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Landa P, Lalonde JD, Bergeron F, Kassim SA, Côté A, Gartner JB, Tanfani E, Resta M. Impact of primary health care reforms in Quebec Health Care System: a systematic literature review protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068666. [PMID: 37524547 PMCID: PMC10391782 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the last decade the Quebec Public Health Care System (QPHCS) had an important transformation in primary care planning activity. The increase of the service demand together with a significant reduction of supply in primary care may be at risk of reducing access to health care services, with a negative impact on costs and health outcomes. The aims of this systematic literature review are to map and aggregate existing literature and evidence on the primary care provided in Quebec, showing the benefits and limitations associated with the health policies developed in the last two decades, and highlighting areas of improvement. METHODS AND ANALYSIS PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and CINAHL will be searched for articles and government reports between January 2000 and January 2022 using a prespecified search strategy. This protocol adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Protocols and has been registered with PROSPERO. A wide range of electronic databases and grey literature sources will be systematically searched using predefined keywords. The review will include any study design, with the exclusion of protocols, with a focus on the analysis of health care policies, outcomes, costs and management of the primary health care services, published in either English or French languages. Two authors will independently screen titles, abstracts, full-text articles and select studies meeting the inclusion criteria. A customised data extraction form will be used to extract data from the included studies. Results will be presented in tabular format developed iteratively by the research team. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Research ethics approval is not required as exclusively secondary data will be used. Review findings will synthesise the characteristics and the impact of the reforms of QPHCS of the last two decades. Findings will therefore be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and through discussions with stakeholders. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023421145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Landa
- Département d'opérations et systèmes de décision, Universite Laval Faculté des sciences de l'administration, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Quebec - Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Denis Lalonde
- Département d'opérations et systèmes de décision, Universite Laval Faculté des sciences de l'administration, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Départment de Management, Universite Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Bergeron
- Bibliothèque-Direction des services-conseils, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - André Côté
- Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Quebec - Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Départment de Management, Universite Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Gartner
- Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Quebec - Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena Tanfani
- Dipartimento di Economia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Resta
- Dipartimento di Economia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
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Mahlknecht A, Abuzahra ME, Piccoliori G, Engl A, Sönnichsen A. Are quality promotion initiatives in Austrian and Italian general practices associated with higher patient satisfaction and quality of life? Results from the interventional study 'IQuaB'. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e397-e409. [PMID: 33151008 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to assess the changes in quality of life (QoL) and patient satisfaction of chronically ill patients in general practices in Salzburg (Austria) and South Tyrol (Italy) after implementation of a combined intervention addressing quality of care of general practitioners (GPs). Furthermore, the correlation between QoL/patient satisfaction and quality of care provided by the GPs (measured by a quality score based on quality indicators [QIs]) was investigated. The non-controlled pre-post study involved GPs and patients with chronic conditions. The intervention consisted of self-audit, benchmarking and quality circles. QIs were extracted in the participating practices in 2012 (preintervention) and 2014 (postintervention). Before and after the intervention, a patient survey was conducted including EQ-5D (measuring health-related QoL), a patient participation scale and parts of the European Task Force on Patient Evaluations of General Practice questionnaire (measuring patient satisfaction). Mann-Whitney U-tests, chi-square tests and Spearman's rank correlation were applied for statistical analysis. Fifty-six GPs participated in the study. 1,710 patients returned the questionnaire in 2012, and 1,374 in 2014. Mean EQ-5D index (QoL) was similar in Salzburg and South Tyrol in both years: 2012 Salzburg 0.85 (95% CI 0.84-0.87), South Tyrol 0.85 (95% CI 0.84-0.86); 2014 Salzburg 0.84 (95% CI 0.83-0.86), South Tyrol 0.84 (95% CI 0.83-0.86). Patient satisfaction was higher in Salzburg than in South Tyrol at baseline (EUROPEP: mean percentage of best response 61.5% vs. 49.1%, p < 0.000) and also at follow-up (61.9% vs. 49.2%; p < 0.000). No significant correlation between quality score and QoL/patient satisfaction was detected. Thus, the impact of the intervention was not significant within the intermediate time periods analysed in the study. Improvements in quality of care do not necessarily also improve patient-relevant outcomes, which are probably more associated with other factors than with medical quality (e.g. availability of the GP, waiting times and communication-related issues).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Mahlknecht
- Institute of General Practice, College of Health Care Professions, Bolzano, Italy
- Institute of General Practice, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Muna E Abuzahra
- Institute for General Medicine and Evidence-based Health Services Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Giuliano Piccoliori
- Institute of General Practice, College of Health Care Professions, Bolzano, Italy
- South Tyrolean Academy of General Practice, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Adolf Engl
- Institute of General Practice, College of Health Care Professions, Bolzano, Italy
- South Tyrolean Academy of General Practice, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andreas Sönnichsen
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kang M, Robards F, Luscombe G, Sanci L, Usherwood T. The relationship between having a regular general practitioner (GP) and the experience of healthcare barriers: a cross-sectional study among young people in NSW, Australia, with oversampling from marginalised groups. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2020; 21:220. [PMID: 33115430 PMCID: PMC7592545 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-020-01294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people (12-24 years) visit general practice but may not have a 'regular' general practitioner (GP). Whether continuity of GP care influences experiences with, and barriers to, health care among young people is unknown. This paper explores the association between having a regular GP and experience of healthcare barriers and attitudes to health system navigation among young people in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. METHODS This study was a cross-sectional survey administered either online or face-to-face in community settings. Young people living in NSW were recruited, with oversampling of those from five socio-culturally marginalised groups (those who were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, homeless, of refugee background, in rural or remote locations, sexuality and/or gender diverse). In this analysis of a larger dataset, we examined associations between having a regular GP, demographic and health status variables, barriers to health care and attitudes to health system navigation, using chi-square tests and odds ratios. Content and thematic analyses were applied to free-text responses to explore young people's views about having a regular GP. RESULTS One thousand four hundred and sixteen young people completed the survey between 2016 and 2017. Of these, 81.1% had seen a GP in the previous 6 months and 57.8% had a regular GP. Cost was the most frequently cited barrier (45.8%) to accessing health care generally. Those with a regular GP were less likely to cite cost and other structural barriers, feeling judged, and not knowing which service to go to. Having a regular GP was associated with having more positive attitudes to health system navigation. Free-text responses provided qualitative insights, including the importance of building a relationship with one GP. CONCLUSIONS General practice is the appropriate setting for preventive health care and care coordination. Having a regular GP is associated with fewer barriers and more positive attitudes to health system navigation and may provide better engagement with and coordination of care. Strategies are needed to increase the proportion of young people who have a regular GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kang
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia.
