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Yao L, Liu Q, Lei Z, Sun T. Development and challenges of antimicrobial peptide delivery strategies in bacterial therapy: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126819. [PMID: 37709236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The escalating global prevalence of antimicrobial resistance poses a critical threat, prompting concerns about its impact on public health. This predicament is exacerbated by the acute shortage of novel antimicrobial agents, a scarcity attributed to the rapid surge in bacterial resistance. This review delves into the realm of antimicrobial peptides, a diverse class of compounds ubiquitously present in plants and animals across various natural organisms. Renowned for their intrinsic antibacterial activity, these peptides provide a promising avenue to tackle the intricate challenge of bacterial resistance. However, the clinical utility of peptide-based drugs is hindered by limited bioavailability and susceptibility to rapid degradation, constraining efforts to enhance the efficacy of bacterial infection treatments. The emergence of nanocarriers marks a transformative approach poised to revolutionize peptide delivery strategies. This review elucidates a promising framework involving nanocarriers within the realm of antimicrobial peptides. This paradigm enables meticulous and controlled peptide release at infection sites by detecting dynamic shifts in microenvironmental factors, including pH, ROS, GSH, and reactive enzymes. Furthermore, a glimpse into the future reveals the potential of targeted delivery mechanisms, harnessing inflammatory responses and intricate signaling pathways, including adenosine triphosphate, macrophage receptors, and pathogenic nucleic acid entities. This approach holds promise in fortifying immunity, thereby amplifying the potency of peptide-based treatments. In summary, this review spotlights peptide nanosystems as prospective solutions for combating bacterial infections. By bridging antimicrobial peptides with advanced nanomedicine, a new therapeutic era emerges, poised to confront the formidable challenge of antimicrobial resistance head-on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfukang Yao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
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2
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Tuppo L, Alessandri C, Giangrieco I, Tamburrini M, Arriaza RH, Chruszcz M, Mari A, Ciardiello MA. When the Frequencies of Sensitization and Elicitation of Allergic Reaction Do Not Correlate-The Case of Apple Gibberellin-Regulated Protein Tested in an Italian Population. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:745825. [PMID: 35387024 PMCID: PMC8974745 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.745825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The literature reports describing allergic symptoms against apples in the patients sensitized to the gibberellin-regulated proteins (GRPs) suggested the presence of an allergenic GRP in this fruit. Objective: This study aimed to assess the presence of a GRP protein in apples and investigate its allergenicity. Methods: The protein was isolated and identified by the classical biochemical methods. The bioinformatics tools were used for similar searches and molecular modeling. The immunological features were investigated using the multiplex FABER test. Clinical data were collected by the allergy specialists. Results: A GRP was detected in the apple peel and pulp and it was named applemaclein. This protein displays 94% of sequence identity with peamaclein, Pru p 7, representing the prototype of this allergen family. The applemaclein molecular model shows a very irregular surface with grooves/clefts that may potentially accommodate small molecular ligands. In a population of 4,721 patients in Italy, 187 (4.0%) were sensitized to any allergenic GPR. Of those, 115 (61.5%), 61 (32.6%), 30 (16.0%), and 99 (52.9%) had immunoglobulin E (IgE) to apple, peach, pomegranate, and cypress GRP, respectively. However, in a cohort of the patients in Italy, most individuals IgE positive to the apple GRP did not report allergic reactions against this fruit. Conclusion: Compared with the peach Pru p 7, applemaclein shows some different structural features and higher sensitization frequency, which is often not associated with allergic reactions against apple. Further studies are needed to understand a possible correlation between the applemaclein structural properties, the interaction with still unknown molecules, and immunological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tuppo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), CNR, Naples, Italy,Allergy Data Laboratories (ADL) S.r.l., Latina, Italy
| | - Claudia Alessandri
- Allergy Data Laboratories (ADL) S.r.l., Latina, Italy,Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology (CAAM), Rome, Italy
| | - Ivana Giangrieco
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), CNR, Naples, Italy,Allergy Data Laboratories (ADL) S.r.l., Latina, Italy
| | | | | | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Adriano Mari
- Allergy Data Laboratories (ADL) S.r.l., Latina, Italy,Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology (CAAM), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Ciardiello
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), CNR, Naples, Italy,*Correspondence: Maria Antonietta Ciardiello
