clinical events were adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee. Echocardiography was evaluated by an independent core laboratory.

RESULTS

The cohort included 252 patients that were enrolled at 58 international sites before February 2021 as part of the global Pilot Study (n = 95) or APOLLO trial (primary cohort noneligible + TA roll-ins, n = 157). Mean age was 74.2 years, mean STS-PROM was 6.3%, 60.3% were male, and 80.6% were in NYHA functional class III/IV. Most presented with secondary MR (70.1%), and nearly all had ≥moderate-severe MR (98.4%). All-cause mortality was 13.1% (30-day), 27.3% (1-year), and 36.2% (2-year). The 30-day ≥major bleeding event rate was 22.3%. Heart failure rehospitalization was 9.6% (30-day) and 36.2% (2-year). At 2 years, >50% of patients were alive with improvement in NYHA functional class (82.1%, class I/II), and all patients with available echocardiograms had ≤mild MR.

CONCLUSIONS

This analysis represents the largest reported TA-TMVR experience with the longest follow-up in high-risk ≥moderate-severe MR patients. Early mortality and heart failure rehospitalizations were significant, exacerbated by early TA-related bleeding events; however, meaningful improvements in clinical outcomes and marked reductions in MR severity were observed through 2 years.

Functional Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Mitral Valve Repair or Replacement? Our "Road Map" for the Appropriate Strategy

Objectives: The optimal surgical approach for the treatment of functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) remains controversial. Current guidelines suggest that the surgical approach has to be tailored to the individual patient. The aim of the present study was to clarify further aspects of this tailored treatment. Methods: From 01/2006 to 12/2015, 390 patients underwent mitral valve (MV) surgery for FMR (ischemic n = 241, non-ischemic n = 149) at our institution. A regression analysis was used to determine the effect of MV repair or replacement on survival. The patients were analyzed according to the etiology of the MR (ischemic or non-ischemic), different age groups (<65 years, 65-75 years, and >75 years), LV function, and LV dimensions, as well as the underlying heart rhythm. Results: The overall survival rates for the repair group at 1, 5, and 8 years were 86.1 ± 1.9%, 70.6 ± 2.6%, and 55.1 ± 3.1%, respectively. For the same intervals, the survival rates in patients who underwent MV replacement were 75.9 ± 4.5%, 58.6 ± 5.4%, and 40.9 ± 6.4%, respectively (p = 0.003). Patients younger than 65 years, with an ischemic etiology of FMR, poor ejection fraction (<30%), severe dilatation of left ventricle (LVEDD > 60mm), and presence of atrial fibrillation had significantly higher mortality rates after MV replacement (HR, 3.0; CI, 1.3-6.9; p = 0.007). Patients between 65 and 75 years of age had a higher risk of death when undergoing mitral valve replacement (HR, 1.7; CI, 1.0-2.8; p = 0.04). In patients older than 75 years, the surgical approach (MV repair or replacement) had no effect on postoperative survival (HR, 0.8; CI, 0.4-1.3; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that, in patients younger than 65 years, the treatment of choice for FMR should be MV repair. This advantage was even more evident in patients with an ischemic origin of MR, a poor ejection fraction, a severe LV dilatation, and atrial fibrillation.

Restrictive annuloplasty or replacement on reverse remodeling for nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND

For patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM), the indications for and results of mitral surgery remain controversial. We reviewed a strategy of mitral repair and replacement for clinically relevant secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients with NIDCM.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 65 patients with advanced NIDCM (LVEF < 40%) who underwent mitral surgery. Of them, 47 (72%) underwent mitral annuloplasty and 18 (28%) replacement for secondary MR. The primary endpoint was postoperative reduction in indexed LV end-systolic volume (LVESVI).

RESULTS

At baseline, there was no intergroup difference in LVESVI (123 ± 47 vs. 147 ± 37 ml/m2, P = 0.055), LVEF (27 ± 8% vs. 25 ± 6%, P = 0.41), incidence of severe MR (57% (27/47) vs. 72% (13/18), P = 0.40), or EuroSCORE II score (6.2% vs. 7.6%, P = 0.90). At 6 months, the annuloplasty group reduced LVESVI to a greater degree than the replacement group (P < 0.001), yielding significantly smaller postoperative LVESVI (96 ± 59 vs. 154 ± 61 ml/m2, P < 0.001) and better LVEF (P < 0.001). The rates of moderate/severe recurrent MR were 17% (8/47) and 0%, respectively. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that mitral annuloplasty (OR 6.10, 95% CI 1.14-32.8, P = 0.035) was significantly associated with postoperative LV reverse remodeling. Cumulative survival was not different between the groups (P = 0.26).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with NIDCM, mitral annuloplasty reduced LV volume to a greater degree than did mitral replacement. These findings may assist with surgical options for secondary MR associated with NIDCM.

Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Patient Selection and Optimization

Functional mitral regurgitation appears commonly among all heart failure phenotypes and can affect symptom burden and degree of maladaptive remodeling. Transcatheter mitral valve edge-to-edge repair therapies recently became an important part of the routine heart failure armamentarium for carefully selected and medically optimized candidates. Patient selection is considering heart failure staging, relevant comorbidities, as well as anatomic criteria. Indications and device platforms are currently expanding.

Concomitant interventions in mitral valve surgery - A European perspective

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, major findings on concomitant procedures and anticoagulation management have occurred in Mitral Valve (MV) surgery. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the current practices in MV interventions across Europe.

METHODS

In October 2021, all national cardio-thoracic societies in the European region were identified following an electronic search and sent an online survey of 14 questions to distribute among their member consultant/attending cardiac surgeons.

