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Mauck KE, Gebiola M, Percy DM. The Hidden Secrets of Psylloidea: Biology, Behavior, Symbionts, and Ecology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:277-302. [PMID: 37738463 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-114738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Psyllids constitute a diverse group of sap-feeding Sternorrhyncha that were relatively obscure until it was discovered that a handful of species transmit bacterial plant pathogens. Yet the superfamily Psylloidea is much richer than the sum of its crop-associated vectors, with over 4,000 described species exhibiting diverse life histories and host exploitation strategies. A growing body of research is uncovering fascinating insights into psyllid evolution, biology, behavior, and species interactions. This work has revealed commonalities and differences with better-studied Sternorrhyncha, as well as unique evolutionary patterns of lineage divergence and host use. We are also learning how psyllid evolution and foraging ecology underlie life history traits and the roles of psyllids in communities. At finer scales, we are untangling the web of symbionts across the psyllid family tree, linking symbiont and psyllid lineages, and revealing mechanisms underlying reciprocal exchange between symbiont and host. In this review, we synthesize and summarize key advances within these areas with a focus on free-living (nongalling) Psylloidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry E Mauck
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA; ,
| | - Marco Gebiola
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA; ,
| | - Diana M Percy
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
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2
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Dittmer J, Corretto E, Štarhová Serbina L, Michalik A, Nováková E, Schuler H. Division of labor within psyllids: metagenomics reveals an ancient dual endosymbiosis with metabolic complementarity in the genus Cacopsylla. mSystems 2023; 8:e0057823. [PMID: 37768069 PMCID: PMC10654072 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00578-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Heritable beneficial bacterial endosymbionts have been crucial for the evolutionary success of numerous insects by enabling the exploitation of nutritionally limited food sources. Herein, we describe a previously unknown dual endosymbiosis in the psyllid genus Cacopsylla, consisting of the primary endosymbiont "Candidatus Carsonella ruddii" and a co-occurring Enterobacteriaceae bacterium for which we propose the name "Candidatus Psyllophila symbiotica." Its localization within the bacteriome and its small genome size confirm that Psyllophila is a co-primary endosymbiont widespread within the genus Cacopsylla. Despite its highly eroded genome, Psyllophila perfectly complements the tryptophan biosynthesis pathway that is incomplete in the co-occurring Carsonella. Moreover, the genome of Psyllophila is almost as small as Carsonella's, suggesting an ancient dual endosymbiosis that has now reached a precarious stage where any additional gene loss would make the system collapse. Hence, our results shed light on the dynamic interactions of psyllids and their endosymbionts over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dittmer
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- UMR 1345, Université d’Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR Quasav, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Erika Corretto
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Liliya Štarhová Serbina
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Eva Nováková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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3
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Martoni F, Bulman SR, Piper AM, Pitman A, Taylor GS, Armstrong KF. Insect phylogeny structures the bacterial communities in the microbiome of psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) in Aotearoa New Zealand. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285587. [PMID: 37186593 PMCID: PMC10184942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial microbiome of psyllids has been studied for decades, with a strong focus on the primary and secondary endosymbionts capable of providing essential amino acids for the insects' diet and therefore playing a key role in the insects' ability to radiate on novel plant hosts. Here, we combine metabarcoding analysis of the bacterial communities hosted by psyllids with a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of the insect hosts to determine what factors influence the bacterial diversity of the psyllids' microbiomes, especially in the context of the dispersal and evolutionary radiation of these insects in Aotearoa New Zealand. Using multi-gene phylogenetics with COI, 18S and EF-1α sequences from 102 psyllid species, we confirmed for the first time monophyly for all the six genera of native/endemic Aotearoa New Zealand psyllids, with indications that they derive from at least six dispersal events to the country. This also revealed that, after its ancestral arrival, the genus Powellia has radiated onto a larger and more diverse range of plants than either Psylla or Ctenarytaina, which is uncommon amongst monophyletic psyllids globally. DNA metabarcoding of the bacterial 16S gene here represents the largest dataset analysed to date from psyllids, including 246 individuals from 73 species. This provides novel evidence that bacterial diversity across psyllid species is strongly associated with psyllid phylogenetic structure, and to a lesser degree to their host plant association and geographic distribution. Furthermore, while the strongest co-phylogenetic signals were derived from the primary and secondary symbionts, a signal of phylosymbiosis was still retained among the remaining taxa of the bacterial microbiome, suggesting potential vertical transmission of bacterial lineages previously unknown to have symbiotic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Martoni