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Ueda A, Ogasawara S, Horiuchi K. Identification of the genes controlling biofilm formation in the plant commensal Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2453-2459. [PMID: 32607723 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Determinant genes controlling biofilm formation in a plant commensal bacterium, Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5, were identified by transposon mutagenesis. Comprehensive screening of 7500 transposon-inserted mutants led to the isolation of four mutants exhibiting decreased and five mutants exhibiting increased biofilm formation. Mutations in the genes encoding MFS drug resistance transporter, LapA adhesive protein, RetS sensor histidine kinase/response regulator, and HecA adhesin/hemagglutinin led to decreased biofilm formation, indicating that these genes are necessary for biofilm formation in Pf-5. The mutants exhibiting increased biofilm formation had transposon insertions in the genes coding for an outer membrane protein, a GGDEF domain-containing protein, AraC transcriptional regulator, non-ribosomal peptide synthetase OfaB, and the intergenic region of a DNA-binding protein and the Aer aerotaxis receptor, suggesting that these genes are negative regulators of biofilm formation. Some of these mutants also showed altered swimming and swarming motilities, and a negative correlation between biofilm formation and swarming motility was observed. Thus, sessile-motile lifestyle is regulated by divergent regulatory genes in Pf-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ueda
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Shinta Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Keishi Horiuchi
- School of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
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Su T, Han M, Cao D, Xu M. Molecular and Biological Properties of Snakins: The Foremost Cysteine-Rich Plant Host Defense Peptides. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040220. [PMID: 33053707 PMCID: PMC7711543 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant host defense peptides (HDPs), also known as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are regarded as one of the most prevalent barriers elaborated by plants to combat various infective agents. Among the multiple classes of HDPs, the Snakin class attracts special concern, as they carry 12 cysteine residues, being the foremost cysteine-rich peptides of the plant HDPs. Also, their cysteines are present at very highly conserved positions and arranged in an extremely similar way among different members. Like other plant HDPs, Snakins have been shown to exhibit strong antifungal and antibacterial activity against a wide range of plant pathogens. Moreover, they display diversified biological activities in many aspects of plant growth and the development process. This review is devoted to present the general characters of the Snakin class of plant HDPs, as well as the individual features of different Snakin family members. Specifically, the sequence properties, spatial structures, distributions, expression patterns and biological activities of Snakins are described. In addition, further detailed classification of the Snakin family members, along with their possible mode of action and potential applications in the field of agronomy and pathology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (D.C.); (M.X.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mei Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (D.C.); (M.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+86-1589-598-9551
| | - Dan Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (D.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Mingyue Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (D.C.); (M.X.)
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Stritzler M, Soto G, Ayub N. Plant Growth-Promoting Genes can Switch to be Virulence Factors via Horizontal Gene Transfer. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 76:579-583. [PMID: 29476343 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There are increasing evidences that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a critical mechanism of bacterial evolution, while its complete impact remains unclear. A main constraint of HGT effects on microbial evolution seems to be the conservation of the function of the horizontally transferred genes. From this perspective, inflexible nomenclature and functionality criteria have been established for some mobile genetic elements such as pathogenic and symbiotic islands. Adhesion is a universal prerequisite for both beneficial and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions, and thus, adhesion systems (e.g., the Lap cluster) are candidates to have a dual function depending on the genomic background. In this study, we showed that the virulent factor Lap of the phytopathogen Erwinia carotovora SCRI1043, which is located within a genomic island, was acquired by HGT and probably derived from Pseudomonas. The transformation of the phytopathogen Erwinia pyrifoliae Ep1/96 with the beneficial factor Lap from the plant growth-promoting bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 significantly increased its natural virulence, experimentally recapitulating the beneficial-to-virulence functional switch of the Lap cluster via HGT. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a functional switch of an individual gene or a cluster of genes mediated by HGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Stritzler
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), De los Reseros S/N, C25(1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Soto
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), De los Reseros S/N, C25(1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Ayub
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina.
