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De Castro O, Avino M, Carraturo F, Di Iorio E, Giovannelli D, Innangi M, Menale B, Mormile N, Troisi J, Guida M. Profiling microbial communities in an extremely acidic environment influenced by a cold natural carbon dioxide spring: A study of the Mefite in Ansanto Valley, Southern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13241. [PMID: 38407001 PMCID: PMC10895555 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The Ansanto Valley's Mefite, one of the Earth's largest non-volcanic CO2 gas emissions, is distinguished by its cold natural carbon dioxide springs. These emissions originate from the intricate tectonics and geodynamics of the southern Apennines in Italy. Known for over two millennia for its lethal concentration of CO2 and other harmful gases, the Mefite has a reputation for being toxic and dangerous. Despite its historical significance and unique geological features, there is a lack of information on the microbial diversity associated with the Mefite's gas emissions. This study presents an integrated exploration of the microbial diversity in the mud soil, using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA (Prokaryotes) and ITS2 (Fungi), alongside a geochemical site characterisation. Our findings reveal that the Mefite's unique environment imposes a significant bottleneck on microbial diversity, favouring a select few microbial groups such as Actinobacteria and Firmicutes for Prokaryotes, and Basidiomycota for Fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga De Castro
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
- Botanical GardenNaplesItaly
| | - Mariano Avino
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional GenomicsSherbrooke UniversitySherbrookeQuebecCanada
| | | | | | - Donato Giovannelli
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
- National Research CouncilInstitute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies—CNR‐IRBIMAnconaItaly
- Department of Marine and Coastal ScienceRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
- Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry DepartmentWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMassachusettsUSA
- Earth‐Life Science InstituteTokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Michele Innangi
- EnvixLab, Department of Biosciences and TerritoryUniversity of Molise Contrada Fonte LapponePesche (IS)Italy
| | - Bruno Menale
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
- Botanical GardenNaplesItaly
| | - Nicolina Mormile
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Jacopo Troisi
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS)SalernoItaly
- Theoreo srlMontecorvino Pugliano (SA)Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
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2
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Schmitz RA, Peeters SH, Mohammadi SS, Berben T, van Erven T, Iosif CA, van Alen T, Versantvoort W, Jetten MSM, Op den Camp HJM, Pol A. Simultaneous sulfide and methane oxidation by an extremophile. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2974. [PMID: 37221165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methane (CH4) are produced in anoxic environments through sulfate reduction and organic matter decomposition. Both gases diffuse upwards into oxic zones where aerobic methanotrophs mitigate CH4 emissions by oxidizing this potent greenhouse gas. Although methanotrophs in myriad environments encounter toxic H2S, it is virtually unknown how they are affected. Here, through extensive chemostat culturing we show that a single microorganism can oxidize CH4 and H2S simultaneously at equally high rates. By oxidizing H2S to elemental sulfur, the thermoacidophilic methanotroph Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV alleviates the inhibitory effects of H2S on methanotrophy. Strain SolV adapts to increasing H2S by expressing a sulfide-insensitive ba3-type terminal oxidase and grows as chemolithoautotroph using H2S as sole energy source. Genomic surveys revealed putative sulfide-oxidizing enzymes in numerous methanotrophs, suggesting that H2S oxidation is much more widespread in methanotrophs than previously assumed, enabling them to connect carbon and sulfur cycles in novel ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob A Schmitz
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stijn H Peeters
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sepehr S Mohammadi
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Berben
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Timo van Erven
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen A Iosif
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo van Alen
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Versantvoort
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mike S M Jetten
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J M Op den Camp
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Arjan Pol
