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Xie J, Wang Y, Choi W, Jangili P, Ge Y, Xu Y, Kang J, Liu L, Zhang B, Xie Z, He J, Xie N, Nie G, Zhang H, Kim JS. Overcoming barriers in photodynamic therapy harnessing nano-formulation strategies. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9152-9201. [PMID: 34223847 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively investigated for decades for tumor treatment because of its non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, lower side-effects, and immune activation ability. It can be a promising treatment modality in several medical fields, including oncology, immunology, urology, dermatology, ophthalmology, cardiology, pneumology, and dentistry. Nevertheless, the clinical application of PDT is largely restricted by the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers, limited tissue penetrability of light, inefficient induction of tumor cell death, tumor resistance to the therapy, and the severe pain induced by the therapy. Recently, various photosensitizer formulations and therapy strategies have been developed to overcome these barriers. Significantly, the introduction of nanomaterials in PDT, as carriers or photosensitizers, may overcome the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers. Based on this, nanocomposites excited by various light sources are applied in the PDT of deep-seated tumors. Modulation of cell death pathways with co-delivered reagents promotes PDT induced tumor cell death. Relief of tumor resistance to PDT with combined therapy strategies further promotes tumor inhibition. Also, the optimization of photosensitizer formulations and therapy procedures reduces pain in PDT. Here, a systematic summary of recent advances in the fabrication of photosensitizers and the design of therapy strategies to overcome barriers in PDT is presented. Several aspects important for the clinical application of PDT in cancer treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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A three-compartment non-linear model of myocardial cell conduction block during photosensitization. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:703-710. [PMID: 33608842 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study constructed a new non-linear model of myocardial electrical conduction block during photosensitization reaction to identify the vulnerable cell population and generate an index for recurrent risk following catheter ablation for tachyarrhythmia. A three-compartment model of conductive, vulnerable, and blocked cells was proposed. To determine the non-linearity of the rate parameter for the change from vulnerable cells to conductive cells, we compared a previously reported non-linear model and our newly proposed model with non-linear rate parameters in the modeling of myocardial cell electrical conduction block during photosensitization reaction. The rate parameters were optimized via a bi-nested structure using measured synchronicity data during the photosensitization reaction of myocardial cell wires. The newly proposed model had a better fit to the measured data than the conventional model. The sum of the error until the time where the measured value was higher than 0.6, was 0.22 in the conventional model and 0.07 in our new model. The non-linear rate parameter from the vulnerable cell to the conductive cell compartment may be the preferred structure of the electrical conduction block model induced by photosensitization reaction. This simulation model provides an index to evaluate recurrent risk after tachyarrhythmia catheter ablation by photosensitization reaction. A three-compartment non-linear model of myocardial cell conduction block during photosensitization.
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Uno Y, Ogawa E, Aiyoshi E, Arai T. A Three-Compartment Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict the Interstitial Concentration of Talaporfin Sodium in the Myocardium for Photodynamic Therapy: A Method Combining Measured Fluorescence and Analysis of the Compartmental Origin of the Fluorescence. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 6:bioengineering6010001. [PMID: 30583456 PMCID: PMC6466385 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy occurring in the interstitial space of the myocardium, we estimated the interstitial concentration of talaporfin sodium in the canine myocardium by constructing a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model based on measured changes in talaporfin sodium plasma concentration and myocardial fluorescence. Differential rate equations of talaporfin sodium concentration in the plasma, interstitial space, and cell compartment were developed with individual compartment volume, concentration, and rate constants. Using measured volume ratios based on histological examinations, we defined that the myocardial fluorescence consisted of the linear addition of fluorescence generated from these three compartments. The rate constants were obtained by fitting to minimize the sum of the squared errors between the measured talaporfin sodium concentrations and the calculated concentrations divided by the number of data points using the conjugate gradient method in MATLAB. We confirmed that this fitting operation may be appropriate, because a coefficient of determination between the measured talaporfin sodium changes and the calculated concentrations using our equations was 0.99. Consequently, to estimate the interstitial concentration in the canine myocardium, we propose a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model construction methodology using measured changes in talaporfin sodium plasma concentration and changes in myocardial fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Uno
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Emiyu Ogawa
- School of Allied Health Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Eitaro Aiyoshi
- The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tokyo 190-0014, Japan.
