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Cabral LDS, Weimer PJ. Megasphaera elsdenii: Its Role in Ruminant Nutrition and Its Potential Industrial Application for Organic Acid Biosynthesis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:219. [PMID: 38276203 PMCID: PMC10819428 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii was first isolated from the rumen in 1953 and is common in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Its ability to use either lactate or glucose as its major energy sources for growth has been well documented, although it can also ferment amino acids into ammonia and branched-chain fatty acids, which are growth factors for other bacteria. The ruminal abundance of M. elsdenii usually increases in animals fed grain-based diets due to its ability to use lactate (the product of rapid ruminal sugar fermentation), especially at a low ruminal pH (<5.5). M. elsdenii has been proposed as a potential dietary probiotic to prevent ruminal acidosis in feedlot cattle and high-producing dairy cows. However, this bacterium has also been associated with milk fat depression (MFD) in dairy cows, although proving a causative role has remained elusive. This review summarizes the unique physiology of this intriguing bacterium and its functional role in the ruminal community as well as its role in the health and productivity of the host animal. In addition to its effects in the rumen, the ability of M. elsdenii to produce C2-C7 carboxylic acids-potential precursors for industrial fuel and chemical production-is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano da Silva Cabral
- Department of Animal Science and Rural Extension, Agronomy and Animal Science School, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 780600-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil;
| | - Paul J. Weimer
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Sarmikasoglou E, Ferrell J, Vinyard JR, Flythe MD, Tuanyok A, Faciola AP. Effects of ruminal lipopolysaccharides on growth and fermentation end products of pure cultured bacteria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15932. [PMID: 36151241 PMCID: PMC9508262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of ruminal lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been linked to ruminal acidosis; however, they result in reduced endotoxicity compared to LPS derived from species like Escherichia coli. Additionally, there is a knowledge gap on the potential effect of LPS derived from ruminal microbiome on ruminal bacteria species whose abundance is associated with ruminal acidosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of LPS-free anaerobic water (CTRL), E. coli-LPS (E. COLI), ruminal-LPS (RUM), and a 1:1 mixture of E. coli and ruminal-LPS (MIX) on the growth characteristics and fermentation end products of lactate-producing bacteria (Streptococcus bovis JB1, Selenomonas ruminantium HD4) and lactate-utilizing bacterium (Megasphaera elsdenii T81). The growth characteristics were predicted based on the logistic growth model, the ammonia concentration was determined by the phenolic acid/hypochlorite method and organic acids were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography. Results indicate that, compared to the CTRL, the maximum specific growth rate of S. bovis JB1 decreased by approximately 19% and 23% when RUM and MIX were dosed, respectively. In addition, acetate and lactate concentrations in Se. ruminantium HD4 were reduced by approximately 30% and 18%; respectively, in response to MIX dosing. Compared to CTRL, lactate concentration from S. bovis JB1 was reduced approximately by 31% and 22% in response to RUM and MIX dosing; respectively. In summary, RUM decreased the growth and lactate production of some lactate-producing bacteria, potentially mitigating the development of subacute ruminal acidosis by restricting lactate availability to some lactate-utilizing bacteria that metabolize lactate into VFAs thus further contributing to the development of acidosis. Also, RUM did not affect Megasphaera elsdenii T81 growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Ferrell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - James R Vinyard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Michael D Flythe
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Sato N, Kanehama A, Kashiwagi A, Yamada M, Nishimukai M. Lymphatic Absorption of Microbial Plasmalogens in Rats. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836186. [PMID: 35392167 PMCID: PMC8980267 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens, functional glycerophospholipids with biological roles in the human body, are associated with various diseases. Although a variety of saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids in plasmalogens are presumed to have different functions in the human body, there are limited reports validating such functions of plasmalogens. In this study, we focused on the bacterial plasmalogen derived from Selenomonas ruminantium subsp. lactilytica (NBRC No. 103574) with different main species of hydrocarbon chains at the sn-1 position and shorter fatty acids at the sn-2 position than animal plasmalogens. Optimum culture conditions of S. ruminantium for high-yield production of plasmalogens, such as pH and the concentration of caproic acid, were investigated under anaerobic conditions using a 2-L scale jar fermenter. The obtained plasmalogen mainly consisted of the ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn). The molar ratios of PlsEtn species obtained from S. ruminantium, at sn-1/sn-2 positions, were p16:1/14:0 (68.4%), p16:1/16:1 (29.2%), p16:1/16:0 (0.7%), p16:1/15:0 (0.3%), and p17:1/14:0 (0.3%). Subsequently, duodenal infusion of the emulsion carrying the lipid extracted from S. ruminantium was carried out in lymph duct-cannulated rats. In the lymphatic plasmalogen of rats, the level of PlsEtns with molar ratios p16:1/14:0 and p16:1/16:1, the main species of plasmalogens from S. ruminantium, increased gradually until 3–4 h after lipid injection and then gradually decreased. In addition, the level of