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio Centre, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon R Bulman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Better Border Biosecurity (B3), Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrew Pitman
- Better Border Biosecurity (B3), Lincoln, New Zealand
- Foundation of Arable Research, Hornby, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gary S Taylor
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Karen F Armstrong
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Better Border Biosecurity (B3), Lincoln, New Zealand
- Agricultural and Life Sciences Faculty, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
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4
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Štarhová Serbina L, Gajski D, Pafčo B, Zurek L, Malenovský I, Nováková E, Schuler H, Dittmer J. Microbiome of pear psyllids: A tale about closely related species sharing their endosymbionts. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:5788-5808. [PMID: 36054322 PMCID: PMC10086859 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Psyllids are phloem-feeding insects that can transmit plant pathogens such as phytoplasmas, intracellular bacteria causing numerous plant diseases worldwide. Their microbiomes are essential for insect physiology and may also influence the capacity of vectors to transmit pathogens. Using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, we compared the microbiomes of three sympatric psyllid species associated with pear trees in Central Europe. All three species are able to transmit 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri', albeit with different efficiencies. Our results revealed potential relationships between insect biology and microbiome composition that varied during psyllid ontogeny and between generations in Cacopsylla pyri and C. pyricola, as well as between localities in C. pyri. In contrast, no variations related to psyllid life cycle and geography were detected in C. pyrisuga. In addition to the primary endosymbiont Carsonella ruddii, we detected another highly abundant endosymbiont (unclassified Enterobacteriaceae). C. pyri and C. pyricola shared the same taxon of Enterobacteriaceae which is related to endosymbionts harboured by other psyllid species from various families. In contrast, C. pyrisuga carried a different Enterobacteriaceae taxon related to the genus Sodalis. Our study provides new insights into host-symbiont interactions in psyllids and highlights the importance of host biology and geography in shaping microbiome structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Štarhová Serbina
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Domagoj Gajski
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Zurek
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Malenovský
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Nováková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.,Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Jessica Dittmer
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.,Université d'Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR Quasav, Angers, France
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Schuler H, Dittmer J, Borruso L, Galli J, Fischnaller S, Anfora G, Rota‐Stabelli O, Weil T, Janik K. Investigating the microbial community of Cacopsylla spp. as potential factor in vector competence of phytoplasma. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4771-4786. [PMID: 35876309 PMCID: PMC9804460 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are obligatory intracellular bacteria that colonize the phloem of many plant species and cause hundreds of plant diseases worldwide. In nature, phytoplasmas are primarily transmitted by hemipteran vectors. While all phloem-feeding insects could in principle transmit phytoplasmas, only a limited number of species have been confirmed as vectors. Knowledge about factors that might determine the vector capacity is currently scarce. Here, we characterized the microbiomes of vector and non-vector species of apple proliferation (AP) phytoplasma 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' to investigate their potential role in the vector capacity of the host. We performed high-throughput 16S rRNA metabarcoding of the two principal AP-vectors Cacopsylla picta and Cacopsylla melanoneura and eight Cacopsylla species, which are not AP-vectors but co-occur in apple orchards. The microbiomes of all species are dominated by Carsonella, the primary endosymbiont of psyllids and a second uncharacterized Enterobacteriaceae endosymbiont. Each Cacopsylla species harboured a species-specific phylotype of both symbionts. Moreover, we investigated differences between the microbiomes of AP-vector versus non-vector species and identified the predominant endosymbionts but also Wolbachia and several minor taxa as potential indicator species. Our study highlights the importance of considering the microbiome in future investigations of potential factors influencing host vector competence. We investigated the potential role of symbiotic bacteria in the acquisition and transmission of phytoplasma. By comparing the two main psyillid vector species of Apple proliferation (AP) phytoplasma and eight co-occurring species, which are not able to vector AP-phytoplasma, we found differences in the microbial communities of AP-vector and non-vector species, which appear to be driven by the predominant symbionts in both vector species and Wolbachia and several minor taxa in the non-vector species. In contrast, infection with AP-phytoplasma did not affect microbiome composition in both vector species. Our study provides new insights into the endosymbiont diversity of Cacopsylla spp. and highlights the importance of considering the microbiome when investigating potential factors influencing host vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of Bozen‐BolzanoBozen‐BolzanoItaly,Competence Centre for Plant HealthFree University of Bozen‐BolzanoBozen‐BolzanoItaly
| | - Jessica Dittmer
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of Bozen‐BolzanoBozen‐BolzanoItaly,Université d'Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QuasavAngersFrance
| | - Luigimaria Borruso