RESULTS

The survey was completed by 91 consultant/attending cardiac surgeons across 12 European countries, with 78% indicating MV repair as their specialty area. 57.1% performed >150 operations/year and 71.4% had 10+ years of experience.Concomitant tricuspid valve repair is performed for moderate tricuspid regurgitation (TR) by 69% of surgeons and for mild TR by 26.3%, both with annular diameter >40 mm. 50.6% indicated ischaemic MV surgery in patients undergoing CABG if moderate mitral regurgitation with ERO >20 mm2 and regurgitant volume >30 mL, and 45.1% perform it if severe MR with ERO >40 mm2 and regurgitant volume >60 mL. For these patients the preferred management was: MVR if predictors of repair failure identified (47.2%) and downsizing annuloplasty ring only (34.1%).For atrial fibrillation (AF) in cardiac surgery, 34.1% perform ablation with biatrial lesion and 20% with left sided only. 62.6% perform concomitant Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) Occlusion irrespective of AF ablation with a left atrial clip. A wide variability in anticoagulation strategies for MV repair and bioprosthetic MV valve was reported both for patients in sinus rhythm and AF.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate a variable practice for MV surgery, and a degree of lack of compliance with surgical intervention guidelines and anticoagulation strategy.

Mid-term outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement using a mosaic porcine bioprosthesis with concomitant mitral valve repair

This study retrospectively evaluated the mid-term outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) using a stented porcine aortic valve bioprosthesis (Mosaic; Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) with concomitant mitral valve (MV) repair. From 1999 to 2014, 157 patients (median [interquartile range] age, 75 [70-79] years; 47% women) underwent SAVR with concomitant MV repair (SAVR + MV repair), and 1045 patients (median [interquartile range] age, 76 [70-80] years; 54% women) underwent SAVR only at 10 centers in Japan as part of the long-term multicenter Japan Mosaic valve (J-MOVE) study. The 5-year overall survival rate was 81.5% ± 4.1% in the SAVR + MV repair group and 85.1% ± 1.4% in the SAVR only group, and the 8-year overall survival rates were 75.2% ± 5.7% and 78.1% ± 2.1%, respectively. Cox proportional hazards analysis showed no significant difference in the survival rates between the two groups (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.54-1.40; P = 0.576). Among women with mild or moderate mitral regurgitation who were not receiving dialysis, those who underwent SAVR + MV repair, were aged > 75 years, and had a preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction of 30-75% tended to have a lower mortality risk. In conclusion, this subgroup analysis of the J-MOVE cohort showed relevant mid-term outcomes after SAVR + MV repair.

Subannular repair for functional mitral regurgitation with reduced systolic ventricle function: rationale and design of REFORM-MR registry

BACKGROUND

Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is one of the most common heart valve diseases that is a sequel of left ventricular remodelling. Although mitral valve annuloplasty is a standard treatment of FMR, the recurrence of FMR is a major drawback and occurs in 10-50% of patients. The REFORM-MR registry aims to investigate the effectiveness of standardized papillary muscle relocation and ring annuloplasty and to identify the risk factors associated with recurrent FMR.

METHODS

REFORM-MR is a prospective, multicenter registry that enrols consecutive FMR patients across five sites in Germany. All patients with FMR and restricted movement of leaflets during systole (i.e., type IIIb mitral regurgitation) undergoing standardized subannular repair in combination with mitral valve annuloplasty are included in the study. The primary objective is to examine the effect of combined papillary muscle relocation and ring annuloplasty on the recurrence of FMR at 2 years postoperatively. The secondary objectives are MACCE rate, reinterventions on the mitral valve and cardiac-related mortality in the study cohort. Echocardiography core-lab and MRI core-lab will provide anonymized analysis of the imaging data in the REFORM-MR registry. Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and the Chi-Square or Fisher exact test for categorical variables are used for group comparisons. Kaplan-Meier analyses is performed for survival and safety outcomes.

RESULTS

As of May 2021, a total of 97 patients were enrolled across five sites in Germany.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study will help define the outcomes of combined papillary muscle relocation and ring annuloplasty in the FMR treatment in a multicentre setting and to improve the understanding of the limitations of subannular repair procedures while treating patients with type III FMR. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03470155.

Cardiogenic Shock Secondary to Acute Mitral Regurgitation With Nonischemic Etiology Successfully Stabilized by Transcatheter Intervention

• Echocardiography is essential in diagnosing cardiogenic shock secondary to acute MR. • TMVEER can stabilize these patients who present as prohibitive risks for surgery. • Careful monitoring is warranted after TMVEER.

Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair following surgical valve repair with ring implantation: Results from the multicentre "Clip-in-Ring" registry

BACKGROUND

Management of mitral regurgitation recurrence after failed surgical valve repair with ring implantation is controversial.

AIM

To describe the French experience regarding midterm safety and efficacy of transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TEER) in patients with failed surgical valve repair with ring implantation.

METHODS

The "Clip-in-Ring" registry is a multicentre registry conducted in 11 centres in France, approved by local institutional review boards, of consecutive TEER following surgical valve repair with ring implantation. Outcomes were Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium (MVARC) technical success, modified 30-day device and procedural success (where 10mmHg is considered as a cut-off for significant mitral stenosis) and MVARC complications.

RESULTS

Twenty-three patients were studied: mean age, 69±10years; male sex, 74%; EuroSCORE II, 16±17; left ventricular ejection fraction, 53±12%; mitral regurgitation grade 3+/4+, 17%/78%; New York Heart Association class III/IV, 47%/22%; median surgery to TEER delay, 23 (6-94) months. Technical success was 100%. At discharge, residual mitral regurgitation grade was≤2+ in 87% and median transmitral gradient was 4 (3-5) mmHg. Thirty-day modified MVARC device and procedural success was 82%: four patients (17%) had residual mitral regurgitation grade>2+, including two patients who needed complementary surgery. No patient had a 30-day transmitral gradient>7mmHg. No patient died or had a stroke or any life-threatening complications. One patient presented a vascular access complication requiring transfusion. No other MVARC-2 adverse event was reported.