- Department of General Practice, The University of Sydney, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia.
- School of Public Health, Room 224, Level 8, Building 10, 235 Jones St, ULTIMO, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Fiona Robards
- Department of General Practice, The University of Sydney, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Lena Sanci
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Tim Usherwood
- Department of General Practice, The University of Sydney, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
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Łaszewska A, Wancata J, Jahn R, Simon J. The excess economic burden of mental disorders: findings from a cross-sectional prevalence survey in Austria. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2020; 21:1075-1089. [PMID: 32458164 PMCID: PMC7423789 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-020-01200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Information about the scope of mental disorders (MDs), resource use patterns in health and social care sectors and economic cost is crucial for adequate mental healthcare planning. This study provides the first representative estimates about the overall utilisation of resources by people with MDs and the excess healthcare and productivity loss costs associated with MDs in Austria. Data were collected in a cross-sectional survey conducted on a representative sample (n = 1008) between June 2015 and June 2016. Information on mental health diagnoses, 12-month health and social care use, medication use, comorbidities, informal care, early retirement, sick leave and unemployment was collected via face-to-face interviews. Generalised linear model was used to assess the excess cost of MDs. The healthcare cost was 37% higher (p = 0.06) and the total cost was twice as high (p < 0.001) for the respondents with MDs compared to those without MDs. Lost productivity cost was over 2.5-times higher (p < 0.001) for those with MDs. Participants with severe MDs had over 2.5-times higher health and social care cost (p < 0.001) and 9-times higher mental health services cost (p < 0.001), compared to those with non-severe MDs. The presence of two or more physical comorbidities was a statistically significant determinant of the total cost. Findings suggest that the overall excess economic burden on health and social care depends on the severity of MDs and the number of comorbidities. Both non-severe and severe MDs contribute to substantially higher loss productivity costs compared to no MDs. Future resource allocation and service planning should take this into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Łaszewska
- Department of Health Economics, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/I, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Wancata
- Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebecca Jahn
- Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judit Simon
- Department of Health Economics, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/I, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Sun KS, Lam TP, Lam KF, Lo TL, Chao DVK, Lam EWW, Wu D. Do patients with and without a regular primary care physician have their psychological distress looked after differently? J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 41:399-404. [PMID: 29982744 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While qualitative studies suggested that continuity of care by primary care physicians (PCPs) facilitated consultations for psychological problems, there was limited quantitative evidence. This survey compared management of psychological distress between patients with and without a regular PCP. METHODS A questionnaire survey was conducted with 1626 adult primary care attenders from 13 private and 6 public clinics in Hong Kong. Management of psychological distress between respondents with a regular PCP and those without were compared. Effects of demographic factors were adjusted for by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Among the 1626 respondents, 650 (40.0%) reported that they had ever experienced psychological distress. Of the 650 respondents experienced distress, 307 (47.2%) had a regular PCP. A significantly higher proportion of patients with a regular PCP than those without reported: (i) their PCPs sometimes/often asked about psychological problems [37.7 versus 20.1%, adjusted OR = 2.241]; (ii) they sometimes/often mentioned their psychological problems to PCPs [45.2 versus 24.9%, adjusted OR = 2.503]; and (iii) their distress had been treated by PCPs [22.1 versus 13.4%, adjusted OR = 1.702]. CONCLUSION Patients with a regular PCP have around double odds of receiving mental health care. Continuity of care by PCPs should be emphasized in mental health care delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sing Sun
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tai Pong Lam
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Fai Lam
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tak Lam Lo
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Kwai Chung Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Vai Kiong Chao
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, United Christian Hospital and Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmund Wing Wo Lam
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Wu
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Project-China, Guangzhou, China
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Kriegel J, Rissbacher C, Pölzl A, Tuttle-Weidinger L, Reckwitz N. Levers for integrating social work into primary healthcare networks in Austria. Health Policy 2019; 124:75-82. [PMID: 31810579 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integrated healthcare of patients with support needs in primary healthcare in Austria has insufficient structural and procedural features in terms of the quality and security of care. The aim is therefore to develop solution- and patient-oriented services that take into account both the patients' requirements as well as the medical, nursing, therapeutic and economic perspectives. The question arises: What relevant levers can support the active participation of social work in the primary healthcare of patients with support needs in Austria? METHODS An adapted Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to investigate the levers for integrating social work into primary healthcare networks in Austria. In addition to a semi-structured literature search, subjective expert and user priorities were surveyed, cause-and-effect relationships were visualized, an extended cycle of success was developed and relevant control levers were identified by means of a pair comparison matrix and an effectiveness front. RESULTS This results in the targeted development and optimization of the complex integration of social work into primary healthcare in Austria, the relevant levers being the professionalization of social work, competences of social work, communication and cooperation of stakeholders. CONCLUSION The identified levers have to be processed conceptually and operationally. For this purpose, an integrated concept has to be developed, which, in addition to innovative organizational instruments, includes special communication approaches as well as inter-professional process and knowledge management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kriegel
- Institute for Management and Economics in Healthcare, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics & Technology, 6060, Hall i.T., Austria; University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, School of Applied Health and Social Sciences, Linz, Austria.