PlsEtns with p16:1/20:4 and p16:1/22:6 rapidly increased, peaking at 1–1.5 h and 1.5–2 h after lipid injection, respectively. The increase in the number of PlsEtns with p16:1/20:4 and p16:1/22:6 suggested that 20:4 and 22:6, the main fatty acids at the sn-2 position in the rat lymphatic plasmalogen, were preferentially re-esterified at the sn-2 position, regardless of the types of hydrocarbon chains at the sn-1 position. Thus, we showed that bacterial PlsEtns with “unnatural” structures against rats could be absorbed into the lymph. Our findings provide insights into the association between the chemical structure of plasmalogens and their biological functions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Sato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Aki Kanehama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Akiko Kashiwagi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Miwa Yamada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- Agri-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Miwa Yamada, ; Megumi Nishimukai,
| | - Megumi Nishimukai
- Agri-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Miwa Yamada, ; Megumi Nishimukai,
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Newman MA, Petri RM, Grüll D, Zebeli Q, Metzler-Zebeli BU. Transglycosylated Starch Modulates the Gut Microbiome and Expression of Genes Related to Lipid Synthesis in Liver and Adipose Tissue of Pigs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:224. [PMID: 29487593 PMCID: PMC5816791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary inclusion of resistant starches can promote host health through modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles, and lipid metabolism. This study investigated the impact of a transglycosylated cornstarch (TGS) on gastric, ileal, cecal, proximal-colonic, and mid-colonic bacterial community profiles and fermentation metabolites using a growing pig model. It additionally evaluated the effect of TGS on the expression of host genes related to glucose and SCFA absorption, incretins, and satiety in the gut as well as host genes related to lipid metabolism in hepatic and adipose tissue. Sixteen growing pigs (4 months of age) were fed either a TGS or control (CON) diet for 11 days. Bacterial profiles were determined via Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V3-5 region of the 16S rRNA gene, whereas SCFA and gene expression were measured using gas chromatography and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Megasphaera, which was increased at all gut sites, began to benefit from TGS feeding in gastric digesta, likely through cross-feeding with other microbes, such as Lactobacillus. Shifts in the bacterial profiles from dietary TGS consumption in the cecum, proximal colon, and mid colon were similar. Relative abundances of Ruminococcus and unclassified Ruminococcaceae genus were lower, whereas that of unclassified Veillonellaceae genus was higher in TGS- compared to CON-fed pigs (p < 0.05). TGS consumption also increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of SCFA, especially propionate, and lactate in the distal hindgut compared to the CON diet which might have up-regulated GLP1 expression in the cecum (p < 0.05) and mid colon compared to the control diet (p < 0.10). TGS-fed pigs showed increased hepatic and decreased adipocyte expression of genes for lipid synthesis (FASN, SREBP1, and ACACA) compared to CON-fed pigs, which may be related to postprandial portal nutrient flow and reduced systemic insulin signaling. Overall, our data show that TGS consumption may affect gastrointestinal bacterial signaling, caused by changes in gut bacterial profiles and the action of propionate, and host lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Newman
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renée M Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Grüll
- Agrana Research & Innovation Center GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kojima S, Hayashi K, Tochigi S, Kusano T, Kaneko J, Kamio Y. Peptidoglycan-associated outer membrane protein Mep45 of rumen anaerobe Selenomonas ruminantium forms a non-specific diffusion pore via its C-terminal transmembrane domain. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1954-9. [PMID: 27310312 PMCID: PMC5020339 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1194185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The major outer membrane protein Mep45 of Selenomonas ruminantium, an anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium, comprises two distinct domains: the N-terminal S-layer homologous (SLH) domain that protrudes into the periplasm and binds to peptidoglycan, and the remaining C-terminal transmembrane domain, whose function has been unknown. Here, we solubilized and purified Mep45 and characterized its function using proteoliposomes reconstituted with Mep45. We found that Mep45 forms a nonspecific diffusion channel via its C-terminal region. The channel was permeable to solutes smaller than a molecular weight of roughly 600, and the estimated pore radius was 0.58 nm. Truncation of the SLH domain did not affect the channel property. On the basis of the fact that Mep45 is the most abundant outer membrane protein in S. ruminantium, we conclude that Mep45 serves as a main pathway through which small solutes diffuse across the outer membrane of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kojima
- a Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan.,b Graduate School of Life Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Kanako Hayashi
- c Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Saeko Tochigi
- b Graduate School of Life Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Tomonobu Kusano
- b Graduate School of Life Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Jun Kaneko
- c Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kamio
- c Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan.,d Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences , Shokei-Gakuin University , Natori , Japan
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