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Park K, Kim CY, Kirk MF, Chae G, Kwon MJ. Effects of natural non-volcanic CO 2 leakage on soil microbial community composition and diversity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160754. [PMID: 36513229 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Geological carbon capture and storage (CCS) can reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions, but questions exist about impacts at the surface if CO2 leaks from deep storage reservoirs. To examine potential impacts on soils, previous studies have investigated the geochemistry and microbiology of volcanic soils hosting high fluxes of CO2 rich gas. This study builds on those previous investigations by considering impacts of CO2 leakage at a non-volcanic site, where deep geogenic CO2 leaks from a cracked well casing. At the site, we collected 26 soil cores adjacent to soil gas monitoring wells. Based on measured CO2 fluxes, the soil samples fall into two groups 1) high CO2 (flux = 304.6 ± 272.1 g m-2 d-1, conc. = 29.1 ± 34 %) and 2) low CO2 (flux = 15.8 ± 6.1 g m-2 d-1, conc. = 0.8 ± 0.9 %). Soil pH was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in high flux group samples (4.6 ± 0.3) than the low flux ones (5.3 ± 0.7). Beta diversity calculations using 16S rRNA gene sequences and redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed clear clustering of microbial communities relative to CO2 flux and significant correlations of community composition with pH and organic carbon content. In the high flux soils, abundant microbial groups included Acidobacteriota, Ktedonobacteria, and SC-I-84 in the phylum Proteobacteria, as well as Nitrososphaeria, a genus of ammonia oxidizing archaea. Compared to volcanic sites described previously, our non-volcanic site had slight differences in soil geochemical properties and gradual shifts in community compositions between CO2 hotspots and background locations. Moreover, the elevated abundance of SC-I-84 has not been reported in studies of volcanic sites. This study improves our ability to predict potential environmental impacts of geological CCS by expanding the range of conditions over which existing CO2 leakage has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghyun Park
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Chan Yeong Kim
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon 34132, South Korea; GeoGreen21, 55 Digital-ro 33-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul 08376, South Korea
| | - Matthew F Kirk
- Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Gitak Chae
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon 34132, South Korea.
| | - Man Jae Kwon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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Ugwuanyi IR, Fogel ML, Bowden R, Steele A, De Natale G, Troise C, Somma R, Piochi M, Mormone A, Glamoclija M. Comparative metagenomics at Solfatara and Pisciarelli hydrothermal systems in Italy reveal that ecological differences across substrates are not ubiquitous. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1066406. [PMID: 36819055 PMCID: PMC9930910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1066406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Continental hydrothermal systems (CHSs) are geochemically complex, and they support microbial communities that vary across substrates. However, our understanding of these variations across the complete range of substrates in CHS is limited because many previous studies have focused predominantly on aqueous settings. Methods Here we used metagenomes in the context of their environmental geochemistry to investigate the ecology of different substrates (i.e., water, mud and fumarolic deposits) from Solfatara and Pisciarelli. Results and Discussion Results indicate that both locations are lithologically similar with distinct fluid geochemistry. In particular, all substrates from Solfatara have similar chemistry whereas Pisciarelli substrates have varying chemistry; with water and mud from bubbling pools exhibiting high SO4 2- and NH4 + concentrations. Species alpha diversity was found to be different between locations but not across substrates, and pH was shown to be the most important driver of both diversity and microbial community composition. Based on cluster analysis, microbial community structure differed significantly between Pisciarelli substrates but not between Solfatara substrates. Pisciarelli mud pools, were dominated by (hyper)thermophilic archaea, and on average, bacteria dominated Pisciarelli fumarolic deposits and all investigated Solfatara environments. Carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation were the most important metabolic pathways fueled by volcanic outgassing at both locations. Together, results demonstrate that ecological differences across substrates are not a widespread phenomenon but specific to the system. Therefore, this study demonstrates the importance of analyzing different substrates of a CHS to understand the full range of microbial ecology to avoid biased ecological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma R. Ugwuanyi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States,Ifeoma R. Ugwuanyi, ✉
| | - Marilyn L. Fogel
- EDGE Institute, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Roxane Bowden
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Andrew Steele
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Giuseppe De Natale
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche INO, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Troise
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche INO, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Somma
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche IRISS, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Piochi
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Mormone
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy
| | - Mihaela Glamoclija
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Mihaela Glamoclija, ✉
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5