| | - Clemens Rissbacher
- Institute of Integrated Healthcare, tirol kliniken, Innrain 98, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alois Pölzl
- Austrian Association of Social Workers, Mariahilferstraße 81/I/14, 1060, Wien, Austria
| | - Linda Tuttle-Weidinger
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, School of Applied Health and Social Sciences, Linz, Austria
| | - Nanni Reckwitz
- Emergency Department, St. Willibrord Hospital, Willibrordstraße 9, 46446, Emmerich, Germany
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Hoffmann K, Ristl R, George A, Maier M, Pichlhöfer O. The ecology of medical care: access points to the health care system in Austria and other developed countries. Scand J Prim Health Care 2019; 37:409-417. [PMID: 31512566 PMCID: PMC6883430 DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2019.1663593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to analyze the Austrian health care system using the ecology of care model. Our secondary aim was to compare data from Austria with those available from other countries.Design: 3508 interviews employing a 30-item questionnaire related to the utilization of the health care system including demographic factors were conducted. Participants were chosen by a Random Digital Dialing procedure. Further, a literature review of studies of other countries use of the ecology of care model was conducted.Main outcome measures: Austria has one of the highest utilization of health care services in any of the assessed categories. The comparison with the literature review shows that Austria has the highest utilization of specialists working in the outpatient sector as well as the highest hospitalization rates. Taiwan and Korea have comparable utilization patterns. Canada, Sweden, and Norway are countries with lower utilization patterns, and the U.S. and Japan are intermediate.Conclusion: In Austria and similarly organized countries, high utilization of all health care services can be observed, in particular, the utilization of specialists and hospitalizations. The over-utilization of all levels of health care in Austria may be due to the lack of a clear demarcation line between the primary and secondary levels of care, and the presence of universal health coverage, which also allows for unrestricted and undirected access to all levels of care. Previous studies have shown that comparable countries lack the health benefits of a strong primary care system with its coordination function.Key pointsIn Austria and similarly organized countries, there appears to be high utilization of health care in general, as well as with particular utilization of specialists and hospitalizations.The high utilization of all levels of care in Austria may be the result of competition, lack of a clear demarcation line between the primary and secondary level of care, and the presence of universal health coverage.Pathways between primary and secondary care should be strengthened as previous studies have shown that comparable countries lack the health benefits of strong primary care and its function for health care coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hoffmann
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
- CONTACT Kathryn Hoffmann Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/I, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robin Ristl
- Center for Medical Statistics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
| | - Aaron George
- Meritus Family Medicine Residency Program, Hagerstown, MD, USA
| | - Manfred Maier
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
| | - Otto Pichlhöfer
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
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Hoffmann K, George A, Jirovsky E, Dorner TE. Re-examining access points to the different levels of health care: a cross-sectional series in Austria. Eur J Public Health 2019; 29:1005-1010. [PMID: 30938408 PMCID: PMC6896971 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is high variation in service utilization behaviour, health equity and outcomes among countries based upon the organization of access to primary and secondary care levels. Austria is a country with universal health coverage and access without clear delineation between access to primary and secondary care. The aim of this study was to investigate development of access points to the Austrian system over time and subsequent utilization. METHODS The databases used were the Austrian Health Interview Surveys 2006/2007 and 2014, including 15 747 and 15 771 persons, respectively. Descriptive analysis of health services utilization behaviour and demographic factors were conducted. Logistic regression models were applied. Furthermore, differences between the two periods are shown. RESULT Utilization of all services assessed was high in 2014 when compared to 2006/2007. Between these periods, a 6-7% increase in use of secondary care services was found. There was a 10.8% increase in access to specialist care services and 4.1% increase in hospital outpatient visits, each without prior General Practitioner (GP) visits. The largest increases were found in those groups that had previously demonstrated the lowest utilization behaviour of accessing specialist consultations and consultations without a prior GP visit. CONCLUSION Despite the lack of change to the health care system or access to care, there was an increase in utilization of secondary care services, with a lower percentage of patients seeking direct GP consultation. This is concerning for systems development, cost containment and quality of care, as it demonstrates a possible trend shifting away from primary care as initial access point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hoffmann
- Kathryn Hoffmann, MD, MPH, Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/I, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aaron George
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Elena Jirovsky
- Elena Jirovsky, PhD, Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/I, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas E Dorner
- Thomas E. Dorner, MD, MPH, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/I, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Hoffmann K, George A, Van Loenen T, De Maeseneer J, Maier M. The influence of general practitioners on access points to health care in a system without gatekeeping: a cross-sectional study in the context of the QUALICOPC project in Austria. Croat Med J 2019; 60:316-324. [PMID: 31483117 PMCID: PMC6734571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the rates of specialist visits and visits to hospital emergency departments (ED) among patients in Austria with and without concurrent general practitioner (GP) consultation and among patients with and without chronic disease. METHODS The cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted in the context of the QUALICOPC project in 2012. Fieldworkers recruited 1596 consecutive patients in 184 GP offices across Austria. The 41-question survey addressed patients' experiences with regard to access to, coordination, and continuity of primary care, as well demographics and health status. Descriptive statistics as well as univariate and multivariate regression models were applied. RESULTS More than 90% of patients identified a GP as a primary source of care. Among all patients, 85.5% reported having visited a specialist and 26.4% the ED at least once in the previous year. Having a usual GP did not change the rate of specialist visits. Additionally, patients with chronic disease had a higher likelihood of presenting to the ED despite having a GP as a usual source of care. CONCLUSION Visiting specialists in Austria is quite common, and the simple presence of a GP as a usual source of care is insufficient to regulate pathways within the health care system. This can be particularly difficult for chronic care patients who often require care at different levels of the system and show higher frequency of ED presentations.