CONCLUSIONS

TEER in patients with failed mitral ring is feasible and safe. Further studies shoulddelineate its exact role in the therapeutic armamentarium for this medical issue.

Mitral regurgitation management: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and recommendations

Multiple guidelines exist for the diagnosis and management of mitral regurgitation (MR), the second most common valvular heart disease in high-income countries, with recommendations that do not always match. We systematically reviewed guidelines on diagnosis and management of MR, highlighting similarities and differences to guide clinical decision-making. We searched national and international guidelines in MEDLINE and EMBASE (1 June 2010 to 1 September 2021), the Guidelines International Network, National Guideline Clearinghouse, National Library for Health Guidelines Finder, Canadian Medical Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Infobase, and websites of relevant organizations. Two reviewers independently screened the abstracts and identified articles of interest. Guidelines that were rigorously developed (as assessed with the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument) were retained for analysis. Five guidelines were retained. There was consensus on a multidisciplinary approach from the heart team and for the definition and grading of severe primary MR. There was general agreement on the thresholds for intervention in symptomatic and asymptomatic primary MR; however, discrepancies were present. There was agreement on optimization of medical therapy in severe secondary MR and intervention in patients symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy, but no consensus on the choice of intervention (surgical repair/replacement vs. transcatheter approach). Cut-offs for high-risk intervention in MR, risk stratification of progressive MR, and guidance on mixed valvular disease were sparse.

Prognosis for Mitral Valve Repair Surgery in Functional Mitral Regurgitation

Purpose: Our aim was to evaluate the development of new significant mitral regurgitation and long-term survival after mitral repair surgery in functional mitral regurgitation.

Methods: A retrospective observational analysis of the recurrence of functional mitral regurgitation (ischemic and nonischemic) and global mortality during follow-up of 176 patients who underwent mitral repair surgery between 1999 and 2018 in our center was conducted.

Results: The etiology of functional mitral regurgitation was ischemic in 55.7% of cases. After surgery, mitral regurgitation was 0-I in 92.3% of cases. We conducted a long-term clinical follow-up of a mean 42.2 months and an echocardiographic follow-up of a mean 41.8 months. We observed mitral regurgitation of at least grade II in 52 patients (36.9%). Survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 78.8%, 66.7%, and 52.3%, respectively. Predictive factors for global mortality were age (hazard ratio = 1.038, p = 0.01) and a depressed preoperative ejection fraction. After a competing risk analysis, we found the only predictive factor for the recurrence of mitral regurgitation in our series to be age (sub-hazard ratio = 1.03, 95% confidence interval = 1.01–1.06, p = 0.016).

Conclusion: Repair surgery for functional mitral regurgitation shows age as the only independent predictor of recurrence. Age and depressed ejection fraction were predictors of mortality.

Mortality and Clinical Predictors After Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair for Secondary Mitral Regurgitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis

Background

Percutaneous mitral valve repair (PMVR) provides an available choice for patients suffering from secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR), especially those whose symptoms persist after optimal, conventional, heart-failure therapy. However, conflicting results from clinical trials have created a problem in identifying patients who will benefit the most from PMVR.

Objective

To pool mortality data and assess clinical predictors after PMVR among patients with SMR. To this end, subgroup and meta-regression analyses were additionally performed.

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, and 13 studies were finally included for meta-analysis. Estimated mortality and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using a random-effects proportional meta-analysis. We also carried out a meta-regression analysis to clarify the potential influence of important covariates on mortality.

Results

A total of 1,259 patients with SMR who had undergone PMVR were enrolled in our meta-analysis. The long-term estimated pooled mortality of PMVR was 19.3% (95% CI: 13.6–25.1). Meta-regression analysis showed that mortality was directly proportional to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) (β = 0.009; 95% CI: 0.002–0.016; p = 0.009), an effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) (β = 0.009; 95% CI: 0.000–0.018; p = 0.047), and a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) use (β = −0.015; 95% CI: −0.023–−0.006; p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis indicated that patients with preexisting AF (β = −0.002; 95% CI: −0.005– −0.000; p = 0.018) were associated with decreased mortality if they received a mitral annuloplasty device. Among the edge-to-edge repair device group, a higher left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, or lower LV end-systolic diameter, LV end-systolic volume, and LV end-diastolic volume were proportional to lower mortality.

Conclusion and Relevance

The pooled mortality of PMVR was 19.3% (95% CI: 13.6–25.1). Further meta-regression indicated that AF was associated with a better outcome in conjunction with the use of a mitral annuloplasty device, while better LV functioning predicted a better outcome after the implantation of an edge-to-edge repair device.

Recurrent Mitral Regurgitation After MitraClip: Predictive Factors, Morphology, and Clinical Implication

BACKGROUND

Recurrent mitral regurgitation (MR) following MitraClip has not been thoroughly investigated. We aimed to examine the predictive factors, morphology, and long-term outcome of recurrent MR after MitraClip.

METHODS

We assessed data from the Heart Failure Network Rhineland registry from August 2010 to October 2018. Competing risk analyses were performed using the Fine and Gray model to assess the risk of recurrent MR.