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Das S, Najar IN, Sherpa MT, Kumari A, Thakur N. Post-monsoon seasonal variation of prokaryotic diversity in solfataric soil from the North Sikkim hot spring. Int Microbiol 2022; 26:281-294. [PMID: 36478539 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The solfataric soil sediments of the hot springs of Sikkim located at Yume Samdung and Lachen valley were studied for deciphering the bacterial diversity. The main aim here is to present a comparative study and generate a baseline data on the post-monsoon seasonal variation for the months of October and December, analyzed through 16S rRNA V3-V4 amplicon sequencing. The results have shown that there is not much variation at phylum level in the month of October in all the three hot springs such as New Yume Samdung (NYS), Old Yume Samdung (OYS), and Tarum (TAR) hot spring. The abundant phyla mainly present were Firmicutes, followed by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Similarly, in the month of December, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were prevalent; however, the percent relative abundance of these phyla in the month of December is relatively less. Besides this decrease in percent abundance, it was interestingly seen that relatively more phyla were found contributing towards the bacterial diversity in the month of December. Similar to phylum level, at genus level, there was not much variation seen among various prevalent genera of the three studied hot springs in both months. The major genera prevalent in both months among all the three hot springs were followed by Bacillus, Desulfotomaculum, Lactobacillus, and Paenibacillus. A similar trend was also seen at gene level that relative abundance of various genera was higher in the month of October but more genera were found to be contributing towards bacterial diversity in the month of December. Few distinct genera were found to be more abundant in the month of December such as Rhodopirellula and Blastopirellula. The results may conclude that there is not much variation in the abundance and type of bacterial communities during the post-monsoon season in the month of October and December. However, this may be assumed that there is the accumulation or increase in the bacterial communities during the winter (relatively higher temperature among hot springs) and may favor few mesophilic and more thermophilic communities as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Das
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Samdur, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Ishfaq Nabi Najar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Samdur, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Mingma Thundu Sherpa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Samdur, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| | | | - Nagendra Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Samdur, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India.
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6
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Simona C, Venturi S, Tassi F, Simona R, Cabassi J, Capecchiacci F, Bicocchi G, Vaselli O, Morrison HG, Sogin ML, Fazi S. Geochemical and microbiological profiles in hydrothermal extreme acidic environments (Pisciarelli Spring, Campi Flegrei, Italy). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6650346. [PMID: 35883234 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although terrestrial hydrothermal systems are considered among the most fascinating environments, how their unique and extreme conditions can affect microorganisms selection and the role in biogeochemical cycles has not yet been well elucidated. A combined geochemical and microbiological exploration in waters and sediments from ten sampling points along a sharp temperature gradient (15-90 °C) within an extremely acidic hydrothermal system (Pisciarelli Spring, Campi Flegrei area, southern Italy) displayed how hydrothermal fluids influence the microbial dynamics. This area was characterized by high levels of reduced gaseous species (e.g. H2S, H2, CH4, CO), and very low pH values (<2.3). Thermodynamic calculations revealed a high microbial catabolic potential in oxidation/reduction reactions of N-, S-, and Fe-bearing species. Overall, an increase of the archaeal/bacterial abundance ratio was observed by decreasing temperature and pH values. In particular, Archaea and Bacteria were present in almost equal cell abundance (up to 1.1 × 109 and 9.3 × 108 cell/g, respectively) in the <70 °C sampling points (average pH = 2.09); on the contrary, highest temperature waters (85-90 °C; average pH = 2.26) were characterized by low abundance of archaeal cells. The high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene indicated strong differences in archaeal and bacterial communities' composition along temperature gradient. However, the microbiome in this extreme environment was mainly constituted by chemoautotrophic microorganisms that were likely involved in N-, S-, and Fe-bearing species transformations (e.g. Acidianus infernus, Ferroplasma acidarmanus, Acidithiobacillus, Sulfobacillus, Thaumarchaeota), in agreement with thermodynamic calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crognale Simona
- IRSA - CNR Water Research Institute, Via Salaria km 29.300 - CP10, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome (Italy)
| | - Stefania Venturi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence (Italy).,IGG - CNR Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence (Italy)
| | - Franco Tassi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence (Italy).,IGG - CNR Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence (Italy)
| | - Rossetti Simona
- IRSA - CNR Water Research Institute, Via Salaria km 29.300 - CP10, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome (Italy)
| | - Jacopo Cabassi
- IGG - CNR Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence (Italy)