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Dorner TE, Wilfinger J, Hoffman K, Lackinger C. Association between physical activity and the utilization of general practitioners in different age groups. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2019; 131:278-287. [PMID: 31076889 PMCID: PMC6570780 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-019-1503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) is an important tool in health promotion, prevention, curation, and rehabilitation and should be part of general practitioners (GP) consultations. For tailoring GP's service it is important to know the PA habits of the clients. METHODS Data from the Austrian Health Interview Survey 2014 with 15,770 subjects were analyzed. The association between PA, measured with the Physical Activity Questionnaire of the European Health Intervies Survey (EHIS-PAQ) and having visited a GP within the last 4 weeks was examined in different age groups (15-29, 30-64, and 65+ years). In multivariate analyses we adjusted for sociodemographic and health-related variables (body mass index, 17 chronic diseases, and the use of medication). RESULTS In subjects aged 15-29 years and 30-64 years fulfilling aerobic PA recommendations was significantly associated with a lower chance of having consulted the GP with unadjusted OR (95% CI) 0.82 (0.70-0.96) and 0.90 (0.82-0.99), respectively, whereas work-related PA was associated with a higher chance, with OR 1.21 (1.03-1.42) and 1.10 (1.00-1.20), respectively. Adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related factors led to loss of significance. In subjects aged 30-64 years, muscle strengthening PA was associated with a higher chance for GP consultation with OR 1.12 (1.00-1.24) in the fully adjusted model. In subjects aged 65+ years, PA was associated with a lower chance of having visited the GP with OR 0.74 (0.64-0.86) and 0.83 (0.71-0.97) for work related PA and total PA, respectively, in the fully adjusted model. CONCLUSION The association of PA and GP consultation is dependent on age and type of PA, and partly mediated by sociodemographic and health-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Dorner
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/1, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Julia Wilfinger
- Department for Health Promotion and Prevention, SPORTUNION Austria, Falkestraße 1, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathryn Hoffman
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/I, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Lackinger
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/1, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Health Promotion and Prevention, SPORTUNION Austria, Falkestraße 1, 1010, Vienna, Austria
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Mayer S, Spickschen J, Stein KV, Crevenna R, Dorner TE, Simon J. The societal costs of chronic pain and its determinants: The case of Austria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213889. [PMID: 30893370 PMCID: PMC6426226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain is among the most burdensome conditions. Its prevalence ranges between 12% and 30% in Europe, with an estimated 21% among Austrian adults. The economic impact of chronic pain from a societal perspective, however, has not been sufficiently researched. This study aims to provide an estimate of the societal costs for working-age adults with chronic pain in Austria. It explores the impact of sex, number of pain sites, self-reported pain severity, health literacy and private health insurance on costs associated with chronic pain. METHODS A bottom-up cost-of-illness study was conducted based on data collected from 54 adult patients with chronic pain at three Viennese hospital outpatient departments. Information on healthcare costs including out-of-pocket expenses and productivity losses due to absenteeism and informal care were collected over 12 months. Resource use estimates were combined with unit costs and mean costs per patient were calculated in € for year 2016. RESULTS Mean annual societal costs were estimated at EUR 10191. Direct medical costs were EUR 5725 including EUR 1799 out-of-pocket expenses (mainly pain relieving activities and private therapy). Productivity losses including informal care amounted to EUR 4466. Total costs for women and patients with three or more pain sites were significantly higher. No association with health literacy was found but there was a tendency towards higher out-of-pocket expenses for patients with complementary private health insurance. CONCLUSION This study is the first to provide a comprehensive assessment of the individual and societal burden of chronic pain in Austria. It highlights that chronic pain is associated with substantial direct medical costs and productivity losses. Patient costs may show systematic differences by health insurance status, implying a need for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Mayer
- Department of Health Economics, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonah Spickschen
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K. Viktoria Stein
- International Foundation for Integrated Care, Wolfson College, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Crevenna
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas E. Dorner
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judit Simon
- Department of Health Economics, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria
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Czypionka T, Röhrling G, Mayer S. The relationship between outpatient department utilisation and non-hospital ambulatory care in Austria. Eur J Public Health 2018; 27:20-25. [PMID: 28177476 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Czypionka
- Department of Economics and Finance, Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Röhrling
- Department of Economics and Finance, Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Mayer