RESULTS

Among 685 MitraClip patients with a reduction in MR to ≤2+, 61 patients developed recurrent MR within the first 12 months. Flail leaflet (hazard ratio, 3.68; P=0.002) and residual MR (MR grade 2+ versus ≤1+: hazard ratio, 2.56; P=0.03) were the predictors of recurrent MR in primary MR patients, while left atrial volume (per 10 mL increase: hazard ratio, 1.11; P<0.001) and residual MR (hazard ratio, 2.45; P=0.01) were independently associated with recurrent MR in secondary MR patients. In primary MR patients, loss of leaflet insertion or leaflet tear were the predominant morphologies with recurrent MR. In secondary MR patients, more than half of the patients with recurrent MR did not show any disorder of the clip or leaflets. Patients with recurrent MR were more likely to experience unplanned heart failure hospitalization or heart failure symptom with New York Heart Association scale III/IV (54.1% versus 37.8%; P=0.018) and undergo a repeat mitral valve intervention (9.8% versus 2.2%; P=0.005) during the follow-up. In the landmark survival analysis, patients with recurrent MR tended to have lower long-term survival (58.7% versus 83.9%; P=0.08) than patients without recurrent MR.

CONCLUSIONS

Flail leaflet and residual MR were the predictors of recurrent MR in primary MR patients, while a larger left atrial volume and residual MR were associated with recurrent MR in secondary MR patients, which may be associated with long-term clinical outcomes of patients after MitraClip.

Extramitral Valvular Cardiac Involvement in Patients With Significant Secondary Mitral Regurgitation

Patients with secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR) often have extramitral valve cardiac involvement, which can influence the prognosis. SMR can be defined according to groups of extramitral valve cardiac involvement. The prognostic implications of such groups in patients with moderate and severe SMR (significant SMR) are unknown. A total of 325 patients with significant SMR were classified according to the extent of cardiac involvement on echocardiography: left ventricular involvement (group 1), left atrial involvement (group 2), tricuspid valve and pulmonary artery vasculature involvement (group 3), or right ventricular involvement (group 4). The primary end point was all-cause mortality. The prevalence of each cardiac involvement group was 17% in group 1, 12% in group 2, 23% in group 3%, and 48% in group 4. Group 3 and group 4 were independently associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.794, 95% confidence interval 1.067 to 3.015, p = 0.027 and hazard ratio 1.857, 95% confidence interval 1.145 to 3.012, p = 0.012, respectively). In conclusion, progressive extramitral valve cardiac involvement (group 3 and group 4) was independently associated with all-cause mortality in patients with significant SMR.

Machine learning as a new frontier in mitral valve surgical strategy

BACKGROUND

One of the surgical options available for ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) is mitral valve repair but is limited by recurrent regurgitation as it is experienced by a significant percentage of patients and has a negative impact on patient outcomes. Efforts to model and identify predictors of recurrent MR rely on complicated echocardiographic and clinical measurements that are subjective and not routinely collected.

AIMS

Kachroo et al. approached this problem in a unique way by using the STS database and machine learning (ML) to develop models that predict recurrent MR or death at 1 year.

DISCUSSION

The STS database contains many routinely collected demographic and clinical parameters but requires a methodology, such as ML, that will accommodate collinearity and the unknown significance of many predictors. Kachroo et al. developed three good ML models with the area under curve 0.72-0.75. Data-driven selection of important predictors showed that three revascularization targets, peripheral vascular disease, and use of β-blockers are most predictive of recurrent MR.

CONCLUSION

We applaud the authors for pioneering a novel methodology and paving the way for a bright future in ML which includes integrating medical imaging, waveform, and genomic data to practice personalized medicine for our patients.

The outcome of mitral repair for degenerative versus ischemic mitral regurgitation using a single complete ring

BACKGROUND

The durability of surgical repair for degenerative versus ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) is thought to be markedly different. We, therefore, examined late outcomes and durability for mitral repair in a large cohort of patients receiving a single annuloplasty device.

METHODS

A total of 749 consecutive patients receiving mitral repair for degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) or ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) were evaluated from a prospective database. Patients with tricuspid or maze surgery were included. Papillary muscle rupture and mixed valve etiologies were excluded. Outcomes were compared for IMR versus DMR.

RESULTS

Patients with DMR were younger and less urgent. Patients with IMR had mean end-systolic diameter 4.5 ± 1.1 cm. All patients received the same complete semirigid annuloplasty device with median ring size 32 mm for DMR and 24 mm for IMR. New York Heart Association failure class improved from 2.8 to 1.5 (p < .001). Patients with DMR had lower operative mortality (1/384 [0.3%] vs. 26/365 [7%], p < .0001) and shorter length of stay. A 15-year survival was better with DMR (63% ± 3% vs. 13% ± 2%, p < .001). At 10 years, the incidence of recurrent ≥2+ MR (10% ± 2% vs. 16% ± 2%, p = .16) was not significantly different. Predictors of recurrent ≥2+ MR were female gender (odds ratio [OR]: 3.0 (1.9-4.8, p < .0001), and prior operation (OR: 2.4 [1.3-4.5], p = .02) but not IMR (OR: 1.4 [0.9-2.3], p = .15).

CONCLUSIONS

In this series, where patients with IMR had relatively preserved ventricular dimensions, the primary determinants of late recurrent MR were female gender and prior operation but not IMR versus DMR. Selected patients with IMR can obtain relatively durable mitral repair despite higher operative risk and lower survival compared to DMR.

Late durability of mitral repair for ischemic versus nonischemic functional mitral regurgitation

BACKGROUND

Concerns regarding long-term durability of surgical repair for functional mitral regurgitation are based on short-term data, with few comparisons of ischemic (IMR) versus non-ischemic (NIFMR) etiology.