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of Bozen‐BolzanoBozen‐BolzanoItaly
| | - Jonas Galli
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKUUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Research and Innovation CenterFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly,Center Agriculture Food EnvironmentUniversity of TrentoSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Omar Rota‐Stabelli
- Research and Innovation CenterFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly,Center Agriculture Food EnvironmentUniversity of TrentoSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Tobias Weil
- Research and Innovation CenterFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Katrin Janik
- Center Agriculture Food EnvironmentUniversity of TrentoSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
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Nakabachi A, Inoue H, Hirose Y. Microbiome analyses of 12 psyllid species of the family Psyllidae identified various bacteria including Fukatsuia and Serratia symbiotica, known as secondary symbionts of aphids. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:15. [PMID: 34996376 PMCID: PMC8740488 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) comprise a group of plant sap-sucking insects that includes important agricultural pests. They have close associations not only with plant pathogens, but also with various microbes, including obligate mutualists and facultative symbionts. Recent studies are revealing that interactions among such bacterial populations are important for psyllid biology and host plant pathology. In the present study, to obtain further insight into the ecological and evolutionary behaviors of bacteria in Psylloidea, we analyzed the microbiomes of 12 psyllid species belonging to the family Psyllidae (11 from Psyllinae and one from Macrocorsinae), using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Results The analysis showed that all 12 psyllids have the primary symbiont, Candidatus Carsonella ruddii (Gammaproteobacteria: Oceanospirillales), and at least one secondary symbiont. The majority of the secondary symbionts were gammaproteobacteria, especially those of the family Enterobacteriaceae (order: Enterobacteriales). Among them, symbionts belonging to “endosymbionts3”, which is a genus-level monophyletic group assigned by the SILVA rRNA database, were the most prevalent and were found in 9 of 11 Psyllinae species. Ca. Fukatsuia symbiotica and Serratia symbiotica, which were recognized only as secondary symbionts of aphids, were also identified. In addition to other Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, including Arsenophonus, Sodalis, and “endosymbionts2”, which is another genus-level clade, Pseudomonas (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) and Diplorickettsia (Diplorickettsiales: Diplorickettsiaceae) were identified. Regarding Alphaproteobacteria, the potential plant pathogen Ca. Liberibacter europaeus (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae) was detected for the first time in Anomoneura mori (Psyllinae), a mulberry pest. Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) and Rickettsia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), plausible host reproduction manipulators that are potential tools to control pest insects, were also detected. Conclusions The present study identified various bacterial symbionts including previously unexpected lineages in psyllids, suggesting considerable interspecific transfer of arthropod symbionts. The findings provide deeper insights into the evolution of interactions among insects, bacteria, and plants, which may be exploited to facilitate the control of pest psyllids in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02429-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakabachi
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan. .,Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan.
| | - Hiromitsu Inoue
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-2494, Japan
| | - Yuu Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan
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7
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The Incidence of Wolbachia Bacterial Endosymbiont in Bisexual and Parthenogenetic Populations of the Psyllid Genus Cacopsylla (Hemiptera, Psylloidea). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100853. [PMID: 34680622 PMCID: PMC8540236 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia is one of the most common intracellular bacteria; it infects a wide variety of insects, other arthropods, and some nematodes. Wolbachia is ordinarily transmitted vertically from mother to offspring and can manipulate physiology and reproduction of their hosts in different ways, e.g., induce feminization, male killing, and parthenogenesis. Despite the great interest in Wolbachia, many aspects of its biology remain unclear and its incidence across many insect orders, including Hemiptera, is still poorly understood. In this report, we present data on Wolbachia infection in five jumping plant-lice species (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) of the genus Cacopsylla Ossiannilsson, 1970 with different reproductive strategies and test the hypothesis that Wolbachia mediates parthenogenetic and bisexual patterns observed in some Cacopsylla species. We show that the five species studied are infected with a single Wolbachia strain, belonging to the supergroup B. This strain has also been found in different insect orders (Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Plecoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera) and even in acariform mites (Trombidiformes), suggesting extensive horizontal transmission of Wolbachia between representatives of these taxa. Our survey did not reveal significant differences in infection frequency between parthenogenetic and bisexual populations or between males and females within bisexual populations. However, infection rate varied notably in different Cacopsylla species or within distinct populations of the same species. Overall, we demonstrate that Wolbachia infects a high proportion of Cacopsylla individuals and populations, suggesting the essential role of this bacterium in their biology.
