1
|
Qiao Y, Yin B, Zhou W, Wang M, Chang Z, Zhou J, Yue M, Chen J, Liu F, Feng Z. Nutrient consumption patterns of Lactobacillus acidophilus. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5982-5990. [PMID: 38427028 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the greatest challenges in using Lactobacillus acidophilus as a probiotic is acid stress. The current research aimed to identify substances that help L. acidophilus resist acid stress; this was achieved through assessing its nutrient consumption patterns under various pH conditions. RESULTS The consumption rates of alanine, uracil, adenine, guanine, niacin, and manganese were consistently higher than 60% for L. acidophilus LA-5 cultured at pH 5.8, 4.9, and 4.4. The consumption rates of glutamic acid + glutamine and thiamine increased with decreasing pH and were higher than 60% at pH 4.9 and 4.4. The viable counts of L. acidophilus LA-5 were significantly increased under the corresponding acidic stress conditions (pH 4.9 and 4.4) through the appropriate addition of either alanine (3.37 and 2.81 mmol L-1), glutamic acid + glutamine (4.77 mmol L-1), guanine (0.13 and 0.17 mmol L-1), niacin (0.02 mmol L-1), thiamine (0.009 mmol L-1), or manganese (0.73 and 0.64 mmol L-1) (P < 0.05). The viable counts of L. acidophilus LA-5 cultured in a medium supplemented with combined nutritional factors was 1.02-1.03-fold of the counts observed in control medium under all acid conditions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Alanine, glutamic acid + glutamine, guanine, niacin, thiamine, and manganese can improve the growth of L. acidophilus LA-5 in an acidic environment in the present study. The results will contribute to optimizing strategies to enhance the acid resistance of L. acidophilus and expand its application in the fermentation industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Boxing Yin
- Yangzhou Yangda Kangyuan Dairy Co., Ltd, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Yangzhou Yangda Kangyuan Dairy Co., Ltd, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengrui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ziqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Junping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingzhe Yue
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Junxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Yangzhou Yangda Kangyuan Dairy Co., Ltd, Yangzhou, China
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bustos AY, Taranto MP, Gerez CL, Agriopoulou S, Smaoui S, Varzakas T, Enshasy HAE. Recent Advances in the Understanding of Stress Resistance Mechanisms in Probiotics: Relevance for the Design of Functional Food Systems. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10273-9. [PMID: 38829565 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, more and more scientific community, food producers, and food industry show increased interest in functional foods containing probiotics, which is a big challenge. The consumption of probiotics in the context of a balanced diet through the consumption of functional foods or through the intake of pharmaceutical preparations has proven to contribute to the improvement of human health, even contributing to the prevention of diseases. In order for probiotics to be considered suitable for consumption, they must contain a minimum concentration of viable cells, namely, at least 107 colony forming units of beneficial microbes per gram. Ensuring the viability of bacterial cells until the moment of consumption is the overriding priority of functional probiotic food manufacturers. Probiotic bacteria are subject to stress conditions not only during food manufacturing but also during gastrointestinal passage, which limit or even compromise their functionality. This paper first examines all the stressful conditions faced by probiotic cells in their production stages and related to the conditions present in the bioreactor fermentation and drying processes as well as factors related to the food matrix and storage. The stress situations faced by probiotic microorganisms during the gastrointestinal transit especially during stomach and intestinal residence are also analyzed. In order to understand the adaptation mechanisms of probiotic bacteria to gastrointestinal stress, intrinsic and adaptive mechanisms identified in probiotic strains in response to acid stress and to bile and bile acid stress are analyzed. In addition, improvement strategies for multiple stress tolerance of lactic acid bacteria through directions dealing with stress, accumulation of metabolites, use of protectants, and regulation of technological parameters are examined. Finally, the definition of postbiotics, inanimate microorganisms and/or their components conferring health benefits, is also introduced. Postbiotics include cell lysates, enzymes, and cell wall fragments derived from probiotic bacteria and may represent an alternative to the use of probiotics, when they do not tolerate stressful conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Yanina Bustos
- Centro de Investigación en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos (CIBAAL/UNSE-CONICET), RN 9-Km 1125, (4206), Santiago del Estero, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias (FAyA), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Av. Belgrano Sur 1912, (4200), Santiago del Estero, Argentina
- Facultad de Humanidades, Ciencias Sociales y de La Salud (FHU), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Av. Belgrano Sur 1912, (4200), Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - María Pía Taranto
- Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos (CONICET-CERELA), Chacabuco 145, (4000), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Carla Luciana Gerez
- Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos (CONICET-CERELA), Chacabuco 145, (4000), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 24100, Antikalamos Messinia, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 24100, Antikalamos Messinia, Kalamata, Greece.