- Department of Health Economics, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Tillmann J, Puth MT, Frank L, Weckbecker K, Klaschik M, Münster E. Determinants of having no general practitioner in Germany and the influence of a migration background: results of the German health interview and examination survey for adults (DEGS1). BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:755. [PMID: 30285753 PMCID: PMC6171288 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is aspired in the German healthcare system that general practitioners (GPs) act as initial contact for patients and guide through at all steps of medical treatment. This study aims at identifying factors associated with the odds of having no GP within the general population and especially among people with migration background. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis was based on the "German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults" (DEGS1) conducted by the Robert Koch Institute. Descriptive analyses as well as multiple logistic regression models were performed to analyse the impact of a migration background, age, gender, residential area, socioeconomic status (SES) and other factors on having no GP among 7755 participants. RESULTS 9.5% of the total study population and 14.8% of people with a migration background had no GP, especially men, adults living in big cities and without chronic diseases. The odds of not having a GP were higher for people with a two-sided migration background (aOR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.42-2.55). Among the population with a migration background, particularly young adults, men, people living in big cities and having a private health insurance showed higher odds to have no GP. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to investigate the causes of the differing utilization of healthcare of people with a migration background and, if necessary, to take measures for an equal access to healthcare for all population groups. Further research needs to be done to evaluate how to get young people into contact with a GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Tillmann
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Therese Puth
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Frank
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Weckbecker
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuela Klaschik
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Münster
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Dubow C, Garcia EL, Krug SBF. Percepções sobre a Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência em uma Região de Saúde. SAÚDE EM DEBATE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-1104201811709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi o de analisar o processo de implantação da Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência em uma Região de Saúde. Por meio de pesquisa exploratória, realizou-se um estudo de caso empregando questionários e entrevistas com 49 sujeitos, de forma a mapear, descrever e analisar o contexto, relações e percepções de distintos atores envolvidos no processo de implantação da referida rede. Os dados revelaram a existência de movimentos que denunciam uma 'rede viva de cuidados' em permanente construção, em processo gradual de incorporação de suas diretrizes, embora ainda se enfatizem os serviços especializados de reabilitação como centralizadores do cuidado.
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Sari Kundt F, Enthaler N, Dieplinger AM, Studnicka M, Knoll A, Osterbrink J, Johansson T, Flamm M. Multiprofessional COPD care in Austria-challenges and approaches : Results of a qualitative study. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2018; 130:371-381. [PMID: 29808349 PMCID: PMC6008351 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-018-1346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a frequent disease of the lungs. Its prevalence was estimated to be 26% in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) I and 11% for GOLD II–IV in Austria. Globally, it ranks third in mortality rate. The particular challenge is that care for these patients falls short due to the lack of structured integrated care. The aim was to assess the current status of multiprofessional COPD care in Austria and identify gaps and potentials. Methods We conducted guided focus group interviews between March and July 2016 addressing current COPD care and treatment gaps with the following professional and interest groups: general practitioners, nurses, patients, pharmacists, physiotherapists and pulmonologists. We interviewed 23 patients and 27 healthcare professionals. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded into 12 relevant categories. Results There needs to be a shift in thinking from treatment-based care to prevention. Patients, just like healthcare professionals, need periodic updates and comprehensive information on this disease. Creating internet platforms with useful information for COPD patients and solving the data privacy issues of the Austrian electronic medical record (ELGA) are also perceived as viable steps. There is a need and request for healthcare professionals to work as a team with clear COPD management guidelines in the outpatient sector, the establishment of outpatient rehabilitation centers as well as creating a new professional profile, the COPD nurse. Conclusion Current COPD care needs to be reorganized, particularly in the outpatient sector, to address the needs of patients and healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firuzan Sari Kundt
- Institute of Nursing Science and Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Nina Enthaler
- Institute of General, Family and Preventive Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Dieplinger
- Institute of Nursing Science and Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Studnicka
- Department of Pneumology, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Knoll
- Institute of General, Family and Preventive Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jürgen Osterbrink
- Institute of Nursing Science and Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tim Johansson
- Institute of General, Family and Preventive Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Flamm
- Institute of General, Family and Preventive Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Kriegel J, Rebhandl E, Hockl W, Stöbich AM. [Primary Health Care in Austria - Tu Felix Austria nube - Concept for networking in the primary care of Upper Austria]. Wien Med Wochenschr 2016; 167:293-305. [PMID: 27878397 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The primary health care in rural areas in Austria is currently determined by challenges such as ageing of the population, the shift towards chronic and age-related illnesses, the specialist medical and hospital-related education and training of physicians' as well growing widespread difficulty of staffing doctor's office. The objective is to realize a general practitioner centered and team-oriented primary health care (PHC) approach by establishing networked primary health care in rural areas of Austria. Using literature research, online survey, expert interviews and expert workshops, we identified different challenges in terms of primary health care in rural areas. Further, current resources and capacities of primary health care in rural areas were identified using the example of the district of Rohrbach. Twelve design dimensions and 51 relevant measurement indicators of a PHC network were delineated and described. Based on this, 12 design approaches of PHC concept for the GP-centered and team-oriented primary health care in rural areas have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kriegel
- Fakultät Gesundheit und Soziales, FH Oberösterreich, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz/Donau, Österreich.