| | - Francesco Capecchiacci
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence (Italy).,IGG - CNR Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence (Italy).,Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Napoli, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano 328, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bicocchi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence (Italy)
| | - Orlando Vaselli
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence (Italy).,IGG - CNR Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence (Italy)
| | | | | | - Stefano Fazi
- IRSA - CNR Water Research Institute, Via Salaria km 29.300 - CP10, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome (Italy)
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7
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Pawlowski J, Bruce K, Panksep K, Aguirre FI, Amalfitano S, Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil L, Baussant T, Bouchez A, Carugati L, Cermakova K, Cordier T, Corinaldesi C, Costa FO, Danovaro R, Dell'Anno A, Duarte S, Eisendle U, Ferrari BJD, Frontalini F, Frühe L, Haegerbaeumer A, Kisand V, Krolicka A, Lanzén A, Leese F, Lejzerowicz F, Lyautey E, Maček I, Sagova-Marečková M, Pearman JK, Pochon X, Stoeck T, Vivien R, Weigand A, Fazi S. Environmental DNA metabarcoding for benthic monitoring: A review of sediment sampling and DNA extraction methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151783. [PMID: 34801504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding (parallel sequencing of DNA/RNA for identification of whole communities within a targeted group) is revolutionizing the field of aquatic biomonitoring. To date, most metabarcoding studies aiming to assess the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems have focused on water eDNA and macroinvertebrate bulk samples. However, the eDNA metabarcoding has also been applied to soft sediment samples, mainly for assessing microbial or meiofaunal biota. Compared to classical methodologies based on manual sorting and morphological identification of benthic taxa, eDNA metabarcoding offers potentially important advantages for assessing the environmental quality of sediments. The methods and protocols utilized for sediment eDNA metabarcoding can vary considerably among studies, and standardization efforts are needed to improve their robustness, comparability and use within regulatory frameworks. Here, we review the available information on eDNA metabarcoding applied to sediment samples, with a focus on sampling, preservation, and DNA extraction steps. We discuss challenges specific to sediment eDNA analysis, including the variety of different sources and states of eDNA and its persistence in the sediment. This paper aims to identify good-practice strategies and facilitate method harmonization for routine use of sediment eDNA in future benthic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pawlowski
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-712 Sopot, Poland; ID-Gene Ecodiagnostics, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K Bruce
- NatureMetrics Ltd, CABI Site, Bakeham Lane, Egham TW20 9TY, UK
| | - K Panksep
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia; Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia; Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia
| | - F I Aguirre
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - S Amalfitano
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - L Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; ID-Gene Ecodiagnostics, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T Baussant
- Norwegian Research Center AS, NORCE Environment, Marine Ecology Group, Mekjarvik 12, 4070 Randaberg, Norway
| | - A Bouchez
- INRAE, CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - L Carugati
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - K Cermakova
- ID-Gene Ecodiagnostics, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T Cordier
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; NORCE Climate, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - C Corinaldesi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - F O Costa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - R Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - A Dell'Anno
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - S Duarte
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - U Eisendle
- University of Salzburg, Dept. of Biosciences, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - B J D Ferrari
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology (Ecotox Centre), EPFL ENAC IIE-GE, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Frontalini
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Urbino University, Urbino, Italy
| | - L Frühe
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Ecology Group, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - A Haegerbaeumer
- Bielefeld University, Animal Ecology, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - V Kisand
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - A Krolicka
- Norwegian Research Center AS, NORCE Environment, Marine Ecology Group, Mekjarvik 12, 4070 Randaberg, Norway
| | - A Lanzén
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - F Leese
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Germany
| | - F Lejzerowicz
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E Lyautey
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - I Maček
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies (FAMNIT), University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - M Sagova-Marečková