| | - Hesham Ali El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Borg Al Arab, 21934, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yao S, Tu R, Jin Y, Zhou R, Wu C, Qin J. Improvement of the viability of Tetragenococcus halophilus under acidic stress by forming the biofilm cell structure based on RNA-Seq and iTRAQ analyses. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:3559-3569. [PMID: 38147410 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetragenococcus halophilus is a halophilic lactic acid bacterium (LAB) isolated from soya sauce moromi. During the production of these fermented foods, acid stress is an inevitable environmental stress. In our previous study, T. halophilus could form biofilms and the cells in the biofilms exhibited higher cell viability under multiple environmental stresses, including acid stress. RESULTS In this study, the effect of preformed T. halophilus biofilms on cell survival, cellular structure, intracellular environment, and the expression of genes and proteins under acid stress was investigated. The result showed that acid stress with pH 4.30 for 1.5 h reduced the live T. halophilus cell count and caused cellular structure damage. However, T. halophilus biofilm cells exhibited greater cell survival under acid stress than the planktonic cells, and biofilm formation reduced the damage of acid stress to the cell membrane and cell wall. The biofilm cells maintained a higher level of H+ -ATPase activity and intracellular ammonia concentration after acid stress. The RNA-Seq and iTRAQ technologies revealed that the genes and proteins associated with ATP production, the uptake of trehalose and N-acetylmuramic acid, the assembly of H+ -ATPase, amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, ammonia production, fatty acid biosynthesis, CoA biosynthesis, thiamine production, and acetoin biosynthesis might be responsible for the stronger acid tolerance of T. halophilus biofilm cells together. CONCLUSION These findings further explained the mechanisms that allowed LAB biofilm cells to resist environmental stress. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangjie Yao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongkun Tu
- Luzhou Lao Jiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou, China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaewarsar E, Chaiyasut C, Lailerd N, Makhamrueang N, Peerajan S, Sirilun S. Effects of Synbiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Bifidobacterium breve, and Prebiotics on the Growth Stimulation of Beneficial Gut Microbiota. Foods 2023; 12:3847. [PMID: 37893739 PMCID: PMC10606279 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms that plays a vital role in maintaining overall health, and is comprised of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. The probiotic efficacy and safety of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium breve for consumption were confirmed by in vitro experiments. The survival rate of the probiotics showed a significant decline in in vitro gut tract simulation; however, the survival rate was more than 50%. Also, the probiotics could adhere to Caco-2 cell lines by more than 90%, inhibit the pathogenic growths, deconjugate glycocholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid through activity of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) proteins, and lower cholesterol levels by over 46%. Regarding safety assessment, L. paracasei and B. breve showed susceptibility to some antibiotics but resistance to vancomycin and were examined as γ-hemolytic strains. Anti-inflammatory properties of B. breve with Caco-2 epithelial cell lines showed the significantly highest value (p < 0.05) for interleukin-10. Furthermore, probiotics and prebiotics (inulin, fructooligosaccharides, and galactooligosaccharides) comprise synbiotics, which have potential effects on the increased abundance of beneficial microbiota, but do not affect the growth of harmful bacteria in feces samples. Moreover, the highest concentration of short chain fatty acid was of acetic acid, followed by propionic and butyric acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekkachai Kaewarsar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (E.K.); (C.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (E.K.); (C.C.); (N.M.)
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Narissara Lailerd
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Netnapa Makhamrueang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (E.K.); (C.C.); (N.M.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Sasithorn Sirilun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (E.K.); (C.C.); (N.M.)