| | - Erwin Rebhandl
- Arzt für Allgemeinmedizin, Marktplatz 43, 4170, Haslach an der Mühl, Österreich
| | - Wolfgang Hockl
- Arzt für Allgemeinmedizin, Sportplatzstraße, 4470, Enns, Österreich
| | - Anna-Maria Stöbich
- Fakultät Gesundheit und Soziales, FH Oberösterreich, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz/Donau, Österreich
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Hoffmann K, Paget J, Wojczewski S, Katic M, Maier M, Soldo D. Influenza vaccination prevalence and demographic factors of patients and GPs in primary care in Austria and Croatia: a cross-sectional comparative study in the framework of the APRES project. Eur J Public Health 2016; 26:395-401. [PMID: 26936080 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare influenza vaccination coverage rates in Austria and Croatia, countries with missing data in the Eurosurveillance and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control reports. In addition, we assessed demographic factors of GPs and patients and calculated associations regarding vaccination rates. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted within the context of thethe appropriateness of prescribing antibiotics in primary health care in Europe with respect to antibiotic resistance (APRES) project. Between November 2010 and July 2011, 40 GP practices attempted to recruit 200 patients to complete questionnaires about their influenza vaccination status and demographics. Statistical analyses included subgroup analyses and logistic regression models. RESULTS Data from 7269 patient questionnaires could be analyzed (3309 Austria and 3960 Croatia). The vaccination coverage rates were low (2009/2010: A 18.2 vs. C 20.9%, P < 0.001; 2010/2011: A 13.7 vs. C 18.6%; P < 0.001). The rates were found to be highest in persons aged 65 years and older (2009/2010: A 35.1 vs. C 49.5%, P < 0.001; 2010/2011: A 31.1 vs. C 45.7%, P < 0.001) and lowest in children (2009/2010: A 8.5 vs. C 2.0%, P < 0.001; 2010/2011: A 4.3 vs. C 1.6%, P = 0.002). Besides, demographics in the adjusted regression model for Austria being vaccinated was associated with consulting a female GP (OR, 4.20; P < 0.001) and in Croatia with five or more GP consultations per year (OR, 4.41; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The vaccination coverage rates for Austria and Croatia were low, with the highest rates found in persons aged 65 years and older, showing that public coverage of the vaccination costs might increase vaccination rates. However, other factors seem to be relevant, including the engagement of GPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hoffmann
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Paget
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Wojczewski
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Milica Katic
- Department of Family Medicine, Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manfred Maier
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragan Soldo
- Department of Family Medicine, Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Ramos MI, Cubillas JJ, Feito FR. Improvement of the Prediction of Drugs Demand Using Spatial Data Mining Tools. J Med Syst 2015; 40:6. [PMID: 26573643 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-015-0379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The continued availability of products at any store is the major issue in order to provide good customer service. If the store is a drugstore this matter reaches a greater importance, as out of stock of a drug when there is high demand causes problems and tensions in the healthcare system. There are numerous studies of the impact this issue has on patients. The lack of any drug in a pharmacy in certain seasons is very common, especially when some external factors proliferate favoring the occurrence of certain diseases. This study focuses on a particular drug consumed in the city of Jaen, southern Andalucia, Spain. Our goal is to determine in advance the Salbutamol demand. Advanced data mining techniques have been used with spatial variables. These last have a key role to generate an effective model. In this research we have used the attributes that are associated with Salbutamol demand and it has been generated a very accurate prediction model of 5.78% of mean absolute error. This is a very encouraging data considering that the consumption of this drug in Jaen varies 500% from one period to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Ramos
- Department of Cartography, Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineering, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Juan José Cubillas
- Department of Computer Science, TIC-144 Andalusian Research Plan (PAI), University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.
