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Reisinger M, Kachel M, George I. Emerging and Re-Emerging Pathogens in Valvular Infective Endocarditis: A Review. Pathogens 2024; 13:543. [PMID: 39057770 PMCID: PMC11279809 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial infection of the endocardial surface, most commonly affecting native and prosthetic valves of the heart. The epidemiology and etiology of the disease have evolved significantly over the last decades. With a growing elderly population, the incidence of degenerative valvopathies and the use of prosthetic heart valves have increased, becoming the most important predisposing risk factors. This change in the epidemiology has caused a shift in the underlying microbiology of the disease, with Staphylococci overtaking Streptococci as the main causative pathogens. Other rarer microbes, including Streptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coxiella burnetti and Brucella, have also emerged or re-emerged. Valvular IE caused by these pathogens, especially Staphylococcus aureus, is often associated with a severe clinical course, leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and management are crucial. Due to the high virulence of these pathogens and an increased incidence of antimicrobial resistances, surgical valve repair or replacement is often necessary. As the epidemiology and etiology of valvular IE continue to evolve, the diagnostic methods and therapies need to be progressively advanced to ensure satisfactory clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Reisinger
- Division of Cardiac, Thoracic & Vascular Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mateusz Kachel
- Division of Cardiac, Thoracic & Vascular Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, 40-028 Katowice, Poland
| | - Isaac George
- Division of Cardiac, Thoracic & Vascular Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Jerónimo A, Olmos C, Zulet P, Gómez-Ramírez D, Anguita M, Carlos Castillo J, Escrihuela-Vidal F, Cuervo G, Calderón-Parra J, Ramos A, Cabezón G, Álvarez Rodríguez J, Pulido P, de Miguel-Álava M, Sáez C, López J, Vilacosta I, San Román JA. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis: comparison between transcatheter and surgical bioprostheses. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02302-0. [PMID: 38856806 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most data regarding infective endocarditis (IE) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) comes from TAVI registries, rather than IE dedicated cohorts. The objective of our study was to compare the clinical and microbiological profile, imaging features and outcomes of patients with IE after SAVR with a biological prosthetic valve (IE-SAVR) and IE after TAVI (IE-TAVI) from 6 centres with an Endocarditis Team (ET) and broad experience in IE. METHODS Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. From the time of first TAVI implantation in each centre to March 2021, all consecutive patients admitted for IE-SAVR or IE-TAVI were prospectively enrolled. Follow-up was monitored during admission and at 12 months after discharge. RESULTS 169 patients with IE-SAVR and 41 with IE-TAVI were analysed. Early episodes were more frequent among IE-TAVI. Clinical course during hospitalization was similar in both groups, except for a higher incidence of atrioventricular block in IE-SAVR. The most frequently causative microorganisms were S. epidermidis, Enterococcus spp. and S. aureus in both groups. Periannular complications were more frequent in IE-SAVR. Cardiac surgery was performed in 53.6% of IE-SAVR and 7.3% of IE-TAVI (p=0.001), despite up to 54.8% of IE-TAVI patients had an indication. No differences were observed about death during hospitalization (32.7% vs 35.0%), and at 1-year follow-up (41.8% vs 37.5%), regardless of whether the patient underwent surgery or not. CONCLUSION Patients with IE-TAVI had a higher incidence of early prosthetic valve IE. Compared to IE-SAVR, IE-TAVI patients underwent cardiac surgery much less frequently, despite having surgical indications. However, in-hospital and 1-year mortality rate was similar between both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Jerónimo
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Carmen Olmos
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Zulet
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Daniel Gómez-Ramírez
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Manuel Anguita
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Castillo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francesc Escrihuela-Vidal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IDIBELL (Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cuervo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IDIBELL (Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Calderón-Parra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Cabezón
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Paloma Pulido
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María de Miguel-Álava
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carmen Sáez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier López
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidre Vilacosta
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alberto San Román
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
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Alexis SL, Malik AH, George I, Hahn RT, Khalique OK, Seetharam K, Bhatt DL, Tang GHL. Infective Endocarditis After Surgical and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A State of the Art Review. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017347. [PMID: 32772772 PMCID: PMC7660802 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) after surgical aortic valve replacement and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) carries significant morbidity/mortality. Our review aims to compare incidence, predisposing factors, microbiology, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of PVE in surgical aortic valve replacement/TAVR patients. We searched PubMed and Embase to identify published studies from January 1, 2015 to March 13, 2020. Key words were indexed for original reports, clinical studies, and reviews. Reports were evaluated by 2 authors against a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria. Studies were included if they reported incidence and outcomes related to surgical aortic valve replacement/TAVR PVE and excluded if they were published pre-2015 or included a small population. We followed the Cochrane methodology and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for all stages of the design and implementation. Study quality was based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Thirty-three studies with 311 to 41 025 patients contained relevant information. The majority found no significant difference in incidence of surgical aortic valve replacement/TAVR PVE (reported as 0.3%-1.2% per patient-year versus 0.6%-3.4%), but there were key differences in pathogenesis. TAVR has a specific set of infection risks related to entry site, procedure, and device, including nonstandardized protocols for infection control, valve crimping injury, paravalvular leak, neo-leaflet stress, intact/calcified native leaflets, and intracardiac hardware. With the expansion of TAVR to lower risk and younger patients, a better understanding of pathogenesis, patient presentation, and guideline-directed treatment is paramount. When operative intervention is necessary, mortality remains high at 20% to 30%. Unique TAVR infection risks present opportunities for PVE prevention, therefore, further investigation is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L. Alexis
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryMount Sinai Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Aaqib H. Malik
- Department of MedicineWestchester Medical CenterValhallaNY
| | - Isaac George
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Rebecca T. Hahn
- Division of CardiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Omar K. Khalique
- Division of CardiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | | | - Deepak L. Bhatt
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Heart & Vascular CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | - Gilbert H. L. Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryMount Sinai Medical CenterNew YorkNY
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