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shangpliang HNJ, Tamang JP. Metagenomics and metagenome-assembled genomes mining of health benefits in jalebi batter, a naturally fermented cereal-based food of India. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113130. [PMID: 37689895 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Jalebi is one of the oldest Indian traditional fermented wheat-based confectioneries. Since jalebi is prepared by natural fermentation, diverse microbial community is expected to play bio-functional activities. Due to limited studies, information on microbial community structure in jalebi is unknown. Hence, the present study is aimed to profile the microbial community in jalebi by shotgun metagenomics and also to predict putative probiotic and functional genes by metagenome-assembled genome (MAG). Bacteria were the most abundant domain (91.91%) under which Bacillota was the most abundant phylum (82%). The most abundant species was Lapidilactobacillus dextrinicus followed by several species of lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria including few yeasts. Lap. dextrinicus was also significantly abundant in jalebi when compared to similar fermented wheat-based sourdough. Additionally, Lap. bayanensis, Pediococcus stilesii, and yeast- Candida glabrata, Gluconobacter japonicus, Pichia kudriavzevii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus were only detected in jalebi, which are not detected in sourdough. Few viruses and archaea were detected with < 1 % abundance. In silico screening of genes from the abundant species was mined using both KEGG and EggNOG database for putative health beneficial attributes. Circular genomes of five high-quality MAGs, identified as Lapidilactobacillus dextrinicus, Enterococcus hirae, Pediococcus stilesii, Acetobacter indonesiensis and Acetobacter cibinongensis, were constructed separately and putative genes were mapped and annotated. The CRISPR/Cas gene clusters in the genomes of four MAGs except Acetobacter cibinongensis were detected. MAGs also showed several secondary metabolites. Since, the identified MAGs have different putative genes for bio-functional properties, this may pave the way to selectively culture the uncultivated putative microbes for jalebi production. We believe this is the first report on metagenomic and MAGs of jalebi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jyoti Prakash Tamang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Tadong, Gangtok 737102, Sikkim, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barajas-Álvarez P, Haro-González JN, González-Ávila M, Espinosa-Andrews H. Gum Arabic/Chitosan Coacervates for Encapsulation and Protection of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus in Storage and Gastrointestinal Environments. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10152-9. [PMID: 37668856 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics, such as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, are essential to the food industry for their health benefits to the host. The Lcb. rhamnosus strain is susceptible to processing, gastrointestinal, and storage conditions. In this study, Lcb. rhamnosus strains were encapsulated by complex coacervation in a gum arabic/chitosan or gum arabic/trehalose/chitosan and cross-linked with sodium tripolyphosphate. The physicochemical properties (zeta potential, water activity, water content, and hygroscopicity), encapsulation efficiency, and probiotic survival under storage conditions and simulated gastrointestinal fluids were evaluated. The results showed that crosslinking improves the encapsulation efficiency after drying; however, this result was remarkable when trehalose was used as a cryoprotectant. Furthermore, the encapsulation matrix preserved the viability of probiotics during 12 weeks with probiotic counts between 8.7-9.5, 7.5-9.0, and 5.2-7.4 log10 CFU g-1 at -20, 4, and 20 °C, respectively. After 12 days of digestion in an ex vivo simulator, acetic, butyric, propionic, and lactic acid production changed significantly, compared to free probiotic samples. This work shows that encapsulation by complex coacervation can promote the stability of probiotic bacteria in storage conditions and improve the viability of Lcb. rhamnosus HN001 during consumption so that they can exert their beneficial action in the organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Barajas-Álvarez
- Food Technology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C. Camino Arenero #1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Nabor Haro-González
- Food Technology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C. Camino Arenero #1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marisela González-Ávila
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C. Av. Normalistas #800, Colinas de La Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Hugo Espinosa-Andrews
- Food Technology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C. Camino Arenero #1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shangpliang HNJ, Tamang JP. Metagenome-assembled genomes for biomarkers of bio-functionalities in Laal dahi, an Indian ethnic fermented milk product. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 402:110300. [PMID: 37364321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Laal dahi is a sweetened and soft pudding-like fermented milk product of the Eastern regions of India, which has not been studied for its microbial community structures and health promoting functionality in terms of 'omics' approaches. We applied metagenomic and metagenomes-assembled genomes (MAGs) tools to decipher the biomarkers for genes encoding for different health promoting functionalities in laal dahi. Abundance of bacterial domains was observed with negligible presence of eukaryotes and viruses. Bacillota was the most abundant phylum with different bacterial species viz., Enterococcus italicus, Lactococcus raffinolactis, Lactobacillus helveticus, Bifidobacterium mongoliense, Hafnia alvei, Lactococcus lactis, Acetobacter okinawensis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Thermus thermophilus, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Acetobacter