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), De los Reseros S/N, C25(1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Noirot-Gros MF, Shinde S, Larsen PE, Zerbs S, Korajczyk PJ, Kemner KM, Noirot PH. Dynamics of Aspen Roots Colonization by Pseudomonads Reveals Strain-Specific and Mycorrhizal-Specific Patterns of Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:853. [PMID: 29774013 PMCID: PMC5943511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere-associated Pseudomonas fluorescens are known plant growth promoting (PGP) and mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) of many plants and ectomycorrhizal fungi. We investigated the spatial and temporal dynamics of colonization of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Aspen seedlings roots by the P. fluorescens strains SBW25, WH6, Pf0-1, and the P. protegens strain Pf-5. Seedlings were grown in laboratory vertical plates systems, inoculated with a fluorescently labeled Pseudomonas strain, and root colonization was monitored over a period of 5 weeks. We observed unexpected diversity of bacterial assemblies on seedling roots that changed over time and were strongly affected by root mycorrhization. P. fluorescens SBW25 and WH6 stains developed highly structured biofilms with internal void spaces forming channels. On mycorrhizal roots bacteria appeared encased in a mucilaginous substance in which they aligned side by side in parallel arrangements. The different phenotypic classes of bacterial assemblies observed for the four Pseudomonas strains were summarized in a single model describing transitions between phenotypic classes. Our findings also reveal that bacterial assembly phenotypes are driven by interactions with mucilaginous materials present at roots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shalaka Shinde
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Peter E Larsen
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Sarah Zerbs
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Peter J Korajczyk
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Kenneth M Kemner
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Philippe H Noirot
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
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Dos Santos BS, da Silva LCN, da Silva TD, Rodrigues JFS, Grisotto MAG, Correia MTDS, Napoleão TH, da Silva MV, Paiva PMG. Application of Omics Technologies for Evaluation of Antibacterial Mechanisms of Action of Plant-Derived Products. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1466. [PMID: 27729901 PMCID: PMC5037136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the face of increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics currently in use, the search for new antimicrobial agents has received a boost in recent years, with natural products playing an important role in this field. In fact, several methods have been proposed to investigate the antibacterial activities of natural products. However, given that the ultimate aim is future therapeutic use as novel drugs, it is extremely necessary to elucidate their modes of action, stating the molecular effects in detail, and identifying their targets in the bacterial cell. This review analyzes the application of “omics technologies” to understand the antibacterial mechanisms of bioactive natural products, to stimulate research interest in this area and promote scientific collaborations. Some studies have been specifically highlighted herein by examining their procedures and results (targeted proteins and metabolic pathways). These approaches have the potential to provide new insights into our comprehension of antimicrobial resistance/susceptibility, creating new perspectives for the struggle against bacteria, and leading to the development of novel products in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno S Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luís C N da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade CEUMA Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Túlio D da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de PernambucoPernambuco, Brazil; Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do NordestePernambuco, Brazil
| | - João F S Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade CEUMA Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Marcos A G Grisotto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade CEUMAMaranhão, Brazil; Instituto Florence de Ensino SuperiorMaranhão, Brazil
| | - Maria T Dos Santos Correia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago H Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Márcia V da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M G Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Pernambuco, Brazil
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Fox AR, Soto G, Valverde C, Russo D, Lagares A, Zorreguieta Á, Alleva K, Pascuan C, Frare R, Mercado-Blanco J, Dixon R, Ayub ND. Major cereal crops benefit from biological nitrogen fixation when inoculated with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 X940. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3522-3534. [PMID: 27198923 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A main goal of biological nitrogen fixation research has been to expand the nitrogen-fixing ability to major cereal crops. In this work, we demonstrate the use of the efficient nitrogen-fixing rhizobacterium Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 X940 as a chassis to engineer the transfer of nitrogen fixed by BNF to maize and wheat under non-gnotobiotic conditions. Inoculation of maize and wheat with Pf-5 X940 largely improved nitrogen content and biomass accumulation in both vegetative and reproductive tissues, and this beneficial effect was positively associated with high nitrogen fixation rates in roots. 15 N isotope dilution analysis showed that maize and wheat plants obtained substantial amounts of fixed nitrogen from the atmosphere. Pf-5 X940-GFP-tagged cells were always reisolated from the maize and wheat root surface but never from the inner root tissues. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed root surface colonization of Pf-5 X940-GFP in wheat plants, and microcolonies were mostly visualized at the junctions between epidermal root cells. Genetic analysis using biofilm formation-related Pseudomonas mutants confirmed the relevance of bacterial root adhesion in the increase in nitrogen content, biomass accumulation and nitrogen fixation rates in wheat roots. To our knowledge, this is the first report of robust BNF in major cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Romina Fox
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (CICVyA-INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Soto
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (CICVyA-INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio Valverde
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,LBMIBS, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Russo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Lagares
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,LBMIBS, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ángeles Zorreguieta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Alleva
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisicomatemática, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Pascuan
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (CICVyA-INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Frare
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (CICVyA-INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ray Dixon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nicolás Daniel Ayub
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (CICVyA-INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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