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Fu Z, Meier AR, Epstein B, Bergland AO, Castillo Carrillo CI, Cooper WR, Cruzado RK, Horton DR, Jensen AS, Kelley JL, Rashed A, Reitz SR, Rondon SI, Thinakaran J, Wenninger EJ, Wohleb CH, Crowder DW, Snyder WE. Host plants and Wolbachia shape the population genetics of sympatric herbivore populations. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2740-2753. [PMID: 33294020 PMCID: PMC7691456 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing climate and land-use practices have the potential to bring previously isolated populations of pest insects into new sympatry. This heightens the need to better understand how differing patterns of host-plant association, and unique endosymbionts, serve to promote genetic isolation or integration. We addressed these factors in populations of potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), a generalist herbivore that vectors a bacterial pathogen (Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, causal pathogen of zebra chip disease) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Genome-wide SNP data revealed two major genetic clusters-psyllids collected from potato crops were genetically similar to psyllids found on a common weed, Lycium spp., but dissimilar from those found on another common non-crop host, Solanum dulcamara L. Most psyllids found on Lycium spp. and potato represented a single mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) haplotype that has been suggested to not be native to the region, and whose arrival may have been concurrent with zebra chip disease first emerging. The putatively introduced COI haplotype usually co-occurred with endosymbiotic Wolbachia, while the putatively resident COI haplotype generally did not. Genetic intermediates between the two genetic populations of insects were rare, consistent with recent sympatry or reproductive isolation, although admixture patterns of apparent hybrids were consistent with introgression of genes from introduced into resident populations. Our results suggest that both host-plant associations and endosymbionts are shaping the population genetic structure of sympatric psyllid populations associated with different non-crop hosts. It is of future interest to explicitly examine vectorial capacity of the two populations and their potential hybrids, as population structure and hybridization might alter regional vector capacity and disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fu
- Department of EntomologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
- Present address:
Department of EntomologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | | | - Brendan Epstein
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | | | - Carmen I. Castillo Carrillo
- Departamento de Protección VegetalEstación Experimental Santa CatalinaInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP)QuitoEcuador
| | | | - Regina K. Cruzado
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and NematologyUniversity of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
| | - David R. Horton
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable ResearchUSDA‐ARSWapatoWAUSA
| | | | - Joanna L. Kelley
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
| | - Arash Rashed
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and NematologyUniversity of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
| | - Stuart R. Reitz
- Malheur Experiment StationOregon State UniversityOntarioORUSA
| | - Silvia I. Rondon
- Department of Crop and Soil ScienceHermiston Agricultural Research and Extension CenterHermistonORUSA
| | | | - Erik J. Wenninger
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and NematologyKimberly Research and Extension CenterUniversity of IdahoKimberlyIDUSA
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9
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Nakabachi A, Malenovský I, Gjonov I, Hirose Y. 16S rRNA Sequencing Detected Profftella, Liberibacter, Wolbachia, and Diplorickettsia from Relatives of the Asian Citrus Psyllid. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:410-422. [PMID: 32052099 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) is a serious pest of citrus species worldwide because it transmits Candidatus Liberibacter spp. (Alphaproteobacteria: Rhizobiales), the causative agents of the incurable citrus disease, huanglongbing or greening disease. Diaphorina citri possesses a specialized organ called a bacteriome, which harbors vertically transmitted intracellular mutualists, Ca. Carsonella ruddii (Gammaproteobacteria: Oceanospirillales) and Ca. Profftella armatura (Gammaproteobacteria: Betaproteobacteriales). Whereas Carsonella is a typical nutritional symbiont, Profftella is an unprecedented type of toxin-producing defensive symbiont, unusually sharing organelle-like features with nutritional symbionts. Additionally, many D. citri strains are infected with Wolbachia, which manipulate reproduction in various arthropod hosts. In the present study, in an effort to obtain insights into the evolution of symbioses between Diaphorina and bacteria, microbiomes of psyllids closely related to D. citri were investigated. Bacterial populations of Diaphorina cf. continua and Diaphorina lycii were analyzed using Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and compared with data obtained from D. citri. The analysis revealed that all three Diaphorina spp. harbor Profftella as well as Carsonella lineages, implying that Profftella is widespread within the genus Diaphorina. Moreover, the analysis identified Ca. Liberibacter europaeus and Diplorickettsia sp. (Gammaproteobacteria: Diplorickettsiales) in D. cf. continua, and a total of four Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria: Rickettsiales) lineages in the three psyllid species. These results provide deeper insights into the interactions among insects, bacteria, and plants, which would eventually help to better manage horticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakabachi
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan.