METHODS

788 consecutive patients receiving mitral repair for functional mitral regurgitation were evaluated from a prospectively maintained database. Patients with other surgical procedures were included. Propensity score matching was used to compare outcomes in IMR versus NIFMR.

RESULTS

Unmatched IMR patients tended to be older men with greater comorbidities. 198 matched pairs of IMR versus NIFMR patients had similar demographics with relatively preserved ejection fraction 40±13% and end-systolic diameter 4.3±1.1cm. Concomitant coronary revascularization occurred in 70% of matched IMR patients. All patients received an annuloplasty ring, usually 24-26 mm. Heart failure class improved from 2.8 preop to 1.5 at 5 years (P<0.0001). Survival at 15 years was worse with IMR (12±3% v 43±5%, P<0.0001). At 10 years, cumulative incidence of moderate or more (>=2+) mitral regurgitation (27±4% v 26±4%, P=0.4), severe regurgitation (10±3% v 8±2%, P=0.5), and mitral reoperation (3±1% v 3±1%, P=0.4) were not different between IMR v NIFMR. Recurrent moderate regurgitation was associated with heart failure readmission but not with mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

In propensity-matched patients, IMR versus NIFMR had worse survival but similar repair durability, with moderate regurgitation in 27% at 10 years and rare severe regurgitation or mitral reoperation. In selected patients with relatively preserved function, mitral repair for IMR or NIFMR can improve symptoms with durable mild regurgitation in most patients out to 10 years.

Mitral Regurgitation in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the most frequently encountered types of valvular heart disease in the United States. Patients with significant MR (moderate-to-severe or severe) undergoing noncardiac surgery have an increased risk of perioperative cardiovascular complications. MR can arise from a diverse array of causes that fall into 2 broad categories: primary (diseases intrinsic to the valvular apparatus) and secondary (diseases that disrupt normal valve function via effects on the left ventricle or mitral annulus). This article highlights key guideline updates from the American College of Cardiologists (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) that inform decision-making for the anesthesiologist caring for a patient with MR undergoing noncardiac surgery. The pathophysiology and natural history of acute and chronic MR, staging of chronic primary and secondary MR, and considerations for timing of valvular corrective surgery are reviewed. These topics are then applied to a discussion of anesthetic management, including preoperative risk evaluation, anesthetic selection, hemodynamic goals, and intraoperative monitoring of the noncardiac surgical patient with MR.

Surgical versus transcatheter repair for secondary mitral regurgitation: A propensity score-matched cohorts comparison

OBJECTIVES

To compare the efficacy and clinical outcomes of transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TMVr) and surgical mitral valve repair (SMVr) among patients with secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR).

METHODS

Consecutive patients with SMR treated using either TMVr (n = 199) or SMVr (n = 222) at 2 centers were included and retrospectively analyzed. To account for differences in patient demographic characteristics, 1:1 propensity score matching was performed. The primary endpoint was all-cause death within 2 years after the procedure.

RESULTS

The study population consisted of 202 matched patients. At 2 years, all-cause mortality was 24.3% for TMVr and 23.0% for SMVr (hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.55-1.71; P = .909). Severe heart failure symptoms at 2 years were less prevalent after SMVr (New York Heart Association functional class III or IV: 13.5% vs 29.5%; P = .032) than after TMVr. A higher proportion of the SMVr patients had SMR reduction to none or mild at discharge (90.8% vs 72.0%; P < .001) and 2 years (86.5% vs 59.6%; P < .001). Among patients who achieved none or mild MR at discharge, 7 patients (10.1%) in the SMVr group and 15 (34.9%) in the TMVr group had progression to moderate or greater MR at 2 years (P = .003). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) significantly improved (+10.1% ± 11.1%; P < .001) after SMVr (LVEF at 2 years: 45.7% ± 12.8%), whereas it remained unchanged (-1.3% ± 8.9%; P = .260) after TMVr (LVEF at 2 years: 34.0% ± 13.2%).

CONCLUSIONS

In this propensity score-matched analysis, there was no significant difference in 2-year survival between TMVr and SMVr, despite greater and more durable SMR reduction, as well as LVEF improvement in the surgical group.

Subannular repair for functional mitral regurgitation type IIIb in patients with ischaemic versus dilated cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVES

Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is a sequel of left ventricular (LV) remodelling in heart failure patients. Relocation of both papillary muscles aims to specifically address mitral leaflet tethering to improve long-term durability of modern FMR repair. Nevertheless, the prognostic impact of the underlying cardiomyopathy on the outcome after FMR repair is unknown.

METHODS

We analysed 84 consecutive heart failure patients with severe FMR, LV ejection fraction <40%, LV end-diastolic diameter ≥55 mm and tenting height >10 mm, who underwent ring annuloplasty and simultaneous bilateral papillary muscles relocation between June 2016 and March 2019. One-year outcome of 54 patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy ('ICM group') was prospectively compared to the remaining 30 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy ('DCM group').

RESULTS

One-year survival was similar in both groups (96% in the 'ICM group' vs 97% in the 'DCM group'; P = 0.93). Furthermore, primary composite outcome (i.e. freedom from death or mitral regurgitation ≥ 2) at 1-year postoperatively was comparable between the study groups (94%in the 'ICM group' vs 87% in the 'DCM group'; P = 0.10). LV end-diastolic diameter 1-year after surgery was significantly reduced, as compared to preoperative values, in the 'DCM group' (P = 0.018), but not in the 'ICM group' (P = 0.058). Improvement of New York Heart Association functional class and reduction of serum levels of N-terminal pro-B natriuretic peptide at 1 year was comparable in both study groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Standardized relocation of both papillary muscles to correct FMR resulted in very satisfactory in-hospital and 1-year outcomes, in both ICM and DCM. DCM patients showed similar improvement in heart failure symptoms and LV re-remodelling compared to ICM patients. Subannular repair is developing towards a valid therapeutic option in heart failure patients presenting with severe FMR.