orientalis, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactococcus chungangensis and Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Comparison of laal dahi microbiome with that of similar fermented milk products was also carried out after retrieving the metagenomic datasets from public databases. Significant abundance of Lb. helveticus, E. italicus, Lc. raffinolactis and Lc. lactis in laal dahi. Interestingly, Bifidobacterium mongoliense, Lb. gallinarum, Lc. chungangensis and Acetobacter okinawensis were only detected in laal dahi but Streptococcus infantarius, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lb. johnsonii were absent. Reconstruction of putative single environment-specific genomes from metagenomes in addition to subsampling of the abundant species resulted in five high-quality MAGs identified as Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactococcus chungangensis, Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. All MAGs showed the presence of various genes with several putative functions corresponding to different probiotic and prebiotic functions, short-chain fatty acids production, immunomodulation, antitumor genes, essential amino acid and vitamin biosynthesis. Genes for γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) production were only detected in MAG of Lactococcus lactis. Gene clusters for secondary metabolites (antimicrobial peptides) were detected in all MAGs except Lc. chungangensis. Additionally, detection of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated (Cas) elements was observed only in Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Streptococcus thermophilus. Annotation of several genes with potential health beneficial properties in all five MAGs may support the need to explore the culturability of these MAGs for future use in controlled fermentation of functional dairy products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jyoti Prakash Tamang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Tadong, Gangtok 737102, Sikkim, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rao NS, Ermann Lundberg L, Tomasson J, Tullberg C, Brink DP, Palmkron SB, van Niel EWJ, Håkansson S, Carlquist M. Non-inhibitory levels of oxygen during cultivation increase freeze-drying stress tolerance in Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1152389. [PMID: 37125176 PMCID: PMC10140318 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1152389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological effects of oxygen on Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 during cultivation and the ensuing properties of the freeze-dried probiotic product was investigated. On-line flow cytometry and k-means clustering gating was used to follow growth and viability in real time during cultivation. The bacterium tolerated aeration at 500 mL/min, with a growth rate of 0.74 ± 0.13 h-1 which demonstrated that low levels of oxygen did not influence the growth kinetics of the bacterium. Modulation of the redox metabolism was, however, seen already at non-inhibitory oxygen levels by 1.5-fold higher production of acetate and 1.5-fold lower ethanol production. A significantly higher survival rate in the freeze-dried product was observed for cells cultivated in presence of oxygen compared to absence of oxygen (61.8% ± 2.4% vs. 11.5% ± 4.3%), coinciding with a higher degree of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA:SFA ratio of 10 for air sparged vs. 3.59 for N2 sparged conditions.). Oxygen also resulted in improved bile tolerance and boosted 5'nucleotidase activity (370 U/L vs. 240 U/L in N2 sparged conditions) but lower tolerance to acidic conditions compared bacteria grown under complete anaerobic conditions which survived up to 90 min of exposure at pH 2. Overall, our results indicate the controlled supply of oxygen during production may be used as means for probiotic activity optimization of L. reuteri DSM 17938.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Seshagiri Rao
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Nikhil Seshagiri Rao,
| | - Ludwig Ermann Lundberg
- The Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- BioGaia, SE-103 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Tullberg
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel P. Brink
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shuai Bai Palmkron
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ed W. J. van Niel
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Håkansson
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- BioGaia, SE-241 38, Eslöv, Sweden
| | - Magnus Carlquist
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Magnus Carlquist,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Journey of the Probiotic Bacteria: Survival of the Fittest. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010095. [PMID: 36677387 PMCID: PMC9861974 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to bring a more general view of the technological and biological challenges regarding production and use of probiotic bacteria in promoting human health. After a brief description of the current concepts, the challenges for the production at an industrial level are presented from the physiology of the central metabolism to the ability to face the main forms of stress in the industrial process. Once produced, these cells are processed to be commercialized in suspension or dried forms or added to food matrices. At this stage, the maintenance of cell viability and vitality is of paramount for the quality of the product. Powder products requires the development of strategies that ensure the integrity of components and cellular functions that allow complete recovery of cells at the time of consumption. Finally, once consumed, probiotic cells must face a very powerful set of physicochemical mechanisms within the body, which include enzymes, antibacterial molecules and sudden changes in pH. Understanding the action of these agents and the induction of cellular tolerance mechanisms is fundamental for the selection of increasingly efficient strains in order to survive from production to colonization of the intestinal tract and to promote the desired health benefits.