| | - Igor Malenovský
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilia Gjonov
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, Dragan Tzankov 8, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yuu Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan
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10
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Morrow JL, Om N, Beattie GAC, Chambers GA, Donovan NJ, Liefting LW, Riegler M, Holford P. Characterization of the bacterial communities of psyllids associated with Rutaceae in Bhutan by high throughput sequencing. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:215. [PMID: 32689950 PMCID: PMC7370496 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several plant-pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by insect vector species that often also act as hosts. In this interface, these bacteria encounter plant endophytic, insect endosymbiotic and other microbes. Here, we used high throughput sequencing to examine the bacterial communities of five different psyllids associated with citrus and related plants of Rutaceae in Bhutan: Diaphorina citri, Diaphorina communis, Cornopsylla rotundiconis, Cacopsylla heterogena and an unidentified Cacopsylla sp. Results The microbiomes of the psyllids largely comprised their obligate P-endosymbiont ‘Candidatus Carsonella ruddii’, and one or two S-endosymbionts that are fixed and specific to each lineage. In addition, all contained Wolbachia strains; the Bhutanese accessions of D. citri were dominated by a Wolbachia strain first found in American isolates of D. citri, while D. communis accessions were dominated by the Wolbachia strain, wDi, first detected in D. citri from China. The S-endosymbionts from the five psyllids grouped with those from other psyllid taxa; all D. citri and D. communis individuals contained sequences matching ‘Candidatus Profftella armatura’ that has previously only been reported from other Diaphorina species, and the remaining psyllid species contained OTUs related to unclassified Enterobacteriaceae. The plant pathogenic ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ was found in D. citri but not in D. communis. Furthermore, an unidentified ‘Candidatus Liberibacter sp.’ occurred at low abundance in both Co. rotundiconis and the unidentified Cacopsylla sp. sampled from Zanthoxylum sp.; the status of this new liberibacter as a plant pathogen and its potential plant hosts are currently unknown. The bacterial communities of Co. rotundiconis also contained a range of OTUs with similarities to bacteria previously found in samples taken from various environmental sources. Conclusions The bacterial microbiota detected in these Bhutanese psyllids support the trends that have been seen in previous studies: psyllids have microbiomes largely comprising their obligate P-endosymbiont and one or two S-endosymbionts. In addition, the association with plant pathogens has been demonstrated, with the detection of liberibacters in a known host, D. citri, and identification of a putative new species of liberibacter in Co. rotundiconis and Cacopsylla sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Morrow
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
| | - Namgay Om
- Western Sydney University, School of Science, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia.,National Plant Protection Centre, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture & Forests, P.O. Box 670, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - George A C Beattie
- Western Sydney University, School of Science, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
| | - Grant A Chambers
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Nerida J Donovan
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Lia W Liefting
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2095, Auckland, 1140, New Zealand
| | - Markus Riegler
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
| | - Paul Holford
- Western Sydney University, School of Science, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia.
