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Mir TM, Shamim K, Zhang J, Khan SI, Tripathi SK, Khan IA, Marshall GD, Ashfaq MK, Pugh ND. Prophylactic and therapeutic mouse models for evaluating immunologic resilience to infection with influenza virus by Immulina® (Part 1). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155588. [PMID: 38908194 PMCID: PMC11335447 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Illness resulting from influenza is a global health problem that has significant adverse socioeconomic impact. Although various strategies such as flu vaccination have beneficial effects, the risk of this illness has not been eliminated. The use of botanicals may provide a complementary approach by enhancement of the host antiviral immune response. PURPOSE Generate preclinical data using rodent models to determine the most effective utility of a Limnospira (formerly Arthrospira)-derived oral supplement (Immulina®) for enhancing host immunity to improve antiviral resilience. STUDY DESIGN Two non-lethal mouse models (prophylactic and therapeutic) were used to evaluate the impact of Immulina® on increasing host resilience against experimental influenza infection. METHODS Mice were fed Immulina® only for the 2 weeks prior to viral infection (prophylactic regime) or starting 3 days post-viral infection (at the onset of symptoms, therapeutic design). Three doses of Immulina® were evaluated in each model using both female and male mice. RESULTS Significant protective effect of Immulina® against viral illness was observed in the prophylactic model (improved clinical scores, less body weight loss, decreased lung/body weight ratio, lower lung viral load, and increased lung IFN-γ and IL-6). Substantially less (minimal) protective effect was observed in the therapeutic model. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Immulina® exerts a protective effect against influenza illness when administered using a prophylactic regime and may not be effective if given after the onset of symptoms. The results will help to optimally design future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir M Mir
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Kashif Shamim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Siddharth K Tripathi
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Gailen D Marshall
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Mohammad K Ashfaq
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nirmal D Pugh
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Correlation of adhesion molecules and non-typeable haemophilus influenzae growth in a mice coinfected model of acute inflammation. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104839. [PMID: 34023525 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary influenza virus (IV) infection can predispose hosts to secondary infection with Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae), which further increases the severity and mortality of the disease. While adhesion molecules play a key role in the host inflammatory response and H. influenzae colonization, it remains to be clarified which types of adhesion molecules are associated with H. influenzae colonization and invasion following IV infection. In this study, we established a mouse model of co-infection with influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/34, H1N1) (PR8) and non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) and found that sequential infection with PR8 and NTHi induced a lethal synergy in mice. This outcome may be possibly due to increased NTHi loads, greater lung damage and higher levels of cytokines. Furthermore, the protein levels of intracellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-1) and Fibronectin (Fn) were significantly increased in the lungs of coinfected mice, but the levels of carcinoembryonic adhesion molecule (CEACAM)-1, CEACAM-5 and platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFr) were unaffected. Both the protein levels of ICAM-1 and Fn were positively correlated with NTHi growth. These results indicate the correlation between adhesion molecules, including ICAM-1 and Fn, and NTHi growth in secondary NTHi pneumonia following primary IV infection.
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