Exploring the Operative Strategy for Secondary Mitral Regurgitation: A Systematic Review

Background

Mitral valve disease surgery is an evolving field with multiple possible interventions. There is an increasing body of evidence regarding the optimal strategy in secondary mitral regurgitation where the pathology lies within the ventricle. We conducted a systematic review to identify the benefits and limitations of each surgical option.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify pertinent randomized controlled trials (RCTs), propensity-matched observational series, and meta-analyses which were considered initially and followed by unmatched observational series using the MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and Cochrane Library.

Results

We identified 6 different strategies for treating secondary mitral valve regurgitation: mitral valve replacement, restrictive mitral annuloplasty, surgical revascularization (with and without mitral annuloplasty), subvalvular procedures (papillary muscle approximation, papillary muscle relocation, ring and string procedure), and procedures directly targeting the mitral valve (edge-to-edge repair and anterior leaflet enlargement) alongside transcatheter heart valve therapy. We also highlighted the role of left ventricular assist devices in the management of this condition. The benefits and limitations of each intervention are highlighted.

Conclusion

There is currently no unanimous and shared strategy for the optimal treatment of patients with secondary IMR. The management of patients with secondary mitral regurgitation must be entrusted to a multidisciplinary Heart Team to ensure ideal intervention and patient matching for the best outcomes.

Left ventricle-mitral valve ring size mismatch following ring annuloplasty for nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND

In patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) undergoing restrictive mitral annuloplasty (RMA), the ratio of left ventricular (LV) end-systolic dimension (LVESD) to mitral valve (MV) ring size (ie, LV-MV ring mismatch) is associated with postoperative recurrent MR. However, the impact of LV-MV ring mismatch on postoperative recurrent MR, LV function recovery, and long-term survival in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains unknown.

METHODS

Sixty-six patients with nonischemic DCM (mean LVESD, 62 mm) underwent RMA (mean ring size, 26 mm) between 2003 and 2014. Recurrent MR was defined as MR grade ≥2+ at a 6-month echocardiographic evaluation.

RESULTS

At the 6-month follow-up, 23 patients (35%) had developed recurrent MR. In univariable logistic regression analysis, larger LVESD (P = .012) and LVESD/ring size ratio (P = .008) were associated with recurrent MR. In multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, baseline LV ejection fraction, and severe MR, only LVESD/ring size ratio (odds ratio, 4.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-25.0; P = .048) remained significantly associated with MR recurrence. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated an optimal cutoff value for the LVESD/ring size ratio of 2.42. Patients with an LVESD/ring size ratio >2.42 (n = 30; mismatch) had a lower 5-year cumulative survival rate compared with those with an LVESD/ring size ratio ≤2.42 (n = 36; nonmismatch) (52% vs 71%; P = .045). Postoperatively, LV dimensions were significantly reduced in both groups; however, improvements in LVEF were only modest in the mismatched group (P = .091).

CONCLUSIONS

LV-MV ring size mismatch was associated with an increased risk of recurrent MR in our series. This finding may aid the formulation of surgical strategies for patients with nonischemic DCM.

Transcatheter mitral valve repair in proportionate and disproportionate functional mitral regurgitation-insights from a small cohort study

Background

Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) can be subclassified based on its proportionality relative to left ventricular function and end-diastolic volume. FMR proportionality could help identify responders to transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (MitraClip) in terms of residual FMR and/or clinical improvement.

Methods

This single-centre retrospective cohort study evaluated the feasibility of determining FMR proportionality in symptomatic heart failure patients with reduced left ventricular function who were treated with MitraClip for ≥ moderate-to-severe FMR. Baseline proportionate (pFMR) and disproportionate FMR (dFMR) were distinguished. Patient characteristics and MitraClip procedural outcomes were described.

Results

From an overall cohort of 81 eligible FMR patients, 23/81 (28%) had to be excluded due to missing transthoracic echocardiogram parameters, 22/81 were excluded based on FMR severity. The remaining cohort, of 36/81 patients (44%), could be classified into dFMR (n = 26) or pFMR (n = 10). Conduction disorders were numerically increased in dFMR. All cases requiring > 2 clips were in the dFMR group and absence of FMR reduction occurred more frequently with dFMR.

Point of view/Conclusion

Important limitations in terms of imaging acquisition affect the translation of the FMR proportionality concept to a real-world data set. We did observe different demographic and FMR response patterns in patients with proportionate and disproportionate FMR that warrant further investigation.

Supplementary Information

The online version of this article (10.1007/s12471-021-01583-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The year in cardiology: valvular heart disease

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MitraClip After Failed Surgical Mitral Valve Repair-An International Multicenter Study

Background Recurrence of mitral regurgitation (MR) after surgical mitral valve repair (SMVR) varies and may require reoperation. Redo mitral valve surgery can be technically challenging and is associated with increased risk of mortality and morbidity. We aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of MitraClip as a treatment strategy after failed SMVR and identify procedure modifications to overcome technical challenges. Methods and Results This international multicenter observational retrospective study collected information for all patients from 16 high-volume hospitals who were treated with MitraClip after failed SMVR from October 29, 2009, until August 1, 2017. Data were anonymously collected. Technical and device success were recorded per modified Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium criteria. Overall, 104 consecutive patients were included. Median Society of Thoracic Surgeons score was 4.5% and median age was 73 years. At baseline, the majority of patients (82%) were in New York Heart Association class ≥III and MR was moderate or higher in 86% of patients. The cause of MR pre-SMVR was degenerative in 50%, functional in 35%, mixed in 8%, and missing/unknown in 8% of patients. The median time between SMVR and MitraClip was 5.3 (1.9-9.7) years. Technical and device success were 90% and 89%, respectively. Additional/modified imaging was applied in 21% of cases. An MR reduction of ≥1 grade was achieved in 94% of patients and residual MR was moderate or less in 90% of patients. In-hospital all-cause mortality was 2%, and 86% of patients were in New York Heart Association class ≤II. Conclusions MitraClip is a safe and less invasive treatment option for patients with recurrent MR after failed SMVR. Additional/modified imaging may help overcome technical challenges during leaflet grasping.