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11
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Wang D, Wei C. Bacterial communities in digestive and excretory organs of cicadas. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:539-553. [PMID: 31720723 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriocyte-associated symbionts are essential for the health of many sap-sucking insects, such as cicadas, leafhoppers and treehoppers, etc., but little is known about the bacterial community in the gut and other related organs in these insects. We characterized the bacterial communities in the salivary glands, alimentary canal and the Malpighian tubules of two populations of the cicada Subpsaltria yangi occurring in different habitats and feeding on different hosts. A high degree of similarity of core microbiota was revealed between the two populations, both with the top three bacteria belonging to Meiothermus, Candidatus Sulcia and Halomonas. The bacterial communities in various organs clustered moderately by populations possibly reflect adaptive changes in the microbiota of related S. yangi populations, which provide a better understanding of the speciation and adaptive mechanism of this species to different diets and habitats. When compared with two phylogenetically distant cicada species, Hyalessa maculaticollis and Meimuna mongolica, the core microbiota in S. yangi was significantly different to that of these species. In addition, our results confirm that Ca. Sulcia distributes in the digestive and excretory organs besides the bacteriomes and gonads, which provide potential important information onto the trophic functions of this obligate endosymbiont to the host insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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12
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Wang Y, Lu J, Beattie GA, Islam MR, Om N, Dao HT, Van Nguyen L, Zaka SM, Guo J, Tian M, Deng X, Tan S, Holford P, He Y, Cen Y. Phylogeography of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and its primary endosymbiont, 'Candidatus Carsonella ruddii': an evolutionary approach to host-endosymbiont interaction. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2185-2194. [PMID: 29575777 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In insects, little is known about the co-evolution between their primary endosymbionts and hosts at the intraspecific level. This study examined co-diversification between the notorious agricultural pest Diaphorina citri and its primary endosymbionts (P-endosymbiont), 'Candidatus Carsonella ruddii' at the population level. RESULTS Maximum likelihood, haplotype network, principal components and Bayesian clustering identified three lineages for D. citri and its P-endosymbiont: a Western clade containing individuals from Pakistan, Bhutan (Phuentsholing), Vietnam (Son La), USA, Myanmar and China (Ruili, Yunnan); a Central clade, with accessions originating from Southwest China, Bhutan (Tsirang) and Bangladesh; and an Eastern clade containing individuals from Southeast Asia, and East and South China. A more diverse genetic structure was apparent in the host mitochondrial DNA than their P-endosymbionts; however, the two sets of data were strongly congruent. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for the co-diversification of D. citri and its P-endosymbiont during the migration from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia. We also suggest that the P-endosymbiont may facilitate investigations into the genealogy and migration history of the host. The biogeography of D. citri and its P-endosymbiont indicated that D. citri colonized and underwent a secondary dispersal from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Wang
- Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinming Lu
- Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - George Ac Beattie
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Mohammad R Islam
- Laboratory of Plant Bacteriology and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Namgay Om
- National Plant Protection Centre, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Hang T Dao
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Syed M Zaka
- Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Department of Entomology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Jun Guo
- Ruili Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Science, Ruili, China
| | - Mingyi Tian
- Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunyun Tan
- Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul Holford
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Yurong He
- Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijing Cen
- Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Fromont C, Riegler M, Cook JM. Relative Abundance and Strain Diversity in the Bacterial Endosymbiont Community of a Sap-Feeding Insect Across Its Native and Introduced Geographic Range. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 74:722-734. [PMID: 28386769 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most insects are associated with bacterial symbionts. The bacterial diversity and community composition within hosts may play an important role in shaping insect population biology, ecology and evolution. We focussed on the bacterial microbiome of the Australian fig homotomid Mycopsylla fici (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), which can cause defoliation of its only host tree, Ficus macrophylla. This sap-feeding insect is native to mainland Australia and Lord Howe Island (LHI) but also occurs where its host has been planted, notably in New Zealand. By using a high-throughput 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing approach, we compared the bacterial diversity and community composition in individual adult males of four host populations, Sydney, Brisbane, LHI and Auckland. We also compared males, females and nymphs of the Sydney population. The microbiome of M. fici was simple and consisted mostly of the following three maternally inherited endosymbiont species: the primary endosymbiont Carsonella, a secondary (S-) endosymbiont and Wolbachia. However, the relative abundance of their sequence reads varied between host populations, except for similarities between Sydney and Auckland. In addition, insects from Sydney and Auckland had identical bacterial strains supporting the hypothesis that Sydney is the source population for Auckland. In contrast, mainland and LHI populations harboured the same S-endosymbiont, co-diverged Carsonella but different Wolbachia strains. Besides detecting endosymbiont-specific patterns of either co-evolution or horizontal acquisition, our study highlights that relative abundance of maternally inherited endosymbionts should also be taken into account when studying bacterial communities across host populations, as variations in bacterial density may impact host biology and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fromont