Collapse
|
10
|
Dynamics of Changes in pH and the Contents of Free Sugars, Organic Acids and LAB in Button Mushrooms during Controlled Lactic Fermentation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111553. [PMID: 35681303 PMCID: PMC9180291 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess changes in the basic quality parameters induced by controlled lactic fermentation of fruiting bodies of the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v with documented probiotic properties and L. plantarum EK3, i.e., an isolate obtained from spontaneously fermented button mushrooms, were used as starter strains. The fruiting bodies of fresh, blanched, and fermented mushrooms were analyzed at different stages of the lactic fermentation process. The content of free sugars (high-performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detector method; HPLC-CAD) and organic acids (high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector method; HPLC-DAD) was determined both in the mushroom fruiting bodies and in the brine. Five free sugars (ribose, trehalose, sucrose, glucose, and fructose), mannitol, and six organic acids (lactic, malic, succinic, citric, acetic, and fumaric acids) were detected in the samples. Lactic acid dominated in the final products. The starter cultures exhibited varying degrees of utilization of available mushroom sugars and sucrose used as an additional substrate. Sucrose was utilized at a higher rate and in greater amounts by the L. plantarum EK3 isolate. This starter culture was characterized by a significantly higher final amount of produced lactic acid, a lower pH value, and higher numbers of LAB (lactic acid bacteria). These important quality parameters largely determine the stability of fermented products. Based on the analysis results and the high scores in the organoleptic evaluation of the fermented mushrooms, the L. plantarum EK3 isolate can be recommended as an appropriate starter culture for lactic fermentation of mushroom fruiting bodies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Dong J, Wang J, Chi W, Zhou W, Tian Q, Hong Y, Zhou X, Ye H, Tian X, Hu R, Wong A. Assessing the drug resistance profiles of oral probiotic lozenges. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2019992. [PMID: 35024089 PMCID: PMC8745366 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.2019992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Probiotic lozenges have been developed to harvest the benefits of probiotics for oral health, but their long-term consumption may encourage the transfer of resistance genes from probiotics to commensals, and eventually to disease-causing bacteria. Aim To screen commercial probiotic lozenges for resistance to antibiotics, characterize the resistance determinants, and examine their transferability in vitro. Results Probiotics of all lozenges were resistant to glycopeptide, sulfonamide, and penicillin antibiotics, while some were resistant to aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. High minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were detected for streptomycin (>128 µg/mL) and chloramphenicol (> 512 µg/mL) for all probiotics but only one was resistant to piperacillin (MIC = 32 µg/mL). PCR analysis detected erythromycin (erm(T), ermB or mefA) and fluoroquinolone (parC or gyr(A)) resistance genes in some lozenges although there were no resistant phenotypes. The dfrD, cat-TC, vatE, aadE, vanX, and aph(3")-III or ant(2")-I genes conferring resistance to trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, quinupristin/dalfopristin, vancomycin, and streptomycin, respectively, were detected in resistant probiotics. The rifampicin resistance gene rpoB was also present. We found no conjugal transfer of streptomycin resistance genes in our co-incubation experiments. Conclusion Our study represents the first antibiotic resistance profiling of probiotics from oral lozenges, thus highlighting the health risk especially in the prevailing threat of drug resistance globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingya Dong
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Chi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiwen Tian
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue Hong
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hailv Ye
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuechen Tian
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rongdang Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barajas-Álvarez P, González-Ávila M, Espinosa-Andrews H. Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 by spray drying and its evaluation under gastrointestinal and storage conditions. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
13
|
Abd-Elsalam WH, Saber MM, Abouelatta SM. Trehalosomes: Colon targeting trehalose-based green nanocarriers for the maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel diseases. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 166:182-193. [PMID: 34171496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
14
|