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Dept. of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J K Pearman
- Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - X Pochon
- Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand
| | - T Stoeck
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Ecology Group, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - R Vivien
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology (Ecotox Centre), EPFL ENAC IIE-GE, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Weigand
- National Museum of Natural History Luxembourg, 25 Rue Münster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - S Fazi
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
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8
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In silico determination of nitrogen metabolism in microbes from extreme conditions using metagenomics. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2521-2540. [PMID: 33677634 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The acid ponds of the Danakil Depression in northern Ethiopia are polyextreme environments that exceed the normal physicochemical limits of pH, salinity, ion content, and temperature. We tested for the occurrence of DNA-based life in this environment using Metagenomic Shotgun DNA sequencing approaches. The obtained sequences were examined by the bioinformatic tools MetaSpades, DIAMOND and MEGAN 6-CE, and we were able to bin more than 90% of the metagenomics contigs of Dallol and Black Water to the Bacteria domain, and to the Proteobacteria phylum. Predictions of gene function based on SEED disclosed the presence of different nutrient cycles in the acid ponds. For this study, we focused on partial or completely sequenced genes involved in nitrogen metabolism. The KEGG nitrogen metabolism pathway mapping results for both acid ponds showed that all the predicted genes are involved directly or indirectly in the assimilation of ammonia and no dissimilation or nitrification process was identified. Furthermore, the deduced nitrogen fixation in the two acid ponds based on SEED classification indicated the presence of different sets of nitrogen fixing (nif) genes for biosynthesis and maturation of nitrogenase. Based on the in silico analysis, the predicted proteins involved in nitrogen fixation, especially the cysteine desulfurase and [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin, from both acid ponds are unique with less than 80% sequence similarity to the next closest protein sequence. Considering the extremity of the environmental conditions of the two acid ponds in the Danakil depression, this metagenomics dataset can add to the study of unique gene functions in nitrogen metabolism that enable thriving biocommunities in hypersaline and highly acidic conditions.
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Hogendoorn C, Picone N, van Hout F, Vijverberg S, Poghosyan L, van Alen TA, Frank J, Pol A, Gagliano AL, Jetten MSM, D'Alessandro W, Quatrini P, Op den Camp HJM. Draft genome of a novel methanotrophic Methylobacter sp. from the volcanic soils of Pantelleria Island. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:313-324. [PMID: 33566237 PMCID: PMC7902576 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genus Methylobacter is considered an important and often dominant group of aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria in many oxic ecosystems, where members of this genus contribute to the reduction of CH4 emissions. Metagenomic studies of the upper oxic layers of geothermal soils of the Favara Grande, Pantelleria, Italy, revealed the presence of various methane-oxidizing bacteria, and resulted in a near complete metagenome assembled genome (MAG) of an aerobic methanotroph, which was classified as a Methylobacter species. In this study, the Methylobacter sp. B2 MAG was used to investigate its metabolic potential and phylogenetic affiliation. The MAG has a size of 4,086,539 bp, consists of 134 contigs and 3955 genes were found, of which 3902 were protein coding genes. All genes for CH4 oxidation to CO2 were detected, including pmoCAB encoding particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) and xoxF encoding a methanol dehydrogenase. No gene encoding a formaldehyde dehydrogenase was present and the formaldehyde to formate conversion follows the tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) pathway. “Ca. Methylobacter favarea” B2 uses the Ribulose-Mono-Phosphate (RuMP) pathway for carbon fixation. Analysis of the MAG indicates that Na+/H+ antiporters and the urease system might be important in the maintenance of pH homeostasis of this strain to cope with acidic conditions. So far, thermoacidophilic Methylobacter species have not been isolated, however this study indicates that members of the genus Methylobacter can be found in distinct ecosystems and their presence is not restricted to freshwater or marine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hogendoorn
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nunzia Picone
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Femke van Hout
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Vijverberg
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lianna Poghosyan
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A van Alen
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Frank
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Pol
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonia L Gagliano
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palerma, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mike S M Jetten
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter D'Alessandro
