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Chen HS, van Roon L, Schoones J, Zeppenfeld K, DeRuiter MC, Jongbloed MRM. Cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after myocardial infarction: a systematic review and qualitative analysis. Ann Med 2023; 55:2283195. [PMID: 38065671 PMCID: PMC10836288 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2283195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death. The characteristics of cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation remain underexposed. OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic review on cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after MI, taking into account: (1) definition, experimental model and quantification method and (2) location, amount and timing, in order to obtain an overview of current knowledge and to expose gaps in literature. METHODS References on cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation were screened for inclusion. The included studies received a full-text review and quality appraisal. Relevant data on hyperinnervation were collected and qualitatively analysed. RESULTS Our literature search identified 60 eligible studies performed between 2000 and 2022. Cardiac hyperinnervation is generally defined as an increased sympathetic nerve density or increased number of nerves compared to another control group (100%). Studies were performed in a multitude of experimental models, but most commonly in male rats with permanent left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation (male: 63%, rat: 68%, permanent ligation: 93%, LAD: 97%). Hyperinnervation seems to occur mainly in the borderzone. Quantification after MI was performed in regions of interest in µm2/mm2 (41%) or in percentage of nerve fibres (46%) and the reported amount showed a great variation ranging from 439 to 126,718 µm2/mm2. Hyperinnervation seems to start from three days onwards to >3 months without an evident peak, although studies on structural evaluation over time and in the chronic phase were scarce. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after MI occurs mainly in the borderzone from three days onwards and remains present at later timepoints, for at least 3 months. It is most commonly studied in male rats with permanent LAD ligation. The amount of hyperinnervation differs greatly between studies, possibly due to differential quantification methods. Further studies are required that evaluate cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation over time and in the chronic phase, in transmural sections, in the female sex, and in MI with reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Sophia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Congenital Heart Disease Amsterdam Leiden (CAHAL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke van Roon
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Schoones
- Dictorate of Research Policy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Zeppenfeld
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Congenital Heart Disease Amsterdam Leiden (CAHAL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C. DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R. M. Jongbloed
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Congenital Heart Disease Amsterdam Leiden (CAHAL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Zeidan-Shwiri T, Yang Y, Lashevsky I, Kadmon E, Kagal D, Dick A, Laish Farkash A, Paul G, Gao D, Shurrab M, Newman D, Wright G, Crystal E. Magnetic resonance estimates of the extent and heterogeneity of scar tissue in ICD patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy predict ventricular arrhythmia. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:802-8. [PMID: 25583153 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of patients receiving implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation under current guidelines never develop sustained ventricular arrhythmia; therefore, better markers of risk for sustained ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation are needed. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify cardiac magnetic resonance arrhythmic risk predictors of ischemic cardiomyopathy before ICD implantation. METHODS Forty-three subjects (mean age, 64.5 ± 11.9 years) with previous myocardial infarction who were referred for ICD implantation were evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI protocol included left ventricular functional parameter assessment using steady-state free precession and late gadolinium enhancement MRI using inversion recovery fast gradient echo. Left ventricular functional parameters were measured using cardiac magnetic resonance software. Subjects were followed up for 6-46 months, and the events of appropriate ICD treatments (shocks and antitachycardia pacing) were recorded. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients experienced 46 spontaneous episodes during a median follow-up duration of 30 months. The total myocardial infarct (MI) size (18.05 ± 11.44 g vs 38.83 ± 19.87 g; P = .0006), MI core (11.63 ± 7.14 g vs 24.12 ± 12.73 g; P = .0002), and infarct gray zone (6.43 ± 4.64 g vs 14.71 ± 7.65 g; P = .0004) were significantly larger in subjects who received appropriate ICD therapy than in those who did not experience an episode of ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation. Multivariate regression analyses for the infarct gray zone and MI core adjusted for New York Heart Association class, diabetes, and etiology (primary or secondary prevention) revealed that the gray zone and MI core were predictors of appropriate ICD therapies (P = .0018 and P = .007, respectively). CONCLUSION The extent of MI scar may predict which patients would benefit most from ICD implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawfiq Zeidan-Shwiri
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Yuesong Yang
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ilan Lashevsky
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ehud Kadmon
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darren Kagal
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexander Dick
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Avishag Laish Farkash
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gideon Paul
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Donsheng Gao
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohammed Shurrab
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Newman
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Graham Wright
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eugene Crystal
- Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Infarct tissue characterization in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator recipients for primary versus secondary prevention following myocardial infarction: a study with contrast-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 29:169-76. [PMID: 22684301 PMCID: PMC3550703 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-012-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about potential differences in infarct tissue characteristics between patients with prior life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia versus patients receiving prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) might help to improve the current risk stratification in myocardial infarction (MI) patients who are considered for ICD implantation. In a consecutive series of (ICD) recipients for primary and secondary prevention following MI, we used contrast-enhanced (CE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging to evaluate differences in infarct tissue characteristics. Cine-CMR measurements included left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (EDV, ESV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), wall motion score index (WMSI), and mass. CE-CMR images were analyzed for core, peri, and total infarct size, infarct localization (according to coronary artery territory), and transmural extent. In this study, 95 ICD recipients were included. In the primary prevention group (n = 66), LVEF was lower (23 ± 9 % vs. 31 ± 14 %; P < 0.01), ESV and WMSI were higher (223 ± 75 ml vs. 184 ± 97 ml, P = 0.04, and 1.89 ± 0.52 vs. 1.47 ± 0.68; P < 0.01), and anterior infarct localization was more frequent (P = 0.02) than in the secondary prevention group (n = 29). There were no differences in infarct tissue characteristics between patients treated for primary versus secondary prevention (P > 0.6 for all). During 21 ± 9 months of follow-up, 3 (5 %) patients in the primary prevention group and 9 (31 %) in the secondary prevention group experienced appropriate ICD therapy for treatment of ventricular arrhythmia (P < 0.01). There was no difference in infarct tissue characteristics between recipients of ICD for primary versus secondary prevention, while the secondary prevention group showed a higher frequency of applied ICD therapy for ventricular arrhythmia.
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