The role of transcatheter mitral valve leaflet approximation for the treatment of secondary mitral regurgitation: current status and future prospects

Introduction: Secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR) is one of the most common valvulopathies and is associated with poor prognosis. Over the past years, medical management and mitral valve repair options have rapidly evolved offering new opportunities for a wide range of patients.Areas covered: We provide an up-to-date review of the value of medical and transcatheter mitral valve leaflet approximation for SMR integrating the results of most recent trials and putting their findings into clinical perspective.Expert opinion: Treatment of SMR requires a multidisciplinary approach with a long-term perspective. After optimization of medical treatment, transcatheter mitral valve repair should be considered in patients with persisting symptomatic severe SMR to improve symptoms and prognosis.

The management of secondary mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure: a joint position statement from the Heart Failure Association (HFA), European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), and European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) of the ESC

Secondary (or functional) mitral regurgitation (SMR) occurs frequently in chronic heart failure (HF) with reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, resulting from LV remodelling that prevents coaptation of the valve leaflets. Secondary mitral regurgitation contributes to progression of the symptoms and signs of HF and confers worse prognosis. The management of HF patients with SMR is complex and requires timely referral to a multidisciplinary Heart Team. Optimization of pharmacological and device therapy according to guideline recommendations is crucial. Further management requires careful clinical and imaging assessment, addressing the anatomical and functional features of the mitral valve and left ventricle, overall HF status, and relevant comorbidities. Evidence concerning surgical correction of SMR is sparse and it is doubtful whether this approach improves prognosis. Transcatheter repair has emerged as a promising alternative, but the conflicting results of current randomized trials require careful interpretation. This collaborative position statement, developed by four key associations of the European Society of Cardiology-the Heart Failure Association (HFA), European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI), European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), and European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)-presents an updated practical approach to the evaluation and management of patients with HF and SMR based upon a Heart Team approach.

Repair or Replacement for Secondary Mitral Regurgitation: Results From Polish National Registry

BACKGROUND

The optimal surgical strategy (repair vs replacement) for patients with secondary mitral (MV) regurgitation is questionable.

METHODS

Patients who underwent MV repair or replacement for functional or ischemic mitral regurgitation between 2006 and 2017 were identified in Polish National Registry of Cardiac Surgery Procedures. Patients, who underwent additional procedures other than coronary artery bypass grafting or tricuspid valve surgery, as well as redo or emergency cases, were excluded. The long-term survival was verified based on National Health Fund registry. The survival was compared between MV repair and replacement both in the whole cohort and after propensity score matching. The Cox regression was used to seek for independent predictors of survival.

RESULTS

Of 7633 identified patients, 1793 (23%) underwent MV replacement and 5840 (77%) underwent MV repair. Coronary artery bypass surgery was performed together with MV repair in 3992 (69%) patients and together with MV replacement in 915 (52%) patients (P < .001). Tricuspid valve surgery was added to 1393 (24%) MV repairs and to 561 (32%) MV replacements (P < .001). The crude actuarial 5-year survival was 71% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70%-72%) in the repair group and 66% (95% CI, 63%-68%) in the replacement group (P < .001). MV replacement was an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.17-1.49) (P < .001) in Cox regression modeling. In the propensity-matched cohort (1105 pairs), the long-term mortality was also significantly higher in the replacement group (hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.06-1.45; P = .008).

CONCLUSIONS

Repair of secondary mitral regurgitation has an associated survival benefit compared with MV replacement.

Presentation and outcomes of mitral valve surgery in France in the recent era: a nationwide perspective

Objectives

Unbiased information regarding the surgical management of patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) at the nationwide level are scarce and mainly US-based. The Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d’Information, a mandatory national database, offers the unique opportunity to assess the presentation and outcomes of all consecutive mitral valve (MV) surgeries performed in France in the contemporary era.

Methods

We collected all MV surgeries performed for MR in France in 2014–2016. MR aetiology was classified as degenerative (DMR), secondary (SMR) or Other (rheumatic or congenital disease and infective endocarditis).

Results

During the 3-year period, 18 167 MV surgeries were performed in France (55% repair and 45% replacement; 52% isolated). Age was 66±12 years and 59% were male. Aetiology was DMR in 42%, SMR in 16% and other in 42% including 19% with uncertain aetiologies. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 6.5% and increased with age, female gender, Charlson Comorbidity Index, type of surgery (replacement vs repair), associated surgery (combined vs isolated) and MR aetiology (all p<0.01). In-hospital mortality and rate of death/readmission for heart failure (HF) at 1 year were 3.4% and 13%, respectively for DMR (2.4% and 11% for isolated DMR) and 7.8% and 27%, respectively for SMR (5.5% and 23% for isolated SMR). Repair rate was 55% overall, 68% in DMR and 72% for isolated DMR surgery (70% of all DMR). Repair rates decreased with age, Charlson Comorbidity Index and female sex (all p<0.0001).