Hamoud NEH, Sifour M. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by a Weissella confusa strain and evaluation of some probiotic traits. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3615-3621. [PMID: 33978770 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides play an important role in agriculture; however, their excessive use causes several problems such as pollution of ecosystems and risks to human health. The presence of microorganisms able to degrade these pollutants can reduce their negative effect. The objective of this study was to test the capacity of Weissella confusa Lb.Con to tolerate or to degrade the chlorpyrifos pesticide. The results showed the capacity of the strain to tolerate a concentration of 200 μg/ml of chlorpyrifos. The strain Lb.Con has a remarkable capacity to grow in glucose-free MRS medium which contains different concentrations of chlorpyrifos. HPLC analysis showed that this strain was able to remove about 25% of chlorpyrifos. The evaluation of some probiotic properties showed that the strain Lb.Con had a remarkable resistance to the gastrointestinal conditions and a good antibacterial activity towards the pathogenic bacteria. The probiotic potential was evaluated to verify the possible use of W. confusa Lb.Con to detoxify harmful chlorpyrifos contained in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour-El-Houda Hamoud
- Department of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Mohamed Seddik Benyahia of Jijel, Jijel, Algeria.
| | - Mohamed Sifour
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Mohamed Seddik Benyahia of Jijel, Jijel, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Marín S, Cortés M, Acosta M, Delgado K, Escuti C, Ayma D, Demergasso C. From Laboratory towards Industrial Operation: Biomarkers for Acidophilic Metabolic Activity in Bioleaching Systems. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040474. [PMID: 33806162 PMCID: PMC8065656 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the actual mining scenario, copper bioleaching, mainly raw mined material known as run-of-mine (ROM) copper bioleaching, is the best alternative for the treatment of marginal resources that are not currently considered part of the profitable reserves because of the cost associated with leading technologies in copper extraction. It is foreseen that bioleaching will play a complementary role in either concentration-as it does in Minera Escondida Ltd. (MEL)-or chloride main leaching plants. In that way, it will be possible to maximize mines with installed solvent-extraction and electrowinning capacities that have not been operative since the depletion of their oxide ores. One of the main obstacles for widening bioleaching technology applications is the lack of knowledge about the key events and the attributes of the technology's critical events at the industrial level and mainly in ROM copper bioleaching industrial operations. It is relevant to assess the bed environment where the bacteria-mineral interaction occurs to learn about the limiting factors determining the leaching rate. Thus, due to inability to accurately determine in-situ key variables, their indirect assessment was evaluated by quantifying microbial metabolic-associated responses. Several candidate marker genes were selected to represent the predominant components of the microbial community inhabiting the industrial heap and the metabolisms involved in microbial responses to changes in the heap environment that affect the process performance. The microbial community's predominant components were Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, At. thiooxidans, Leptospirillum ferriphilum, and Sulfobacillus sp. Oxygen reduction, CO2 and N2 fixation/uptake, iron and sulfur oxidation, and response to osmotic stress were the metabolisms selected regarding research results previously reported in the system. After that, qPCR primers for each candidate gene were designed and validated. The expression profile of the selected genes vs. environmental key variables in pure cultures, column-leaching tests, and the industrial bioleaching heap was defined. We presented the results obtained from the industrial validation of the marker genes selected for assessing CO2 and N2 availability, osmotic stress response, as well as ferrous iron and sulfur oxidation activity in the bioleaching heap process of MEL. We demonstrated that molecular markers are useful for assessing limiting factors like nutrients and air supply, and the impact of the quality of recycled solutions. We also learned about the attributes of variables like CO2, ammonium, and sulfate levels that affect the industrial ROM-scale operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Marín
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
| | - Mayra Cortés
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
| | - Mauricio Acosta
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
| | - Karla Delgado
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
| | - Camila Escuti
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
| | - Diego Ayma
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
| | - Cecilia Demergasso
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang R, Liu J, Jiang L, Mao S. Effect of high-concentrate diets on microbial composition, function, and the VFAs formation process in the rumen of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
17
|
