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Bonney EA, Lintao RCV, Zelop CM, Kammala AK, Menon R. Are fetal microchimerism and circulating fetal extracellular vesicles important links between spontaneous preterm delivery and maternal cardiovascular disease risk? Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300170. [PMID: 38359068 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Trafficking and persistence of fetal microchimeric cells (fMCs) and circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been observed in animals and humans, but their consequences in the maternal body and their mechanistic contributions to maternal physiology and pathophysiology are not yet fully defined. Fetal cells and EVs may help remodel maternal organs after pregnancy-associated changes, but the cell types and EV cargos reaching the mother in preterm pregnancies after exposure to various risk factors can be distinct from term pregnancies. As preterm delivery-associated maternal complications are rising, revisiting this topic and formulating scientific questions for future research to reduce the risk of maternal morbidities are timely. Epidemiological studies report maternal cardiovascular risk as one of the major complications after preterm delivery. This paper suggests a potential link between fMCs and circulating EVs and adverse maternal cardiovascular outcomes post-pregnancies, the underlying mechanisms, consequences, and methods for and how this link might be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bonney
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Ryan C V Lintao
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Carolyn M Zelop
- The Valley Hospital, Ridgewood, Paramus, New Jersey, USA
- Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ananth Kumar Kammala
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Wolf G, Gerber AN, Fasana ZG, Rosenberg K, Singh NJ. Acute effects of FLT3L treatment on T cells in intact mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19487. [PMID: 36376544 PMCID: PMC9662129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T cells express a diverse repertoire of antigen-specific receptors, which together protect against the full range of pathogens. In this context, the total repertoire of memory T cells which are maintained by trophic signals, long after pathogen clearance, is critical. Since these trophic factors include cytokines and self-peptide-MHC, both of which are available from endogenous antigen-presenting cells (APC), we hypothesized that enhancing APC numbers in vivo can be a viable strategy to amplify the population of memory T cells. We evaluated this by acutely treating intact mice with FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3l), which promotes expansion of APCs. Here we report that this treatment allowed for, an expansion of effector-memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as an increase in their expression of KLRG1 and CD25. In the lymph nodes and spleen, the expansion was limited to a specific CD8 (CD44-low but CD62L-) subset. Functionally, this subset is distinct from naïve T cells and could produce significant amounts of effector cytokines upon restimulation. Taken together, these data suggest that the administration of Flt3L can impact both APC turnover as well as a corresponding flux of specific subsets of CD8+ T cells in an intact peripheral immune compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Wolf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St., HSF1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Allison N Gerber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St., HSF1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Zachary G Fasana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St., HSF1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kenneth Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St., HSF1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Nevil J Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St., HSF1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Survey on phenotypic resistance in Enterococcus faecalis: comparison between the expression of biofilm-associated genes in Enterococcus faecalis persister and non-persister cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:971-979. [PMID: 34751916 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotypic resistance is considered as a serious therapeutic challenge for which a definitive remedy has not been discovered yet. Biofilm and persister cell formation are two well-studied phenotypic resistance phenomena, leading to the recalcitrance and relapse of different types of chronic infections. The presence of persister cells in biofilm structures seems to be one of the main factors contributing to the relapse of infections and treatment failure. Given the dormant and inert nature of persister cells, they can be easy targets for the immune system factors. Biofilm formation can be a survival strategy for the defenseless persister cells. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate the expression of biofilm-associated genes in Enterococcus faecalis persister and non-persister cells. METHODS Vancomycin susceptibility and biofilm formation ability were investigated among 95 E. faecalis clinical isolates using microtiter broth dilution and microtiter plate assays, respectively. PCR was used to determine the presence of biofilm-related genes (gelE, esp, and agg) among the vancomycin-susceptible, biofilm producer E. faecalis isolates (91 isolates). Minimum bactericidal concentration for biofilms (MBCB) were determined for vancomycin using the MTP assay. Bacterial persister assay was performed using an enzymatic lysis assay. Finally, the expression of biofilm-related genes was compared between the persister and non-persister isolates of E. faecalis using real-time qPCR. RESULTS E. faecalis isolates showed a high level of susceptibility (95.8%) to vancomycin (MIC < 1 µg/mL). The gelE, esp, and agg genes were found in 91 (100%), 72 (79.12), and 74 (81.32) of the isolates, respectively. All the E. faecalis isolates were tolerant to vancomycin in the biofilm condition, showing a MBCB of > 2500 µg/mL. Based on the enzymatic lysis assay, only 3 isolates, out of the 91, had the ability to form persister cells. The expression of biofilm-associated genes was higher among the persister compared to non-persister E. faecalis isolates. CONCLUSIONS Biofilm-associated persister cells indicated a high vancomycin tolerance compared to non-persister cells. Moreover, persister isolates showed a higher tendency for biofilm formation and a higher expression level of the biofilm-associated genes, compared to non-persister isolates.