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Pieber K, Stamm TA, Hoffmann K, Dorner TE. Synergistic effect of pain and deficits in ADL towards general practitioner visits. Fam Pract 2015; 32:426-30. [PMID: 26045545 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain and activities of daily living (ADLs) deficits are common problems among elderly people who visit general practitioners (GPs). OBJECTIVE To examine whether the probability of visiting a GP is related to deficits in ADLs and pain, and whether these factors act synergistically towards GP visits. METHODS A total of 3097 subjects aged ≥65 years from the Austrian Health Interview Survey formed the cohort. Visiting the GP in the last 4 weeks, chronic pain (CP; pain for at least 3 months) and deficits in ADLs across 11 dimensions were reported. Binary logistic regression models were applied and were stepwise controlled for possible confounders. Based on odds ratios (OR), the synergy index (SI), population attributable fraction (PAF) and relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) were calculated. RESULTS Overall, 61.0% visited their GP; 51.2% were affected by ADL deficits and 42.2% by CP. In subjects with ADL deficits, the OR for GP consultation was 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-1.56) and in subjects with CP, 1.93 (95% CI 1.63-2.27) in the fully adjusted model. The OR for those affected by both was 2.56 (95% CI 2.08-3.15); SI was 1.82 (95% CI 1.04-3.18), PAF was 0.27 (95% CI 0.08-0.47) and RERI was 0.70 (95% CI 0.13-1.27). CONCLUSION There is a strong synergistic effect of CP and deficits in ADL in patients ≥65 years on visiting the GP. Prevention, screening, treatment and rehabilitation in this population should focus on both CP and ADL deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Pieber
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, General Hospital of Vienna,
| | - Tanja A Stamm
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III
| | - Kathryn Hoffmann
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Centre for Public Health and
| | - Thomas E Dorner
- Institute of Social Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hoffmann K, Peersman W, George A, Dorner TE. Associations and Synergistic Effects for Psychological Distress and Chronic Back Pain on the Utilization of Different Levels of Ambulatory Health Care. A Cross-Sectional Study from Austria. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134136. [PMID: 26218661 PMCID: PMC4517760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this analysis was to assess the impact of chronic back pain and psychological distress on the utilization of primary and secondary levels of care in the ambulatory health care sector in Austria - a country without a gatekeeping system. Additionally, we aimed to determine if the joint effect of chronic back pain and psychological distress was higher than the impact of the sum of the two single conditions. The database used for this analysis was the Austrian Health Interview Survey, with data from 15,474 individuals. Statistical methods used were descriptive tests, regression models and the calculation of synergistic effects. Both chronic back pain and psychological distress had a positive association with the utilization of the primary (OR for chronic back pain 1.53 and psychological distress 1.33) and secondary (OR for chronic back pain 1.32 and psychological distress 1.24) levels of the health care sector. In the fully adjusted model, the synergistic effect of chronic back pain and psychological distress was significant for the secondary level of care (S 1.99, PAF 0.20), but not for the primary level of care (S 1.16, PAF 0.07). Synergistic effects and associations for chronic back pain and psychological distress on the utilization of both the primary and secondary levels of the ambulatory health care sector were observed, particularly for the secondary level of care. Our results demonstrate the utilization of health care services settings by individuals with these conditions, and offer opportunities to consider reorganization and structuring of the Austrian health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hoffmann
- Department of General Practice, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wim Peersman
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aaron George
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Thomas Ernst Dorner
- Institute for Social Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hoffmann K, den Heijer CDJ, George A, Apfalter P, Maier M. Prevalence and resistance patterns of commensal S. aureus in community-dwelling GP patients and socio-demographic associations. A cross-sectional study in the framework of the APRES-project in Austria. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:213. [PMID: 25981559 PMCID: PMC4458027 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and resistance of commensal S. aureus in the nasal microbiota of community-dwelling persons in Austria, as well as to identify possible associations with socio-demographic factors. Multi-drug resistance in this population was additionally studied. METHOD This cross-sectional study was conducted within the context of the European APRES project. In nine European countries, nasal swabs were collected from 32,206 general practice patients who received care for non-infectious reasons. In Austria, 20 GPs attempted to recruit 200 consecutive patients without infectious diseases, with each patient completing demographic questionnaires as well as providing a nose swab sample. Isolation, identification, and resistance testing of S. aureus were performed. Statistical analyses included subgroup analyses and logistic regression models. RESULTS 3309 nose swabs and corresponding questionnaires from Austrian subjects were analyzed. S. aureus was identified in 16.6 % (n = 549) of nose swabs, of which 70.1 % were resistant against one or more antibiotics, mainly penicillin. S. aureus carrier status was significantly associated with male sex (OR 1.6; 1.3-2.0), younger age (OR 1.3; 1.0-1.8), living in a rural area (OR 1.4; 1.1-1.7) and working in the healthcare sector (OR 1.5; 1.0-2.1). Multi-drug resistances were identified in 13.7 % (n = 75) of the S. aureus carriers and 1.5 % (n = 8) tested positive for MRSA. The highest resistance rate was observed against penicillin (64.8 %), followed by azithromycin (13.5 %) and erythromycin with 13.3 %. CONCLUSION This study describes the prevalence and resistance patterns of commensal S. aureus in community-dwelling persons in Austria and shows that differences exist between socio-demographic groups. Demographic associations have been found for S. aureus carriers but not for carriers of resistant S. aureus strains. Only two thirds of S. aureus strains were found to be resistant against small spectrum penicillin. As it is recognized that one of the corner stones for the containment of antibiotic resistance is the appropriate prescription of antibiotics in the outpatient sector, this finding lends support to the avoidance of prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat S. aureus infections in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hoffmann
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/1st floor, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Casper D J den Heijer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre/CAPHRI, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Aaron George
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Petra Apfalter
- Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine (IHMT), National Reference Centre for Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Elisabethinen Hospital Linz, Linz, Austria.