| | - Tsunenori Arai
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
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Ogawa E, Arai T. Development of a practical animal model of photodynamic therapy using a high concentration of extracellular talaporfin sodium in interstitial fluid: influence of albumin animal species on myocardial cell photocytotoxicity in vitro. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:2105-2109. [PMID: 28980086 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic reaction-induced photocytotoxicity using talaporfin sodium is inhibited by serum proteins binding to talaporfin sodium. The serum albumin binding site for talaporfin sodium differs among animal species. To identify a practical animal therapeutic model, we studied the ability of human, canine, bovine, and porcine albumin to influence talaporfin sodium-induced photocytotoxicity in rat myocardial cells in vitro. Human, canine, bovine, and porcine serum albumins were used. The ratio of talaporfin sodium binding, which is strongly associated with photocytotoxicity, was measured by ultrafiltration with an albumin concentration of 0.5-20 mg/ml and 20 μg/ml talaporfin sodium to mimic interstitial fluid. Rat myocardial cell lethality was measured by the WST assay 2 h after samples were exposed to a radiant exposure of 20 J/cm2 by a red diode laser (Optical Fuel™, Sony, Tokyo, Japan) with a wavelength of 663 nm. The binding ratio dependence on albumin concentration differed among the animal species. Bovine albumin exhibited the largest difference from human albumin, with a maximum difference of 31% at 2 mg/ml albumin. The cell lethality characteristic was similar between human and canine albumin. The cell lethality dependence on albumin was not in the same order as the binding ratio. Cell lethality was lowest for human albumin with higher albumin concentrations between 5 and 20 mg/ml. There were no significant differences in cell lethality between bovine and porcine albumin and between human and canine albumin. We suggest that the canine model may be a useful animal therapeutic model for evaluating photodynamic therapy using a high concentration of the photosensitizer in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiyu Ogawa
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Tsunenori Arai
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
- School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
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Protti S, Albini A, Viswanathan R, Greer A. Targeting Photochemical Scalpels or Lancets in the Photodynamic Therapy Field—The Photochemist's Role. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1139-1153. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab Department of Chemistry University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Angelo Albini
- PhotoGreen Lab Department of Chemistry University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | | | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry Brooklyn College Brooklyn NY
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry The Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York City NY
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Ogawa E, Kurotsu M, Arai T. Irradiance dependence of the conduction block of an in vitro cardiomyocyte wire. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 19:93-97. [PMID: 28502877 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To obtain therapeutic condition precisely by in vitro experiment, we studied the irradiance dependence of the electrical conduction blockage caused by a photodynamic reaction using a high extracellular concentration of talaporfin sodium on a novel in vitro cardiomyocyte electrical conduction wire. METHODS The cardiomyocyte wires were constructed on patterned cultivation cover glass, which had cultivation areas 60μm in width, and a maximum length of 10mm. The talaporfin sodium concentration was set to 20μg/mL. The photodynamic reaction with a high extracellular photosensitizer concentration was performed with a short time interval (approximately 15min) between photosensitizer exposure and irradiation. A 663-nm laser was applied to the cardiomyocyte wire, and the irradiance was varied between 3 and 120mW/cm2. The cardiomyocyte electrical conduction was evaluated using the cross-correlation function of intracellular Ca2+ probe fluorescence brightness from an upper and lower section outside the laser irradiation area of a wire every 10s, which lasted up to 600s. RESULTS The onset of electrical conduction blockage was defined by an 85% decrease in the cross-correlation function, compared with its initial value. The time for the electrical conduction blockage decreased from 600 to 300s as the irradiance was increased. Also, the probability of electrical conduction blockage was found to increase with increasing irradiance. CONCLUSIONS We found a strong dependence on the irradiance for the time and probability of electrical conduction blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiyu Ogawa
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Mariko Kurotsu
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Tsunenori Arai
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan; School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Haines DE. Nanoparticles Yield Big Results. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016; 9:CIRCEP.116.004105. [PMID: 27162035 DOI: 10.1161/circep.116.004105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E Haines
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI.
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Dependence of damage within 10min to myocardial cells by a photodynamic reaction with a high concentration of talaporfin sodium outside cells in vitro on parameters of laser irradiation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 15:1-5. [PMID: 27132024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the immediate occurrence of irreparable severe damage to myocardial cells up to 10min after a photodynamic reaction with a high concentration of photosensitizer outside cells, we measured the damage response time and the parameters that govern the response time via rat myocardial Ca(2+) concentration. In our proposed method for catheter ablation of tachyarrhythmia by photodynamic reaction, there are two components to the electrical conduction block: an immediate electrical conduction block of several tens of seconds to several minutes, and a permanent electrical conduction block. METHODS Rat myocardial intracellular Ca(2+) concentration changes before, during and after the photodynamic reaction with a high concentration of photosensitizer outside myocardial cells were continuously observed using a Fluo-4 AM Ca(2+) probe. Talaporfin sodium with 663-nm excitation was used to induce the photodynamic reaction. Talaporfin concentration was 10-30μg/ml, radiant exposure was 10-40J/cm(2), and irradiance was 30-290mW/cm(2). We evaluated the response time of irreparable severe damage to myocardial cells, according to Ca(2+) concentration. RESULTS The response time of the defined severe damage occurrence to myocardial cells ranged from 200 to 500s. The response time decreased with increasing irradiance and photosensitizer concentration, but exhibited no significant change with total radiant exposure. CONCLUSIONS We found that severe myocardial cell damage caused by a photodynamic reaction with a high concentration of photosensitizer outside cells occurred within a few minutes, which might be useful for catheter ablation for tachyarrhythmia that needs immediate response during the ablation procedure.
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Kimura T, Takatsuki S, Miyoshi S, Takahashi M, Ogawa E, Nakajima K, Kashimura S, Katsumata Y, Nishiyama T, Nishiyama N, Tanimoto Y, Aizawa Y, Arai T, Fukuda K. Electrical superior vena cava isolation using photodynamic therapy in a canine model. Europace 2015; 18:294-300. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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