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Afzoon S, Amiri MA, Mohebbi M, Hamedani S, Farshidfar N. A systematic review of the impact of Porphyromonas gingivalis on foam cell formation: Implications for the role of periodontitis in atherosclerosis. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:481. [PMID: 37442956 PMCID: PMC10347812 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current literature suggests the significant role of foam cells in the initiation of atherosclerosis through the formation of a necrotic core in atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, an important periodontal pathogen called Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is indicated to play a significant role in this regard. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to comprehensively study the pathways by which P. gingivalis as a prominent bacterial species in periodontal disease, can induce foam cells that would initiate the process of atherosclerosis formation. METHODS An electronic search was undertaken in three databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to identify the studies published from January 2000 until March 2023. The risk of bias in each study was also assessed using the QUIN risk of bias assessment tool. RESULTS After the completion of the screening process, 11 in-vitro studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for further assessments. Nine of these studies represented a medium risk of bias, while the other two had a high risk of bias. All of the studies have reported that P. gingivalis can significantly induce foam cell formation by infecting the macrophages and induction of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) uptake. This process is activated through various mediators and pathways. The most important factors in this regard are the lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis and its outer membrane vesicles, as well as the changes in the expression rate of transmembrane lipid transportation channels, including transient receptor potential channel of the vanilloid subfamily 4 (TRPV4), lysosomal integral protein 2 (LIMP2), CD36, etc. The identified molecular pathways involved in this process include but are not limited to NF-κB, ERK1/2, p65. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that P. gingivalis can effectively promote foam cell formation through various pathogenic elements and this bacterial species can affect the expression rate of various genes and the function of specific receptors in the cellular and lysosomal membranes. However, due to the moderate to high level of risk of bias among the studies, further studies are required in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Afzoon
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Amiri
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Mohebbi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahram Hamedani
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nima Farshidfar
- Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Tang L, Kuang C, Shan D, Shi M, Li J, Qiu L, Yu J. The ethanol extract of Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn attenuates macrophage foam cell formation and atherogenesis in ApoE -/- mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1023438. [PMID: 36505350 PMCID: PMC9729707 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1023438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn is a Tibetan medicine commonly used to prepare herbal tea to alleviate the local people's metabolic diseases. However, the anti-atherosclerotic effect of ethanol extract of the flower of E. gardneri (Wall.) Meisn (EEEG) and its underlying mechanism remain unknown. Methods EEEG was used to treat low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced macrophages to detect macrophage foaminess, cholesterol binding and uptake, and lipid transport-related gene expression. eEEG treated ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to detect atherosclerotic plaque area, macrophage infiltration, and liver and small intestine lipid transport-related gene expression. Results EEEG inhibited macrophage-derived foam cell formation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) by reducing CD36-mediated lipoprotein uptake. EEEG significantly alleviated atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. EEEG treatment significantly decreased atherosclerotic plaque area, macrophage infiltration, and increased collagen content. Moreover, EEEG treatment significantly downregulated mRNA expression of hepatic Srb1 and intestinal Npc1l1 and increased expression of hepatic Cyp7a1. Conclusion Our study highlighted that EEEG played a role in attenuating atherosclerotic plaque formation by reducing macrophage foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Tang
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Dan Shan
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Centre for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Min Shi
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiangsheng Li
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Liang Qiu
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Centre for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Jun Yu