| | - Manfred Maier
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/1st floor, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Pichlhöfer O, Maier M. Unregulated access to health-care services is associated with overutilization--lessons from Austria. Eur J Public Health 2014; 25:401-3. [PMID: 25417940 PMCID: PMC4440448 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Austrian health-care system is characterized by free provider choice and uncontrolled access to all levels of care. Using primary data, the ECOHCARE study shows that hospitalization rates for the secondary and tertiary care levels in Austria are both 4.4 times higher than those reported from the USA using a similar methodology. At the same time, essential functions of the primary care sector are weak. We propose that regulating access to secondary and tertiary care and restricting free provider choice to the primary care level would both reverse over utilization and strengthen the primary care sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Pichlhöfer
- Department for General Practice and Family Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Manfred Maier
- Department for General Practice and Family Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Wien, Austria
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Mayer S, Österle A. Socioeconomic determinants of prescribed and non-prescribed medicine consumption in Austria. Eur J Public Health 2014; 25:597-603. [PMID: 25395395 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equitable access to health care is a goal subscribed to in many European economies. But while a growing body of literature studies socioeconomic inequalities in health service use, relatively little is still known about inequalities in medicine consumption. Against this background, this study investigates the (socioeconomic) determinants of medicine use in the Austrian context. METHODS Multivariate logistic regressions were estimated based on the European Health Interview Survey, including representative information of the Austrian population above age 25 (n = 13 291) for 2006/2007. As dependent variables, we used prescribed and non-prescribed medicine consumption as well as prescribed polypharmacy. Socioeconomic status was operationalized by employment status, education and net equivalent income. Health indicators (self-assessed health, chronic conditions), demographic characteristics (age, sex) and outpatient visits were included as control variables. RESULTS Socioeconomic status revealed opposing utilization patterns: while individuals with higher education and income were more likely to consume non-prescribed medicines, the less educated were more likely to take prescribed medicines. Lower socioeconomic groups also showed a higher likelihood for prescribed polypharmacy. For the consumption of both medicine types, the main socioeconomic determinant was high income. In an additional analysis, lower socioeconomic groups were found to more likely report prescription purposes as the main reason for consulting a practitioner. CONCLUSION These results point to different behavioural responses to ill health, not least determined by institutional incentives in the Austrian health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Mayer
- 1 Department of Health Economics, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 2 Institute for Social Policy, Department of Socioeconomics, WU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - August Österle
- 2 Institute for Social Policy, Department of Socioeconomics, WU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Kriegel J, Jehle F, Dieck M, Tuttle-Weidinger L. Optimizing patient flow in Austrian hospitals – Improvement of patient-centered care by coordinating hospital-wide patient trails. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1179/2047971914y.0000000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Hoffmann K, Stein KV, Dorner TE. Differences in access points to the ambulatory health care system across Austrian federal states. Wien Med Wochenschr 2014; 164:152-9. [PMID: 24577682 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-014-0267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nine Austrian regions differ according to demographic parameter, health status, and health care structure. It was the aim of this study to analyse whether there are also differences in access points towards the level of ambulatory care. METHOD The Austrian Health Interview Survey (2006-2007) data with 15,474 participants were used for this cross-sectional analysis. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics as well as multivariate logistic regression models and correlations. RESULTS There were significant differences in patients with direct utilisation of specialists without having consulted a general practitioner (GP) in the same period in the Austrian regions, with highest proportions for women in Vorarlberg (20.3%) and men in Vienna (21.5%) and lowest in Burgenland (7.0 and 6.6%, respectively). The specialist/GP ratio correlated significantly with the direct specialist utilisation (Spearman correlation coefficient: 0.717). CONCLUSION There are spatial differences in the health care utilisation within the Austrian regions, which partly can be explained by the disposal of health care structure. These findings are of special importance according to the ongoing debate concerning the topic strengthening the primary health care sector in Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hoffmann
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/1st floor, 1090, Vienna, Austria,
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Stamm TA, Pieber K, Blasche G, Dorner TE. Health care utilisation in subjects with osteoarthritis, chronic back pain and osteoporosis aged 65 years and more: mediating effects of limitations in activities of daily living, pain intensity and mental diseases. Wien Med Wochenschr 2014; 164:160-6. [PMID: 24468829 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-014-0262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal diseases (MDs) have major consequences for the individual, and also for society and may thus lead to increased use of health care. It was the aim of this study to explore health care utilisation in patients with self-reported osteoarthritis, chronic back pain or osteoporosis compared with people of the same age without those diseases, based on data of the Austrian health interview survey including 3,097 subjects aged ≥ 65 years. Patients with MDs in our study visited a general practitioner (GP) and were hospitalised significantly more often compared with persons without the respective diseases. Problems in the activities of daily living (ADLs), pain intensity and anxiety/depression influenced GP consultations. Complex factors explain the higher health care utilisation in subjects with MDs in our study. Our results indicate that integrated strategies are needed to manage those patients, which should focus on management of ADL problems, pain and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Alexandra Stamm
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,
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Brunner-Ziegler S, Rieder A, Stein KV, Koppensteiner R, Hoffmann K, Dorner TE. Predictors of participation in preventive health examinations in Austria. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:1138. [PMID: 24308610 PMCID: PMC3866300 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preventive health check-ups in Austria are offered free of charge to all insured adults (98% of the population) and focus on early detection of chronic diseases, primary prevention, and health counseling. The study aims to explore predictors of compliance with the recommended interval of preventive health check-up performance. Methods Source of data was the Austrian Health Interview Survey 2006/07 (15,474 subjects). Participation in a preventive health examination during the last three years was used as dependent variable. Socio-demographic and health-related characteristics were used as independent variables in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Results show that 41.6% of men and 41.8% of women had attended a preventive health check-up within the last three years. In multivariate analysis, subjects ≥40 years, with higher education, higher income or born in Austria were significantly more likely to attend a preventive health check-up. Furthermore, a chronic disease was associated with a higher attendance rate (OR: 1.21; CI: 1.07-1.36 in men; OR: 1.19; CI: 1.06-1.33 in women). Conclusions Attendance rates for health check-ups in the general Austrian population are comparatively high but not equally distributed among subgroups. Health check-ups must increase among people at a young age, with a lower socio-economic status, migration background and in good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Brunner-Ziegler
- Department for Internal Medicine, Division of Angiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria.
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