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palerma, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Quatrini
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Huub J M Op den Camp
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Schmitz RA, Peeters SH, Versantvoort W, Picone N, Pol A, Jetten MSM, Op den Camp HJM. Verrucomicrobial methanotrophs: ecophysiology of metabolically versatile acidophiles. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6125968. [PMID: 33524112 PMCID: PMC8498564 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanotrophs are an important group of microorganisms that counteract methane emissions to the atmosphere. Methane-oxidising bacteria of the Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria have been studied for over a century, while methanotrophs of the phylum Verrucomicrobia are a more recent discovery. Verrucomicrobial methanotrophs are extremophiles that live in very acidic geothermal ecosystems. Currently, more than a dozen strains have been isolated, belonging to the genera Methylacidiphilum and Methylacidimicrobium. Initially, these methanotrophs were thought to be metabolically confined. However, genomic analyses and physiological and biochemical experiments over the past years revealed that verrucomicrobial methanotrophs, as well as proteobacterial methanotrophs, are much more metabolically versatile than previously assumed. Several inorganic gases and other molecules present in acidic geothermal ecosystems can be utilised, such as methane, hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide, ammonium, nitrogen gas and perhaps also hydrogen sulfide. Verrucomicrobial methanotrophs could therefore represent key players in multiple volcanic nutrient cycles and in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from geothermal ecosystems. Here, we summarise the current knowledge on verrucomicrobial methanotrophs with respect to their metabolic versatility and discuss the factors that determine their diversity in their natural environment. In addition, key metabolic, morphological and ecological characteristics of verrucomicrobial and proteobacterial methanotrophs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob A Schmitz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn H Peeters
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Versantvoort
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nunzia Picone
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Pol
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mike S M Jetten
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J M Op den Camp
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Volcanic and geothermal environments are characterized by low pH, high temperatures, and gas emissions consisting of mainly CO2 and varied CH4, H2S, and H2 contents which allow the formation of chemolithoautotrophic microbial communities. To determine the link between the emitted gases and the microbial community composition, geochemical and metagenomic analysis were performed. Soil samples of the geothermic region Favara Grande (Pantelleria, Italy) were taken at various depths (1 to 50 cm). Analysis of the gas composition revealed that CH4 and H2 have the potential to serve as the driving forces for the microbial community. Our metagenomic analysis revealed a high relative abundance of Bacteria in the top layer (1 to 10 cm), but the relative abundance of Archaea increased with depth from 32% to 70%. In particular, a putative hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaeon, related to Methanocella conradii, appeared to have a high relative abundance (63%) in deeper layers. A variety of [NiFe]-hydrogenase genes were detected, showing that H2 was an important electron donor for microaerobic microorganisms in the upper layers. Furthermore, the bacterial population included verrucomicrobial and proteobacterial methanotrophs, the former showing an up to 7.8 times higher relative abundance. Analysis of the metabolic potential of this microbial community showed a clear capacity to oxidize CH4 aerobically, as several genes for distinct particulate methane monooxygenases and lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenases (XoxF-type) were retrieved. Analysis of the CO2 fixation pathways showed the presence of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, and the (reverse) tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the latter being the most represented carbon fixation pathway. This study indicates that the methane emissions in the Favara Grande might be a combination of geothermal activity and biological processes and further provides insights into the diversity of the microbial population thriving on CH4 and H2 IMPORTANCE The Favara Grande nature reserve on the volcanic island of Pantelleria (Italy) is known for its geothermal gas emissions and high soil temperatures. These volcanic soil ecosystems represent "hot spots" of greenhouse gas emissions. The unique community might be shaped by the hostile conditions in the ecosystem, and it is involved in the cycling of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Our metagenome study revealed that most of the microorganisms in this extreme environment are only distantly related to cultivated bacteria. The results obtained profoundly increased the understanding of these natural hot spots of greenhouse gas production/degradation and will help to enrich and isolate the microbial key players. After isolation, it will become possible to unravel the molecular mechanisms by which they adapt to extreme (thermo/acidophilic) conditions, and this may lead to new green enzymatic catalysts and technologies for industry.