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Wu X, Cheng B, Guo X, Wu Q, Sun S, He P. PPARα/γ signaling pathways are involved in Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced foam cell formation via upregulation of SR-A1 and ACAT1 and downregulation of ABCA1/G1. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105284. [PMID: 34767930 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of early atherosclerosis by inducing macrophage-derived foam cell formation in the presence of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). However, the biochemical mechanisms underlying Cpn-induced foam cell formation are still not fully elucidated. The present study showed that in LDL-treated THP-1-derived macrophages, Cpn not only upregulated the expression of scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1) and acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), but it also downregulated the expression of ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCA1 and ABCG1) at both the mRNA and protein levels. These processes facilitated cholesterol accumulation and promoted macrophage-derived foam cell formation. Treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist rosiglitazone or the PPARα agonist fenofibrate decreased the number of foam cells induced by Cpn, while the PPARγ antagonist GW9662, the PPARα antagonist MK886, or PPARα/γ siRNAs enhanced the effect of Cpn on foam cell formation and gene expression of SR-A1, ACAT1, and ABCA1/G1. Moreover, the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone reversed the downregulation of CD36 by Cpn, while PPARγ siRNA and the PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 further suppressed CD36 expression. However, the PPARα agonist, inhibitor, and siRNA all showed no effect on CD36 expression. In conclusion, the PPARα and PPARγ pathways are both involved in Cpn-induced macrophage-derived foam cell formation by upregulating SR-A1 and ACAT1 and downregulating ABCA1/G1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Department of Geriatrics, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Bei Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaojuan Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qinqin Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Tan L, Lu J, Liu L, Li L. Fatty acid binding protein 3 deficiency limits atherosclerosis development via macrophage foam cell formation inhibition. Exp Cell Res 2021; 407:112768. [PMID: 34370993 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the underlying contributing factor of cardiovascular disease, which is a process of inflammation and lipid-rich lesion. Macrophage-derived foam cell is a key hallmark of atherosclerosis and connected with various factors of lipid metabolism. Here, we showed that fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) was upregulated in the aorta of ApoE-/- mice with high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding. Knockdown of FABP3 in HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice notably facilitated cholesterol efflux, inhibited macrophage foam cell formation, and thus prevented atherogenesis. Furthermore, FABP3 silencing decreased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Mechanistic studies had disclosed the involvement of PPARγ signaling in balancing cholesterol uptake and efflux and diminishing foam cell formation. These findings firstly revealed an anti-atherogenic role of FABP3 silencing in preventing foamy macrophage formation partly through PPARγ, which might be a beneficial approach for therapying atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Kloc M, Uosef A, Kubiak JZ, Ghobrial RM. Role of Macrophages and RhoA Pathway in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010216. [PMID: 33379334 PMCID: PMC7796231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development, progression, or stabilization of the atherosclerotic plaque depends on the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophages. The influx of the macrophages and the regulation of macrophage phenotype, inflammatory or anti-inflammatory, are controlled by the small GTPase RhoA and its downstream effectors. Therefore, macrophages and the components of the RhoA pathway are attractive targets for anti-atherosclerotic therapies, which would inhibit macrophage influx and inflammatory phenotype, maintain an anti-inflammatory environment, and promote tissue remodeling and repair. Here, we discuss the recent findings on the role of macrophages and RhoA pathway in the atherosclerotic plaque formation and resolution and the novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genetics, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmed Uosef
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jacek Z. Kubiak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), 01-001 Warsaw, Poland;
- Cell Cycle Group, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes (IGDR), Faculty of Medicine, Univ Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Rafik Mark Ghobrial
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Oral Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Can Escape Phagocytosis of Mammalian Macrophages. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091432. [PMID: 32961960 PMCID: PMC7563140 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a key role in host immune response and clearance of microbial pathogens. Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen associated with the development of periodontitis. Escape from macrophage phagocytosis was tested by infecting THP-1-derived human macrophages and RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages with strains of P. gingivalis W83 and 33277 as well as Streptococcus gordonii DL1 and Escherichia coli OP50 at MOI = 100. CFU counts for all intracellular bacteria were determined. Then, infected macrophages were cultured in media without antibiotics to allow for escape and escaping bacteria were quantified by CFU counting. P. gingivalis W83 displayed over 60% of the bacterial escape from the total amount of intracellular CFUs, significantly higher compared to all other bacteria strains. In addition, bacterial escape and re-entry were also tested and P. gingivalis W83, once again, showed the highest numbers of CFUs able to exit and re-enter macrophages. Lastly, the function of the PG0717 gene of P. gingivalis W83 was tested on escape but found not related to this activity. Altogether, our results suggest that P. gingivalis W83 is able to significantly avoid macrophage phagocytosis. We propose this ability is likely linked to the chronic nature of periodontitis.