Conclusion

In this cross-sectional contemporary prospective nationwide database, in-hospital mortality and 1 year rate of death and HF readmission were considerable overall and in all subsets. Repair rates were suboptimal overall especially in the elderly and women subsets. These results underline the need to develop strategies to improve management and outcomes of patients with both DMR and SMR.

Transapical mitral valve-in-ring procedure with a novel self-expandable transcatheter heart valve: first- and last-in-man report

Interventional therapy of failing surgical mitral valve replacement and repair is an appealing option in patients who are not eligible for redo surgery. We herein report on the first-in-human use of a repositionable, self-expandable transcatheter heart valve with motorized delivery for a transapical mitral valve-in-ring procedure. After implantation, fluoroscopy showed no residual regurgitation and pressure measurements did not reveal any signs of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.

Operative Results of Mitral Valve Repair and Replacement in Chronic Ischaemic Mitral Valve Regurgitation

BACKGROUND

Ischaemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) carries significant morbidity and mortality. Surgical management includes coronary artery bypass surgery alone or concomitant with mitral valve repair or replacement. There is ongoing debate regarding the appropriate approach to the mitral valve in relation to long-term outcomes. This review examines our early and late follow-up, with operative and echocardiographic outcomes for mitral valve repair and mitral replacement for chronic IMR.

METHODS

A retrospective review was performed on prospectively collected data of 119 consecutive patients who either underwent mitral repair (n=101) or mitral replacement (n=18) for chronic IMR at Prince Henry and The Prince of Wales hospitals in Sydney between 1999-2016. All patients had pre and postoperative transthoracic echocardiograms. Follow-up echocardiographic data was obtained from the most recent clinical appointment. Follow-up mortality outcomes were obtained with ethics approval from the Australian National Death Index (NDI).

RESULTS

There was no statistical difference between cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time, cross-clamp time, time spent in intensive care unit (ICU) and time to discharge between cohorts. The replacement cohort was noted to have higher preoperative pulmonary artery (PA) pressures and a higher severity of IMR. Seven (7) deaths were in the mitral valve (MV) repair group within 30 days (6.9%) and three deaths in the MV replacement group within 30 days (16.7%). Echocardiographic follow-up was complete in 78% of the MV repair cohort at an average of 4.06±2.66 years, and 73% complete in the MV replacement cohort at an average of 6.09±4.3 years. Three (3) patients had prior MV repair before MV replacement early at days zero and 17, and late at 8 years respectively. Follow-up echocardiography showed mitral regurgitation (MR) in the mitral valve repair cohort as ≤ mild in 83.5% and ≤ trivial in 35.6%. In the MV replacement cohort MR ≤ mild in 100% and ≤ trivial in 82% with no moderate or severe MR. Preoperative tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and a flexible annuloplasty were predictive of an MR grade > mild in the repair cohort at discharge. Five-year (5-year) survival for the repair cohort was 85% with a mean follow-up time of 7.1±3.83 years. For the replacement cohort, five-year survival was 77.8% with a mean follow-up time of 5.35±1.54 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Mitral valve repair and replacement for chronic IMR has acceptable mortality, reintervention rates and excellent postoperative echocardiographic degrees of IMR in this cohort. Further evaluation is required into quality of life post intervention for IMR and of preoperative predictive factors of significant MR postoperatively to help guide the appropriate choice of treatment. The presence of preoperative tricuspid regurgitation of moderate grade or higher, and the use of a flexible annuloplasty may indicate patients more likely to have a higher grade of MR at follow-up following mitral valve repair in patients with IMR.

Are recurrence of ischemic mitral regurgitation and left ventricular reverse remodeling after restrictive annuloplasty ring dependent?

OBJECTIVE

This meta-analysis investigates MR recurrence and degree of left ventricular reverse remodeling (LVRR) in CIMR patients in mitral annuloplasty employing different ring designs.

BACKGROUND

The deeper understanding of complex changes caused by chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (CIMR) have led to new generations of rings that, by maintaining normal 3D annular geometry are supposed to enhance long-term repair durability.

METHODS

A meta-analysis of all available reports in literature of MV repair through different ring design was conducted. Meta-regression was performed to investigate the impact of mitral ring characteristics related to flexibility, planarity, symmetry and single type utilized. Twenty studies encompassing a total of 1876 patients were included at the end of the selection process.

RESULTS

At meta-regression recurrence of MR was not influenced by the ring employed. Nonetheless, the event rate of MR recurrence in planar rings was 19%. Vs. 11% observed with non-planar rings. Recurrence rate in patients implanted with symmetric rings was 14% whereas it was 7% in asymmetric rings. The non-planar asymmetric IMR-ETlogix showed the lowest recurrence rate (6%). Furthermore, in planar group the reduction of pre- and post-operative LVEDD was - 4%. In the non-planar group, the LVEDD was reduced by 8.6%. In patients implanted with symmetric rings LVEDD reduction was 10.8%. LVRR in the asymmetric group was -5.8%.

CONCLUSION

MR recurrence occurred the least with asymmetric rings with less disproportionate asymmetry. In contrast, LVRR occurred at a greater extent in symmetric rings.

Percutaneous Trans-septal Mitral Valve-in-Ring Implantation Using a Transcatheter Balloon-Expandable Transcatheter Heart Valve With Elective Intra-Procedural Artero-Venous ECMO in a Patient With Severely Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Percutaneous mitral valve-in-valve implantation is an emerging option in patients with surgical bioprosthesis failure or failing mitral annuloplasty and increased surgical risk. We present a case of transcatheter transvenous trans-septal mitral valve-in-ring (TMVinR) procedure, in a patient with severe left ventricular dysfunction and severe mitral regurgitation, after surgical mitral annuloplasty, managed with periprocedural mechanical circulatory support (MCS) with VA-ECMO.