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Fazi S, Ungaro F, Venturi S, Vimercati L, Cruz Viggi C, Baronti S, Ugolini F, Calzolari C, Tassi F, Vaselli O, Raschi A, Aulenta F. Microbiomes in Soils Exposed to Naturally High Concentrations of CO 2 (Bossoleto Mofette Tuscany, Italy). Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2238. [PMID: 31681186 PMCID: PMC6797827 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct and indirect effects of extremely high geogenic CO2 levels, commonly occurring in volcanic and hydrothermal environments, on biogeochemical processes in soil are poorly understood. This study investigated a sinkhole in Italy where long-term emissions of thermometamorphic-derived CO2 are associated with accumulation of carbon in the topsoil and removal of inorganic carbon in low pH environments at the bottom of the sinkhole. The comparison between interstitial soil gasses and those collected in an adjacent bubbling pool and the analysis of the carbon isotopic composition of CO2 and CH4 clearly indicated the occurrence of CH4 oxidation and negligible methanogenesis in soils at the bottom of the sinkhole. Extremely high CO2 concentrations resulted in higher microbial abundance (up to 4 × 109 cell g-1 DW) and a lower microbial diversity by favoring bacteria already reported to be involved in acetogenesis in mofette soils (i.e., Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria). Laboratory incubations to test the acetogenic and methanogenic potential clearly showed that all the mofette soil supplied with hydrogen gas displayed a remarkable CO2 fixation potential, primarily due to the activity of acetogenic microorganisms. By contrast, negligible production of acetate occurred in control tests incubated with the same soils, under identical conditions, without the addition of hydrogen. In this study, we report how changes in diversity and functions of the soil microbial community - induced by high CO2 concentration - create peculiar biogeochemical profile. CO2 emission affects carbon cycling through: (i) inhibition of the decomposition of the organic carbon and (ii) promotion of CO2-fixation via the acetyl-CoA pathway. Sites naturally exposed to extremely high CO2 levels could potentially represent an untapped source of microorganisms with unique capabilities to catalytically convert CO2 into valuable organic chemicals and fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fazi
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ungaro
- Institute of BioEconomy - National Research Council (IBE-CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Venturi
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council (IGG-CNR), Florence, Italy.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lara Vimercati
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | | | - Silvia Baronti
- Institute of BioEconomy - National Research Council (IBE-CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Ugolini
- Institute of BioEconomy - National Research Council (IBE-CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Costanza Calzolari
- Institute of BioEconomy - National Research Council (IBE-CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Franco Tassi
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council (IGG-CNR), Florence, Italy.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Orlando Vaselli
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council (IGG-CNR), Florence, Italy.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Raschi
- Institute of BioEconomy - National Research Council (IBE-CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Aulenta
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Rome, Italy
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13
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Venturi S, Tassi F, Magi F, Cabassi J, Ricci A, Capecchiacci F, Caponi C, Nisi B, Vaselli O. Carbon isotopic signature of interstitial soil gases reveals the potential role of ecosystems in mitigating geogenic greenhouse gas emissions: Case studies from hydrothermal systems in Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:887-898. [PMID: 30481715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic and hydrothermal areas largely contribute to the natural emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, although large uncertainties in estimating their global output still remain. Nevertheless, CO2 and CH4 discharged from hydrothermal fluid reservoirs may support active soil microbial communities. Such secondary processes can control and reduce the flux of these gases to the atmosphere. In order to evaluate the effects deriving from the presence of microbial activity, chemical and carbon (in CO2 and CH4) isotopic composition of interstitial soil gases, as well as diffuse CO2 fluxes, of three hydrothermal systems from Italy were investigated, i.e. (i) Solfatara crater (Campi Flegrei), (ii) Monterotondo Marittimo (Larderello geothermal field) and (iii) Baia di Levante in Vulcano Island (Aeolian Archipelago), where soil CO2 fluxes up to 2400, 1920 and 346 g m-2 day-1 were measured, respectively. Despite the large supply of hydrothermal fluids, 13CO2 enrichments were observed in interstitial soil gases with respect to the fumarolic gas discharges, pointing to the occurrence of autotrophic CO2 fixation processes during the migration of deep-sourced fluids towards the soil-air interface. On the other hand, (i) the δ13C-CH4 values (up to ~48‰ vs. V-PDB higher than those measured at the fumarolic emissions) of the interstitial soil gases and (ii) the comparison of the CO2/CH4 ratios between soil gases and fumarolic emissions suggested that the deep-sourced CH4 was partly consumed by methanotrophic activity, as supported by isotope fractionation modeling. These findings confirmed the key role that methanotrophs play in mitigating the release of geogenic greenhouse gases from volcanic and hydrothermal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Venturi
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - F Tassi
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - F Magi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - J Cabassi
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - A Ricci
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Porta S. Donato 1, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - F Capecchiacci
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - C Caponi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - B Nisi
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - O Vaselli
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy.
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