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Orekhov AN, Nikiforov NG, Sukhorukov VN, Kubekina MV, Sobenin IA, Wu WK, Foxx KK, Pintus S, Stegmaier P, Stelmashenko D, Kel A, Gratchev AN, Melnichenko AA, Wetzker R, Summerhill VI, Manabe I, Oishi Y. Role of Phagocytosis in the Pro-Inflammatory Response in LDL-Induced Foam Cell Formation; a Transcriptome Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030817. [PMID: 32012706 PMCID: PMC7037225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of lipid inclusions in the arterial wall cells (foam cell formation) caused by modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the earliest and most noticeable manifestation of atherosclerosis. The mechanisms of foam cell formation are not fully understood and can involve altered lipid uptake, impaired lipid metabolism, or both. Recently, we have identified the top 10 master regulators that were involved in the accumulation of cholesterol in cultured macrophages induced by the incubation with modified LDL. It was found that most of the identified master regulators were related to the regulation of the inflammatory immune response, but not to lipid metabolism. A possible explanation for this unexpected result is a stimulation of the phagocytic activity of macrophages by modified LDL particle associates that have a relatively large size. In the current study, we investigated gene regulation in macrophages using transcriptome analysis to test the hypothesis that the primary event occurring upon the interaction of modified LDL and macrophages is the stimulation of phagocytosis, which subsequently triggers the pro-inflammatory immune response. We identified genes that were up- or downregulated following the exposure of cultured cells to modified LDL or latex beads (inert phagocytosis stimulators). Most of the identified master regulators were involved in the innate immune response, and some of them were encoding major pro-inflammatory proteins. The obtained results indicated that pro-inflammatory response to phagocytosis stimulation precedes the accumulation of intracellular lipids and possibly contributes to the formation of foam cells. In this way, the currently recognized hypothesis that the accumulation of lipids triggers the pro-inflammatory response was not confirmed. Comparative analysis of master regulators revealed similarities in the genetic regulation of the interaction of macrophages with naturally occurring LDL and desialylated LDL. Oxidized and desialylated LDL affected a different spectrum of genes than naturally occurring LDL. These observations suggest that desialylation is the most important modification of LDL occurring in vivo. Thus, modified LDL caused the gene regulation characteristic of the stimulation of phagocytosis. Additionally, the knock-down effect of five master regulators, such as IL15, EIF2AK3, F2RL1, TSPYL2, and ANXA1, on intracellular lipid accumulation was tested. We knocked down these genes in primary macrophages derived from human monocytes. The addition of atherogenic naturally occurring LDL caused a significant accumulation of cholesterol in the control cells. The knock-down of the EIF2AK3 and IL15 genes completely prevented cholesterol accumulation in cultured macrophages. The knock-down of the ANXA1 gene caused a further decrease in cholesterol content in cultured macrophages. At the same time, knock-down of F2RL1 and TSPYL2 did not cause an effect. The results obtained allowed us to explain in which way the inflammatory response and the accumulation of cholesterol are related confirming our hypothesis of atherogenesis development based on the following viewpoints: LDL particles undergo atherogenic modifications that, in turn, accompanied by the formation of self-associates; large LDL associates stimulate phagocytosis; as a result of phagocytosis stimulation, pro-inflammatory molecules are secreted; these molecules cause or at least contribute to the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol. Therefore, it became obvious that the primary event in this sequence is not the accumulation of cholesterol but an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.N.O.); (V.I.S.)
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Street, 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V. Kubekina
- Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Street, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Wei-Kai Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Kathy K. Foxx
- Kalen Biomedical, LLC, Montgomery Village, MD 20886, USA
| | - Sergey Pintus
- BIOSOFT.RU, LLC, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Computational Technologies, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Daria Stelmashenko
- BIOSOFT.RU, LLC, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- geneXplain GmbH, 38302 Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Alexander Kel
- BIOSOFT.RU, LLC, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- geneXplain GmbH, 38302 Wolfenbüttel, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexei N. Gratchev
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoye sh., 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra A. Melnichenko
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Street, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Reinhard Wetzker
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Volha I. Summerhill
- Department of Basic Research, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.N.O.); (V.I.S.)
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Aging Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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Wallet SM, Puri V, Gibson FC. Linkage of Infection to Adverse Systemic Complications: Periodontal Disease, Toll-Like Receptors, and Other Pattern Recognition Systems. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E21. [PMID: 29621153 PMCID: PMC6027258 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that provide innate immune sensing of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to engage early immune recognition of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Furthermore, TLRs provide a conduit for initiation of non-infectious inflammation following the sensing of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated as a consequence of cellular injury. Due to their essential role as DAMP and PAMP sensors, TLR signaling also contributes importantly to several systemic diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and others. The overlapping participation of TLRs in the control of infection, and pathogenesis of systemic diseases, has served as a starting point for research delving into the poorly defined area of infection leading to increased risk of various systemic diseases. Although conflicting studies exist, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and obesity/metabolic dysfunction have been associated with differing degrees of strength to infectious diseases. Here we will discuss elements of these connections focusing on the contributions of TLR signaling as a consequence of bacterial exposure in the context of the oral infections leading to periodontal disease, and associations with metabolic diseases including atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Frank C Gibson
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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