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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14
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Hussain M, Akutse KS, Ravindran K, Lin Y, Bamisile BS, Qasim M, Dash CK, Wang L. Effects of different temperature regimes on survival of Diaphorina citri and its endosymbiotic bacterial communities. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3439-3449. [PMID: 28618183 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is a major pest of citrus and vector of citrus greening (huanglongbing) in Asian. In our field-collected psyllid samples, we discovered that Fuzhou (China) and Faisalabad (Pakistan), populations harbored an obligate primary endosymbiont Candidatus Carsonella (gen. nov.) with a single species, Candidatus Carsonella ruddii (sp. nov.) and a secondary endosymbiont, Wolbachia surface proteins (WSP) which are intracellular endosymbionts residing in the bacteriomes. Responses of these symbionts to different temperatures were examined and their host survival assessed. Diagnostic PCR assays showed that the endosymbionts infection rates were not significantly reduced in both D. citri populations after 24 h exposure to cold or heat treatments. Although quantitative PCR assays showed significant reduction of WSP relative densities at 40°C for 24 h, a substantial decrease occurred as the exposure duration increased beyond 3 days. Under the same temperature regimes, Ca. C. ruddii density was initially less affected during the first exposure day, but rapidly reduced at 3-5 days compared to WSP. However, the mortality of the psyllids increased rapidly as exposure time to heat treatment increased. The responses of the two symbionts to unfavorable temperature regimes highlight the complex host-symbionts interactions between D. citri and its associated endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubasher Hussain
- Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Plant Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Keppanan Ravindran
- Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yongwen Lin
- Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bamisope Steve Bamisile
- Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chandra Kanta Dash
- Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Faculty of Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3300, Bangladesh
| | - Liande Wang
- Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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15
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Morrow JL, Hall AAG, Riegler M. Symbionts in waiting: the dynamics of incipient endosymbiont complementation and replacement in minimal bacterial communities of psyllids. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:58. [PMID: 28587661 PMCID: PMC5461708 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obligate bacterial primary (P-) endosymbionts that are maternally inherited and codiverge with hosts are widespread across insect lineages with nutritionally restricted diets. Secondary (S-) endosymbionts are mostly facultative, but in some hosts, they complement P-endosymbiont function and therefore become obligate. Phylogenetic evidence exists for host switching and replacement of S-endosymbionts. The community dynamics that precede endosymbiont replacement and complementation have been little studied across host species, yet they are fundamental to the evolution of endosymbiosis. RESULTS We performed bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of 25 psyllid species (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) across different developmental stages and ecological niches by focusing on the characterisation of the bacteria other than the universally present P-endosymbiont Carsonella (Gammaproteobacteria). Most species harboured only one dominant representative of diverse gammaproteobacterial S-endosymbionts that was consistently detected across all host individuals and populations (Arsenophonus in eight species, Sodalis or Sodalis-like bacteria in four species, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae in eight species). The identity of this dominant obligate S-endosymbiont varied across closely related host species. Unexpectedly, five psyllid species had two or three co-occurring endosymbiont species other than Carsonella within all host individuals, including a Rickettsiella-like bacterium (Gammaproteobacteria) in one psyllid species. Based on standard and quantitative PCR, all psyllids carried Carsonella, at higher titres than their dominant S-endosymbionts. Some psyllids also had Alphaproteobacteria (Lariskella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia) at varying prevalence. Incidence of other bacteria, including known plant pathogens, was low. Ecological niche of gall-forming, lerp-forming and free-living psyllid species did not impact endosymbiont communities. Two flush-feeding psyllid species had population-specific differences, and this was attributable to the higher endosymbiont diversity in native ranges and the absence of some endosymbionts in invasive ranges. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis of strict vertical transmission of minimal core communities of bacteria in psyllids. We also found evidence for S-endosymbiont replacement across closely related psyllid species. Multiple dominant S-endosymbionts present in some host species, including at low titre, constitute potential examples of incipient endosymbiont complementation or replacement. Our multiple comparisons of deep-sequenced minimal insect bacterial communities exposed the dynamics involved in shaping insect endosymbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Aidan A. G. Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
- Current address: Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, 1 Crewe Place, Rosebery, NSW 2018 Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
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