Dioso CM, Vital P, Arellano K, Park H, Todorov SD, Ji Y, Holzapfel W. Do Your Kids Get What You Paid for? Evaluation of Commercially Available Probiotic Products Intended for Children in the Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Korea. Foods 2020; 9:E1229. [PMID: 32899215 PMCID: PMC7555838 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of probiotic products is available on the market and can be easily purchased over the counter and unlike pharmaceutical drugs, their commercial distribution is not strictly regulated. In this study, ten probiotic preparations commercially available for children's consumption in the Republic of the Philippines (PH) and the Republic of Korea (SK) have been investigated. The analyses included determination of viable counts and taxonomic identification of the bacterial species present in each formulation. The status of each product was assessed by comparing the results with information and claims provided on the label. In addition to their molecular identification, safety assessment of the isolated strains was conducted by testing for hemolysis, biogenic amine production and antibiotic resistance. One out of the ten products contained lower viable numbers of recovered microorganisms than claimed on the label. Enterococcus strains, although not mentioned on the label, were isolated from four products. Some of these isolates produced biogenic amines and were resistant to one or several antibiotics. Metagenomic analyses of two products revealed that one product did not contain most of the microorganisms declared in its specification. The study demonstrated that some commercial probiotic products for children did not match their label claims. Infants and young children belong to the most vulnerable members of society, and food supplements including probiotics destined for this consumer group require careful checking and strict regulation before commercial distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarizza May Dioso
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Department, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea; (K.A.); (H.P.); (S.D.T.)
| | - Pierangeli Vital
- Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;
| | - Karina Arellano
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Department, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea; (K.A.); (H.P.); (S.D.T.)
| | - Haryung Park
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Department, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea; (K.A.); (H.P.); (S.D.T.)
- HEM Inc., Business Incubator, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea;
| | - Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Department, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea; (K.A.); (H.P.); (S.D.T.)
| | - Yosep Ji
- HEM Inc., Business Incubator, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea;
| | - Wilhelm Holzapfel
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Department, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea; (K.A.); (H.P.); (S.D.T.)
- HEM Inc., Business Incubator, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Effect of trehalose supplementation on growth performance and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100142. [PMID: 32995662 PMCID: PMC7502361 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose improved intestinal morphology. Trehalose improved broiler growth performance without antibiotics. Trehalose's effects may depend on feeding conditions.
Trehalose (Tre) is a natural disaccharide. A laboratory-scale investigation showed that Tre supplementation increased the growth rate in juvenile chicks, possibly via the improvement of innate intestinal immune responses. In this study, two trials were conducted to evaluate the growth-promoting effect of Tre supplementation in broiler chickens. In experiment-1, two thousand day-old male and female broiler chicks (Ross) were fed 0 (control), 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75% Tre-supplemented pellet-form diets from d 1–17, and subsequently, they were provided grower (d 18–30) and finisher (d 31–37) diets without Tre supplementation. Over the trial period, there was no significant difference in body weight (BW), feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between chickens in the control and Tre-fed groups. Tre treatment increased villus height (VH)/crypt depth (CD) ratio and villus surface in jejunum; decreased CD and increased VH/CD ratio in ileum on d 17, when these results were compared to the control group. In experiment-2, two hundred day-old female broiler chicks were fed an antibiotics-free and mash-form diet supplemented with 0.5% Tre from d 1–21, before being fed a non-supplemental diet until d 43. There was no difference in BW on d 21 between the control and Tre-0.5% groups; however, from d 22–43, Tre-0.5% group showed significantly higher BW gain and lower FCR compared to the control group. From these results, we suggest that Tre feeding can be beneficial for intestinal morphology and growth performance in broiler chickens. However, these outcomes did not occur in parallel owing to the different feeding conditions observed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen X, Wang T, Jin M, Tan Y, Liu L, Liu L, Li C, Yang Y, Du P. Metabolomics analysis of growth inhibition of
Lactobacillus plantarum
under ethanol stress. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin150030China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin150030China
| | - Man Jin
- National Dairy Quality Supervision and Inspection Center Harbin150028China
| | - Ying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin150030China
| | - Libo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin150030China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) Beijing100193China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin150030China
| | - Yuzhuo Yang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Green Food Science Harbin150030China
| | - Peng Du
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin150030China
| |
Collapse
|