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Yadav M, Chauhan NS. Overview of the rules of the microbial engagement in the gut microbiome: a step towards microbiome therapeutics. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1425-1441. [PMID: 33022786 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human gut microbiome is a diversified, resilient, immuno-stabilized, metabolically active and physiologically essential component of the human body. Scientific explorations have been made to seek in-depth information about human gut microbiome establishment, microbiome functioning, microbiome succession, factors influencing microbial community dynamics and the role of gut microbiome in health and diseases. Extensive investigations have proposed the microbiome therapeutics as a futuristic medicine for various physiological and metabolic disorders. A comprehensive outlook of microbial colonization, host-microbe interactions, microbial adaptation, commensal selection and immuno-survivability is still required to catalogue the essential genetic and physiological features for the commensal engagement. Evolution of a structured human gut microbiome relies on the microbial flexibility towards genetic, immunological and physiological adaptation in the human gut. Key features for commensalism could be utilized in developing tailor-made microbiome-based therapy to overcome various physiological and metabolic disorders. This review describes the key genetics and physiological traits required for host-microbe interaction and successful commensalism to institute a human gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - N S Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Liu C, Somasundaram A, Manne S, Gocher AM, Szymczak-Workman AL, Vignali KM, Scott EN, Normolle DP, John Wherry E, Lipson EJ, Ferris RL, Bruno TC, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Neuropilin-1 is a T cell memory checkpoint limiting long-term antitumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1010-1021. [PMID: 32661362 PMCID: PMC7442600 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Robust CD8+ T cell memory is essential for long-term protective immunity, but is often compromised in cancer where T cell exhaustion leads to loss of memory precursors. Immunotherapy via checkpoint blockade may not effectively reverse this defect, potentially underlying disease relapse. Here we report that mice with a CD8+ T cell-restricted neuropilin-1 (NRP1) deletion exhibited substantially enhanced protection from tumor re-challenge and sensitivity to anti-PD1 immunotherapy, despite unchanged primary tumor growth. Mechanistically, NRP1 cell-intrinsically limited the self-renewal of the CD44+PD1+TCF1+TIM3– progenitor exhausted T cells (pTEX), which was associated with their reduced ability to induce c-Jun/AP-1 expression upon T cell receptor (TCR) re-stimulation, a mechanism that may contribute to terminal T cell exhaustion at the cost of memory differentiation in wildtype tumor-bearing hosts. These data suggest that blockade of NRP1, a unique “immune memory checkpoint”, may promote the development of long-lived tumor-specific TMEM that are essential for durable anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashwin Somasundaram
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela M Gocher
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ellen N Scott
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Graduate Program of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel P Normolle
- Biostatistics Facility, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Evan J Lipson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), and Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Matson CA, Singh NJ. Manipulating the TCR signaling network for cellular immunotherapy: Challenges & opportunities. Mol Immunol 2020; 123:64-73. [PMID: 32422416 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T cells can help confer protective immunity by eliminating infections and tumors or drive immunopathology by damaging host cells. Both outcomes require a series of steps from the activation of naïve T cells to their clonal expansion, differentiation and migration to tissue sites. In addition to specific recognition of the antigen via the T cell receptor (TCR), multiple accessory signals from costimulatory molecules, cytokines and metabolites also influence each step along the progression of the T cell response. Current efforts to modify effector T cell function in many clinical contexts focus on the latter - which encompass antigen-independent and broad, contextual regulators. Not surprisingly, such approaches are often accompanied by adverse events, as they also affect T cells not relevant to the specific treatment. In contrast, fine tuning T cell responses by precisely targeting antigen-specific TCR signals has the potential to radically alter therapeutic strategies in a focused manner. Development of such approaches, however, requires a better understanding of functioning of the TCR and the biochemical signaling network coupled to it. In this article, we review some of the recent advances which highlight important roles of TCR signals throughout the activation and differentiation of T cells during an immune response. We discuss how, an appreciation of specific signaling modalities and variant ligands that influence the function of the TCR has the potential to influence design principles for the next generation of pharmacologic and cellular therapies, especially in the context of tumor immunotherapies involving adoptive cell transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Matson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St, HSF1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Nevil J Singh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St, HSF1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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Chuang E, Augustine M, Jung M, Schwartz RH, Singh NJ. Density dependent re-tuning of autoreactive T cells alleviates their pathogenicity in a lymphopenic environment. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:61-71. [PMID: 29111199 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral T cell tolerance is challenging to induce in partially lymphopenic hosts and this is relevant for clinical situations involving transplant tolerance. While the shortage of regulatory cells is thought to be one reason for this, T cell-intrinsic tolerance processes such as anergy are also poorly triggered in such hosts. In order to understand the latter, we used a T cell deficient mouse model system where adoptively transferred autoreactive T cells are significantly tolerized in a cell intrinsic fashion, without differentiation to regulatory T cells. Intriguingly these T cells often retain sufficient effector functions to trigger autoimmune pathology. Here we find that the high population density of the autoreactive T cells that accumulated in such a host limits the progression of the cell-intrinsic tolerance process in T cells. Accordingly, reducing the cell density during a second transfer allowed T cells to further tune down their responsiveness to antigenic stimulation. The retuning of T cells was reflected by a loss of the T cell's abilities to proliferate, produces cytokines or help B cells. We further suggest, based on altering the levels of chronic antigen using miniosmotic pumps, that the effects of cell-density on T cell re-tuning may reflect the effective changes in the antigen dose perceived by individual T cells. This could proportionally elicit more negative feedback downstream of the TCR. Consistent with this, the retuned T cells showed signaling defects both proximal and distal to the TCR. Therefore, similar to the immunogenic activation of T cells, cell-intrinsic T cell tolerance may also involve a quantitative and progressive process of tuning down its antigen-responsiveness. The progress of such tuning seems to be stabilized at multiple intermediate stages by factors such as cell density, rather than just absolute antigen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanore Chuang
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4/211, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, United States; John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Marilyn Augustine
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4/211, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, United States; University of Pittsburgh, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 200 Lothrop Street, E1140 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Matthew Jung
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4/211, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Deptartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Ronald H Schwartz
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4/211, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, United States
| | - Nevil J Singh
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4/211, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, HH 320A, 660 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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8
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Freitas CMT, Hamblin GJ, Raymond CM, Weber KS. Naïve helper T cells with high CD5 expression have increased calcium signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178799. [PMID: 28562659 PMCID: PMC5451127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is orchestrated by T helper cells and their function is dependent upon interactions between the T cell receptor (TCR), peptide MHC (pMHC) and co-receptors. TCR-pMHC interactions initiate calcium signaling cascades which determine T cell activation, survival, proliferation and differentiation. CD5 is a co-receptor that plays an important role in regulating T cell signaling and fate during thymocyte education. CD5 surface expression on mature single positive thymocytes correlates with the TCR signal strength for positive selecting self-ligands. CD5 also plays a role in T cell function after thymic development is complete. Peripheral T cells with higher CD5 expression respond better to foreign antigen than those with lower CD5 expression and CD5-high T cells are enriched in memory populations. In our study, we examined the role of CD5 expression and calcium signaling in the primary response of T cells using two Listeria monocytogenes specific T helper cells (LLO118 and LLO56). These T cells recognize the same immunodominant epitope (LLO190-205) of L. monocytogenes and have divergent primary and secondary responses and different levels of CD5 expression. We found that each T cell has unique calcium mobilization in response to in vitro stimulation with LLO190-205 and that CD5 expression levels in these cells changed over time following stimulation. LLO56 naïve T helper cells, which expresses higher levels of CD5, have higher calcium mobilization than naïve LLO118 T cells. Three days after in vitro stimulation, LLO118 T cells had more robust calcium mobilization than LLO56 and there were no differences in calcium mobilization 8 days after in vitro stimulation. To further evaluate the role of CD5, we measured calcium signaling in CD5 knockout LLO118 and LLO56 T cells at these three time points and found that CD5 plays a significant role in promoting the calcium signaling of naïve CD5-high LLO56 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Tellez Freitas
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Garrett J. Hamblin
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Carlee M. Raymond
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - K. Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kaper JB, Flajnik MF, Mobley HLT. Editorial: Infection and immunity research at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw100. [PMID: 27702794 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James B Kaper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St. HSF I-Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St. HSF I-Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Harry L T Mobley
- University of Michigan, Microbiology and Immunology, 5641 Medical Science II 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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